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scientific point of view, and so entitled to be
called the founder of the philosophy of art. All
sensuous apprehension was included in his view
of the subject, which he expressed by the word
Esthetics (Greek aisthanomai, I feel)-indica-
ting such knowledge of things as is conditioned was the work of æsthetic philosophy.

subjectively by the play of our sensibilities.
Beauty was, with Baumgarten, the result of the
highest and purest æsthetic perception, toward
which the finer portion of our nature aspires.
To trace this, through the whole sphere of art,

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Not less than of term..

Full term; in no case less than
16 weeks.

Two-thirds of school term: in
no case less than 12 weeks.
16 weeks; 8 consecutive.....

Full term..

Full term.. 3 months.

Full term (October 1 to June 1)
8 and 14; when unemployed,
12 and 16.

Full term.

Full term; in no case less than
24 weeks.

Full term..

Full term; but the school board
of each district has power to
reduce this to not less than 70
per cent of the term.
Full term...

12 weeks, 8 consecutive..

20 weeks, 10 consecutive; in
cities of the 1st and 2d class
30 weeks, 10 consecutive.
Full term...

Full term..

20 weeks..

Full term; in cities not less than
8; elsewhere not less than 5
calendar months.
3 months...

Fine of $5 to $50, or imprisonment 2 to 90 days, or both.

First. $25; subsequent, $25 to $50..

$10 to $25, or imprisonment 2 to 10 days, or both.

$5 to $20.

$5 to $25 (on truant officer)........

First, $50 to $100; subsequent, $100 to $200; with costs.

First, $10; subsequent, $20..

"Punishable as a disorderly person.'

$5 to $25, or imprisonment not exceeding 10
days.

First, not exceeding $5; subsequent, not ex-
ceeding $50, or imprisonment not exceed-
ing 30 days, or both fineand imprisonment.
$5 to $20 (on school official)..
$5 to $20 on default, imprisonment from 10
to 30 days.

$5 to $25.

First, not exceeding $2; subsequent, not exceeding $5; on default, imprisonment; first, not over 2 days; subsequent, not over 5. Not exceeding $20..

$10 to $20 and costs; stand committed till paid.

First, not exceeding $10; subsequent, not exceeding $30, with costs.

$5 to $25..

Not over $25.

First, $2; subsequent, $5.

$5 to $50, or imprisonment not over 3 months..

Not exceeding $25..

a Children 14 to 16 whose labor is necessary to their own or parents' support are excused. b Not applicable to children over 14 lawfully employed to labor at home or elsewhere. c Inclusive. d8 weeks for children over 14 who can read and write English and are at work to support themselves or others. e The provisions tabulated for Maryland are those of the act of 1902, whose operation is limited to Baltimore city and Alleghany County. To 16 unless regularly employed to labor at home or elsewhere. gTo 16 if wandering about public places without lawful occupation, or if unable to read and write. h To 16 if unemployed. iTo 16 if unable to read and write English. Four counties and the city of Washington are under special compulsory attendance laws. Not applicable to children over 13 who can read and write English and are regularly employed in useful service. Not applicable to children over 13 who are lawfully employed. m In 1905 a compulsory attendance act was passed applying only to Claiborne and Union counties. n Children over 15 or under 8, when once enrolled, must attend the full term they are enrolled for. o To 16 if not regularly and usefully employed at home or elsewhere. p Penalty only for child 7 to 16, or one living idly and loitering about public places.

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c From 8 until confirmation; in town from 7 until confirmation.

d special dispensation after 7 years' attendance and 1 year's prolongation for ignorance.

Halacha is the term for the Jewish oral law, and is supposed to be, like the written law contained in the Bible, of divine origin. It embraces the whole field of juridico-political, religious, and practical life down to its most minute and insignificant detai s. It began to be written down when the sufferings to which the Jews were almost uninterruptedly subjected from the first exile downward had made many portions of it already very uncertain and fluctuating, and threatened finally to obliterate it altogether from memory. The first collection of laws was instituted by Hillel, Akiba, and Gamaliel; but the final reduction of the general code, Mishna, is due to Jehudah Hanassi, A. D. 220. The Halacha was further developed in subsequent centuries by the Saboraim, Geonim, and the authorities of each generation.

