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"THE EDUCATIONAL GEMS OF THE DECADE.

Now ready, and by far the most beautiful and practical set of School Readers ever placed upon the educational market.

In point of subject-matter, gra-lation, type, illustrations, paper, binding, and in every other essential feature which goes to make up THE VERY BEST, these books represent emphatically the PERFECTION in school book literature.

Teachers and School Officers contemplating a change of readers, are respectfully invited to examine these superb Looks before deciding. Specimen pages will be sent, postpaid, gratis, to all Teachers or School Officers desiring to examine with a view to introduction. Nos. 1, 2, and 3, postpaid, 50 cents, or the set of five books for $1.50, to teachers for examination only.

BARNES' NEW ARITHMETICS.

TWO-BOOK COURSE, Present a minimum of theory with a maximum of practice; adopt the shortest and best methods; language clear and exact.

MONTEITH'S NEW GEOGRAPHIES.

Complete Two Book Series, with latest data, beautiful maps, new standard time, and all other "modern improvements." Also just out, Monteith's "New Physical Geography," $1,00, and Monteith's Boys' and Girls' Atlas," 50 cts.

SILLS' LESSONS IN ENGLISH.

Practical, systematic and Complete. Useless verbiage eliminated. Sample copy, 60 cents

BARNES' BRIEF U. S. HISTORY.

One of the most remarkable text-books ever issued. It is the standard in Chicago, St. Louis, Louisville, Milwaukee, Detroit, and more than a thousand other leading western cities and towns. Sample copy, $1.00.

BARNES' BRIEF GENERAL HISTORY.

A Brief History of Ancient, Medieval and Modern Peoples, in obe volume. The most fascinating and complete General History published. Sample copy, $1.60.

STEELE'S 14 WEEKS IN EACH SCIENCE.

Embracing Philosophy, Physiology, Chemistry, Zoology, Geology, Astronomy and Botany, pre sents the cream of the respective studies; and the treatment of the subjects is not only practical, bat fresh and interesting. 7 vols. Sample copy, $1.00 each

STEELE S HYGIENIC PHYSIOLOGY.

With Special Reference to the Use and Effects of Alcoholic Drinks and Narcotics. Edited and endorsed by the W. C. T. U., of the United States. Sample copy, $1.00. The same abridged, 50 cents. Mrs Hunt's Hygiene for Young People, 50 cents.

WORMAN'S Modern LANGUAGE SERIES.

Follows the "Natural Method," and includes German, French and Spanish. The 1st and 2 German Books, 1st and 24 French Books, and 1st Spanish Books give the best introduction to them languages that can be had.

THE NATIONAL SERIES

Comprises more than three hundred publications, presenting text-books adapted to every grade of common school and college classes, all of which will be found fully described in our New Descriptive Catalogue, mailed free on application. Correspondence cordially invited. Sample pages free. Address

A. S. Barnes &

34 and 36 Madison St. Chicago,

& Co.,

111 and 113 William St. New York.

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Entered at the Post Office at Richmond, Va., as Second Class matter.

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ARE THE NATIONAL STANDARD.

Throughout the United States schools which have attained the highest proficiency in practical writing, without a special teacher, have used and are using the SPENCERIAN SYSTEM, which includes

THE TRACING COURSE,

THE SHORTER COURSE,

COMMON SCHOOL COURSE.

Complete for Every Requirement.

Send 25 cents for "THEORY OF SPENCERIAN PENMANSHIP."

HITE'S INDUSTRIAL DRAWING

Aims to Do a Few Things Well.

It Teaches: I, to make WORKING DRAWINGS, to scale, of any simple object; 2, to execute such drawings so accurately that the article represented may be MADE BY A MECHANIC, following these drawings, with certainty and precision; 3, to make a drawing giving a faithful representation of the appearance of simple objects, either singly or in groups; 4, to compose an original design, suitable for the decoration of any object of general use.

White's System provides definite COURSES OF STUDY for all grades. Full Information and Specimen Pages Furnished Free on Application.

Flementary Physiology and Hygiene.

Having special reference to the effects of

Stimulants and Narcotics on the Human System.

By WILLIAM THAYER SMITH, M. D., Dartmouth Medical College. An original and striking work, as remarkable for its judicious omission of unimportant details as for its masterly treatment of the essentials of the science.

