form to the provisions of their relevant international obligations, now in effect, or which they may undertake pursuant to article 61 (5) or otherwise, but also that in general they will take no unreasonable action injurious to the interest of such other Members, buiness entities, or persons.

5. The Organization shall receive from any affected Member, or with the permission of that Member from business entities or persons within its jurisdiction, complaints that action by another Member is inconsistent with its obligations under paragraphs 2, 3, or 4. In the event of such complaint, the Organization may, at its discretion, request the Members concerned to enter into consultation with a view to reaching a mutually satisfactory settlement and lend its good offices to this end.

Article 13. Governmental Assistance to Economic Development

1. Members recognize that special governmental assistance may be required in order to promote the establishment or reconstruction of particular industries, and that such assistance may take the form of protective measures.

2. Members recognize that an unwise use of such protection would impose undue burdens on their own economies and unwarranted restrictions on international trade, and might increase unnecessarily the difficulties of adjustment for the economies of other countries. 3. (a) If a Member, in the interest of its program of development, proposes to employ any protective measures which would conflict with any of its obligations under or pursuant to the Charter, it shall inform the Organization and shall transmit to the Organization any finding in support of this proposal. The Organization shall promptly inform those Members whose trade would be substantially affected by the proposal and afford them an opportunity to present their views. The Organization shall then promptly examine the proposal in the light of the provisions of this chapter, the findings presented by the applicant Member, the views presented by Members substantially affected, and such criteria as to productivity and other factors as it may establish, taking into account the stage of economic development or reconstruction of the Member.

(b) If, as a result of its investigations pursuant to subparagraph (a), the Organization determines upon any measure which would be inconsistent with any obligation that the applicant Member has assumed through negotiation with other Members pursuant to chapter V or would reduce the benefit to such other Members of any such obligation, the Organization shall sponsor and assist in negotiations between the applicant Member and other Members substantially affected, with a view to obtaining substantial agreement. Upon such agreement being reached the Organization may release the applicant Member from the obligation in question or from any other

relevant obligation under the Charter, subject to such limitations as the Organization may impose.

(c) If, as a result of its investigations pursuant to subparagraph (a), the Organization concurs in any measure other than those covered in subparagraph (b), which would be inconsistent with any obligation assumed under this Charter the Organization may, in its discretion, release the applicant Member from the obligation in question subject to such limitations as the Organization may impose.

CHAPTER V. GENERAL COMMERCIAL POLICY

SECTION A. General Commercial Provisions

Article 14. General Most-Favored-Nation Treatment

1. With respect to customs duties and charges of any kind.imposed on or in connection with importation or exportation, or imposed on the international transfer of payments for imports or exports, and with respect to the method of levying such duties and charges, and with respect to all rules and formalities in connection with importation or exportation, and with respect to all matters affected by the provisions relating to national treatment in article 15, any advantage, favor, privilege, or immunity granted by any Member country to any product originating in or destined for any other country shall be accorded immediately and unconditionally to the like product originating in or destined for all other Member countries.

2. The provisions of paragraph 1 of this article shall not be construed to require the elimination of any preferences in respect of customs duties and other charges imposed on importation which do not exceed the preferences remaining after the negotiations contemplated in article 24, and which fall within the descriptions set forth in (a), (b), or (c) below:

(a) Preferences in force exclusively

(i) between territories in respect of which there existed on July 1, 1939 common sovereignty or relations of protection or suzerainty, or

(ii) between the territories comprised in Annexure A to this Charter.

Each Member to which provision (i) applies shall provide a list of such territories, which lists shall be incorporated in a further annexure. (b) Preferences in force exclusively between the United States of America and the Republic of Cuba.

(c) Preferences in force on July 1, 1946, exclusively between neighboring countries.

Article 15. National Treatment on Internal Taxation

and Regulation

[1. The products of any Member country imported into any other Member country shall be exempt from internal taxes and other internal charges higher than those imposed on like products of national origin, and shall be accorded treatment no less favorable than that accorded like products of national origin in respect of all internal laws, regulations or requirements affecting their sale, transportation or distribution or affecting their mixing, processing, exhibition, or other use. The provisions of this paragraph shall be understood to preclude the application of internal requirements restricting the amount or proportion of an imported product permitted to be mixed, processed, exhibited, or used.

[2. The Members recognize that the imposition of internal taxes on the products of other Member countries, for the purpose of affording protection to the domestic production of competitive products, would be contrary to the spirit of this Article, and they agree to take such measures as may be open to them to prevent in the future the adoption of new or higher taxes of this kind within their territories.]

Article 16. Freedom of Transit

[1. There shall be freedom of transit through the Member countries via the routes most convenient for international transit for traffic in transit to or from other Member countries.