Oneida Community is a society of Perfectionists, or Bible Communists, founded by John Humphrey Noyes. He was originally a lawyer, then studied theology at Andover and Yale, and became a Congregational minister, but soon lost his license to preach on account of the views which he adopted. The Community is situated on Oneida Creek, in Lenox township, Madison County, N. Y., where it owns a fine estate. The Community was the outgrowth of the teachings of Noyes and a circle of believers at Putney, Vermont, where Noyes settled in 1838. At first there was no thought of becoming a Community, exclusive attention being paid to the development and publication of their religious views. The communistic manner of life was adopted gradually. In 1846, they disbanded owing to offense given to their neighbors, but in 1847

they united with another Community which per, having the appearance of gold. Though had been started under the influence of the the word pagoda is used to designate but the Putney school, in Madison County, N. Y., temple, it is in reality an aggregate of various where they carried on their communistic views monuments, which in their totality constitute for nearly thirty years with pecuniary success the holy place sacred to the god. Sanctuaries, and with comparative freedom. The Commun- porches, colonnades, gateways, walls, tanks, ity was a large family or brotherhood, the com- etc., are generally combined for this purpose mon bond being paramount. The children were according to a plan which is more or less uniregarded as belonging primarily to the Com- form. Several series of walls form an inclomunity. All property was held in common and sure; between them are alleys, habitations for the education and subsistence afforded to the the priests, etc.; and the interior is occupied members were considered a just equivalent for by the temple itself, with buildings for the their labor. For government and religion, pilgrims, tanks, porticoes, and open colonthey relied chiefly upon the power of their nades. The walls have, at their openings, large religion, but they also used a system of pyramidal gateways higher than themselves, public censorship called by them mutual and so constructed that the gateway of the criticism." The cardinal principles of the outer wall is always higher than that of the Community are: reconciliation to God, salva- succeeding inner wall. These gateways are tion from sin, recognition of the brotherhood pyramidal buildings of the most elaborate and equality of man and woman, and the com- workmanship, and consist of several, somemunity of labor and its fruits. They be- times as many as fifteen, stories. The pagoda lieve that the second coming of Christ took of Chalambron, in Tanjore, is one of the most place in 70 A.D., at the destruction of Jerusa- celebrated and most sacred of these monulem, and they look forward to His third coming. ments in India. The buildings of which this In 1879 the obnoxious social features were pagoda is composed cover an oblong square abandoned, owing to public opinion which 360 feet long and 210 wide. The pagodas of had been aroused by the clergy of the state and Juggernaut on the north end of the coast of particularly by those of the surrounding region. Coromandel are three in number, and are surMr. Noyes, having been threatened with arrest,rounded by a wall of black stone, whence they had fled to Canada and urged the Community are called by Europeans the Black Pagodas. to take this step. On January 1, 1881, the property was divided and the members were incorporated under the laws of the state of New York as a joint stock company, in which capacity they have carried on business ever since. At the time of the dissolution of the Community, it had about 238 members, with 45 others at a branch at Wallingford, Connecticut; owned 650 acres of land with numerous manufacturing establishments and other buildings, the total property being valued at $600,000. It has since largely increased its property and business, having manufactories at Kenwood, Sherrill, and Niagara Falls, N. Y., and at Niagara Falls, Ontario. While communism of property and distinctive social life were given up, a common dining room, laundry, library, and assembly hall, and other coöperative features are still retained. The present membership is about three hundred.