"So far as we can see * * * it is the most complete treatise, in a concise form, yet given to the American reader."-Every Other Saturday, Oct. 11th, 1884. Full cloth. Richly illustrated with colored plates and wood cuts. Over 200 pages. Introduction Price, 50 cts. Copies sent for examination, post-paid, on receipt of Introduction Price. Specimen pages free on application.

FISH'S NEW ARITHMETICS.

BRIEF, YET COMPLETE; PRACTICAL, NOT PUZZLING.
Judicious in Selection of Topics.

Thoroughly Inductive in Treatment.

Fish's Arithmetic, Number One; Full Cloth; Illustrated; 158 pages. Introductory Price, 30c. Fish's Arithmetic, Number Two; Cloth; Leather Back; 336 pages. Introductory Price, 60c Copies for examination

sent, post-paid, on receipt of Introductory Prices.

Send for our Descriptive List, mailed free to any address on application, containing title and descriptions of over three hundred and fifty popular school-books, maps, charts, etc.

IVISON, BLAKEMAN, TAYLOR & CO., Publishers,

753 and 755 BROADWAY, N. Y.

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Drawing makes complicated explanations simple, and gives vividness to descriptions not thoroughly grasped by the imagination. It is particularly valuable as a test of a pupil's knowledge of a descriptive subject. If a beginning class in physical geography is given a descriptive subject to illustrate, more than half the class will fail. Nor is this failure chiefly among those who draw indifferently. The test brings to light a mental deficiency among all the pupils that must be remedied. But the nature of the difficulty must be first ascertained. A re-study of the lesson shows that it does not come from inattention. Careful questioning develops the fact that the pupils have no material with which to picture what they read. Here is another proof that "the mind can create no new material, but can divide and combine the parts of material things with which it is familiar so as to form new existences."

Since the surrounding country does not always furnish proper material for illustrating physical geography, what is to be done? Pictures appeal so strongly to all the senses that they may be used for this purpose. No physical geography furnishes a sufficient amount. Nor is this to be regretted. The very gathering of pictures excites interest and draws closer attention to the subject. A method something like the following has been fairly successful in carrying on this work. On beginning physical geography a list is made of the subjects that can be illustrated by pictures, and the pupils are set to gathering these from magazines, railroad guides, etc. Each is expected to make a small collection on all subjects, and a larger collection on that subject that he finds the most interesting. Additions are made to this collection during the whole course of study. These pictures and, if possible, railroad maps showing the location, are mounted on white or brown paper and

labelled so as to show the teacher what subject the pupil intends a given picture to illustrate. For convenient handling they are placed in a portfolio made of paper and enclosed in a large envelope for protection. The pupils are encouraged to preserve bits of information from newspapers, etc., scraps of appropriate poetry and attach them to the pictures. Care is taken, however, that the main thought may not be lost sight of by too many details.

After the pupil has been over a new subject somewhat cursorily, for the purpose of learning the proper terms to employ in discussing it, he is taken into the country to study the thing itself. If this is impossible, he examines the pictures from the various collections on this subject. Especial attention is given in class recitation to one of the best pictures. Several pupils put it upon the board to improve their drawing. One of the rest tells what he sees and the others make additions. The pupils' imaginations thus receive material for future use. Of course, this material cannot be used at present. The surroundings of place and time must first be forgotten. Perhaps some one will propose describing the picture as if colored. This narrows the scene to a particular time and makes it almost a reality. Some one will tell how the place appeared in the past, another, how it attained its present state, and another, how it will look in the future. What could give the imagination better exercise !

Each pupil writes a composition on the subject that he has selected for fuller illustration. He makes a drawing of the best picture that he has on the subject. This is not done altogether to give him practice in drawing but to hold his attention long enough to observe points that would otherwise escape his notice. "The pencil is the best microscope." The composition is divided into two parts. Part I contains a description of what the pupil sees with his mental and physical eyes. All the pictures that he has on this subject are to be described. He may choose, also, to describe any imaginary picture that contains the main points of his subject. Part II is something from books. The pupil states in his own words what he has read, and employs the narrative or descriptive style as he prefers. The second part is added for the purpose of directing the pupil's attention to the best books on physical geography and to assure a careful reading of them. Encyclopædias, books of travel and description, novels, poetry, legends, etc., should be recommended. From these the pupil may select something on a particular picture or on the subject as a whole.

Cañons and waterfalls are among the best subjects for composition work. Good pictures are easily obtained, and there is a variety of

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