[2. Any Member may require that traffic in transit through its territory be entered at the proper customhouse, but, except in cases of failure to comply with applicable customs laws and regulations, such traffic coming from or going to other Member countries shall be exempt from the payment of any transit duty, customs duty, or similar charge, and shall not be subject to any unnecessary delays or restrictions.

[3. All charges and regulations imposed by Members on traffic in transit to or from other Member countries shall be reasonable, having regard to the conditions of the traffic.

[4. With respect to all charges, rules, and formalities in connection with transit, each Member shall accord to traffic in transit to or from any other Member country treatment no less favorable than the treatment accorded to traffic in transit to or from any other country.

[5. Each Member shall accord to products which have been in transit through any other Member country treatment no less favorable than that which would have been accorded to such products had they been transported from their origin to their destination without going through such other Member country.

1 A clause relating to purchases of supplies by governmental agencies for public use has been deleted. See par. 2, art. 31.

[6. Persons, baggage and goods, and also vessels, coaching and goods stock, and other means of transport, shall be deemed to be in transit across the territory of a Member when the passage across such territory, with or without transshipment, warehousing, breaking bulk, or change in the mode of transport, is only a portion of a complete journey, beginning and terminating beyond the frontier of the Member across whose territory the transit takes place. Traffic of this nature

is termed in this Article "traffic in transit."]

Article 17. Antidumping and Countervailing Duties

[1. No antidumping duty shall be imposed on any product of any Member country imported into any other Member country in excess of an amount equal to the margin of dumping under which such product is being imported. For the purposes of this Article, the margin of dumping shall be understood to mean the amount by which the price of a product exported from one country to another is less than (a) the comparable price charged for the like or similar product to buyers in the domestic market of the exporting country, or, (b) in the absence of such domestic price, the highest comparable price at which the like or similar product is sold for export to any third country or (c) in the absence of (a) and (b), the cost of production of the product in the country of origin; with due allowance in each case for differences in conditions and terms of sale, for differences in taxation, and for other differences affecting price comparability.

[2. No countervailing duty shall be imposed on any product of any Member country imported into any other Member country in excess of an amount equal to the estimated bounty or subsidy ascertained to have been granted, directly or indirectly, on the production or export of such product in the country of origin or exportation.

[3. No product of any Member country imported into any other Member country shall be subject to antidumping or countervailing duty by reason of the exemption of such product from duties or taxes imposed in the country of origin or exportation upon the like product when consumed domestically.

[4. No product of any Member country imported into any other Member country shall be subject to both antidumping and countervailing duty to compensate for the same situation of dumping or export subsidization.

[5. Each Member undertakes that as a general rule it will not impose any antidumping duty or countervailing duty on the importation of any product of other Member countries unless it determines that the dumping or subsidization, as the case may be, under which such product is imported, is such as to injure or threaten to injure a domestic industry, or is such as to prevent the establishment of a domestic industry.]

Article 18. Tariff Valuation

[1. Members undertake to work toward the standardization, in SO far as practicable, of definitions of value and of procedures for determining the value of products subject to customs duties or other restrictions based upon or regulated in any manner by value. With a view to furthering such cooperation, the Organization is authorized to investigate and recommend to Members such bases and methods for determining the value of products as would appear to be best suited to the needs of commerce and most capable of widespread adoption.

[2. The Members recognize the validity of the following general principles of tariff valuation, and they undertake to give effect to such principles, in respect of all products subject to duty based upon or regulated by value, at the earliest practicable date:

[(a) The value for duty purposes of imported products should be based on the actual value of the kind of imported merchandise on which duty is assessed, or the nearest ascertainable equivalent of such value, and should not be used on the value of products of national origin or on arbitrary or fictitious valuations.

[(b) The value for duty purposes of any imported product should not include the amount of any internal tax, applicable within the country of origin or export, from which the imported product has been made exempt.

[(c) In converting the value of any imported product from one currency to another, for the purpose of assessing duty, the rate of exchange to be used should be fixed in accordance with prescribed standards to reflect effectively the current value of each currency in commercial transactions, and until the elimination of dual or multiple rates of exchange either one or more than one rate for each dual- or multiple-rate currency may be so fixed.

[(d) The bases and methods for determining the value of products subject to duties regulated by value should be stable and should be published in full detail, in order that traders may be enabled to estimate, with a reasonable degree of certainty, the amount of duty likely to be imposed.]

Article 19. Customs Formalities

[1. The Members recognize the principle that subsidiary fees and charges imposed on or in connection with importation or exportation should be limited in amount to the approximate cost of services rendered and should not represent an indirect protection to domestic products or a taxation of imports or exports for fiscal purposes. They also recognize the need for reducing the number and diversity of such subsidiary fees and charges, for minimizing the incidence and com