Pagodas are in most instances pyramidalshaped temples consisting of. various layers of stones piled one upon another in successive recession, and covered all over with the richest ornamentation. They are among the most remarkable monuments of Hindoo architecture. The olasters and columns, which take a prominent rank in the ornamental portion of these temples, show the greatest variety of forms; some pagodas are also overlaid with strips of cop

The height of the principal one is said to be 344 feet; according to some, however, it does not exceed 120-123 feet. The term pagoda is also applied, but not correctly, to those Chinese buildings of a tower form, as the Porcelain Tower of Nanking. These buildings differ materially from the Hindoo pagodas, not only as regards their style and exterior appearance, but inasmuch as they are buildings intended for other than religious purposes. The word pagoda is, according to some, a corruption of the Sanskrit word bhagavata, from bhagavat, sacred; but according to others, a corruption of put-gada, from the Persian put, idol, and gada, house.

Hampshire Shakers.- This community of Shakers settled in the New Forest, near Lymington, Hampshire, England, in 1872 or 1873, and consisted of eighty-three persons. Their leader, a Mrs. Girling, wife of an Ipswich builder, declared herself to be the woman of the twelfth chapter of Revelations, who was "clothed with the sun, and the moon under her feet." These Girlingites, or Bible Christians, as they called themselves, believed that the earth and the fullness thereof belonged to the elect, and that they were the elect. They professed to take the literal scriptures for their guide in all things, yet were so little inclined to earn their bread by the sweat of their brow

that they got into debt, mortgaged the cot- | brick is blackened and decayed; the marble tages which had been secured for them by a statues, the bassi-relievi, the brazen columns, Miss Wood, a convert, and finally lost their have disappeared; its ornaments have vanproperty in 1878, when, as a community, they ished, its granite columns have lost their luster, passed out of existence. and its marble capitals their purity. Yet, Pantheon of Rome, a famous temple under every disadvantage, it is still preof circular form, built by M. Agrippa, son-in- eminently beautiful. No eye can rest on the law of Augustus, in his third consulship, about noble simplicity of the matchless portico with27 B. C. The edifice was called the Pantheon, out admiration. Its beauty is of that sort not, as is commonly supposed, from its having which, while the fabric stands, time has no been sacred to all the gods, but from its ma- power to destroy. jestic dome, which represented, as it were, the Oracles dated from the highest antiquity, "all-divine firmament. It was dedicated to and flourished in the most remote ages. The Jupiter Ultor. Beside the statue of this god, word signifies the response delivered by a however, there were in six other niches as deity or supernatural being to a worshiper or many colossal statues of other deities, among inquirer, and also the place where the response which were those of Mars and Venus, the was delivered. These responses were supfounders of the Julian line, and that of Julius posed to be given by a certain divine afflatus, Cæsar The Pantheon is by far the largest either through means of mankind, as in the structure of ancient times, the external diam-orgasms of the Pythia, and the dreams of the eter being 188 feet, and the height to the sum- worshiper in the temples; or by its effect on mit of the upper cornice 102 feet, exclusive of the flat dome or calotte, which makes the entire height about 148 feet. It has a portico, in the style of the Corinthian architecture, 110 feet in length and 44 feet in depth, made up of 16 granite columns, with marble capitals and bases, placed in three rows, each column being 5 feet in diameter and 46 feet high. These columns supported a pediment with a roof of bronze. The Pantheon stands near the ancient Campus Martius, and, after the lapse of 1900 years, is still the best preserved of the old Roman buildings. It was given to Boniface IV. by the Emperor Phocas in 609, and was dedicated as a Christian church to the Virgin and the Holy Martyrs, a quantity of whose relics was placed under the great altar. In 830, Gregory IV. dedicated it to all the saints. It is now known as the Church of Santa Maria Rotunda. This consecration of the edifice, however, seems to have afforded it no defense against the subsequent spoliations, both of emperors and popes. The plates of gilded bronze that covered the roof, the bronze bassirelievi of the pediment, and the silver that adorned the interior of the dome, were carried off by Constans II., A. D. 655, who destined them for his imperial palace at Constantinople; but, being murdered at Syracuse when on his return with them, they were taken by their next proprietors to Alexandria. Urban VIII. carried off all that was left to purloin- the bronze beams of the portico, which amounted in weight to more than 45,000,000 pounds. During eight centuries it has suffered from the dilapidations of time and the cupidity of barbarians. The seven steps which elevated it above the level of ancient Rome are buried beneath the modern pavement. Its rotunda of

certain objects, as the tinkling of the caldrons
at Dodona, the rustling of the sacred oak, the
murmuring of the streams; or by the action of
sacred animals, as exemplified in the Apis or
sacred bull of Memphis, and the feeding of
holy chickens of the Romans. These responses,
however, had always to be interpreted to the
inquirer by the priesthood. It is probable that
all the Egyptian temples were oracular, although
only a few are mentioned by Herodotus, as
the oracles of Latona in the city of Buto;
those of Hercules, Mars, Thebes, and Meroe.
Oracles were also used by the Hebrews. The
Grecian oracles enjoyed the highest reputation
for truthfulness, and the most renowned of
all was the Delphic Oracle. Sacrifices were
offered by the inquirers, who walked with
laurel crowns on their heads, and delivered
sealed questions; the response was deemed
infallible, and was usually dictated by justice,
sound sense,
and reason, till the growing po-
litical importance of the shrine rendered the
guardians of it fearful to offend, when they
framed answers in ambiguous terms, or al-
lowed the influence of gold and presents to
corrupt the inspirations. There were numer-
ous other oracles in Greece and in Asia Mi-
nor, and written ones existed of the prophecies
of celebrated seers. Those of the Sibyls or
prophetic women enjoyed great popularity.

Holy Grail.- The Holy Grail was one of the leading themes of medieval romance, fabled to have been the cup or chalice used by Christ in the Last Supper, and in which he changed the wine into blood. This chalice, preserved by Joseph of Arimathea, had also received the blood which flowed from the side of Christ on the cross. This is what the apocryphal gospel of Nicodemus says, but no

early mention is made of it by either profane or ecclesiastical writers. In the twelfth century it reappears as the central subject of the prophecies of Merlin and the object of the adventurous quest of the Knights of the Round Table. It was also mixed up, by romance, with the struggles in Spain between Moors and Christians, and with the foundation of the Order of Templars in Palestine.

Peter the Hermit was the apostle of the first crusade, and was born in the diocese of Amiens, France, about the middle of the eleventh century. After engaging in several pursuits he became a hermit, and in 1093 un

dertook a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, where the oppression he witnessed and experienced determined him to arouse the people of Christendom to undertake a war for the liberation of the holy sepulcher. The first host of crusaders was led by Peter in person, and was unsuccessful. He was associated with the expedition under Godfrey of Bouillon. While the crusaders were besieged in Antioch, he deserted, but was captured and brought back. On the conquest of Jerusalem he preached a sermon to the crusaders on the Mount of Olives. After this he returned to Europe and founded the Abbey of Neufmoustier, near Huy, where he died in 1115.

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1873 Add-Ran Christ. Un.t Waco, Tex
Christian.... E. C. Snow, A.M. (Act. Pres.) 16 225
1896 Adelphi Colleget.. Brooklyn, N. Y.... Non-Sect.... C. H. Levermore, Ph.D... 30
1859 Adrian Colleget. Adrian, Mich...... Meth. Prot.. T. H. Lewis, D.D.....
15 164
1872 Alabama Poly. Inst.t.. Auburn, Ala. Non-Sect.... Charles C. Thach.
1861 Albion Colleget.
Albion, Mich... ... Meth. Epis... Samuel Dickie, LL.D.
1836 Alfred Universityt.. Alfred, N. Y....... Non-Sect.... Rev. Boothe C. Davis, Ph.D.
1815 Allegheny Colleget.... Meadville, Pa...... Meth. Epis.. William H. Crawford, D.D..
1886 Alma Colleget.... Alma, Mich.
Presbyterian Rev. A. F. Bruske, M.S., D.D.
1893 Am. Un. of Harrimant Harriman, Tenn... Non-Sect.... James Alexander Tate.
1821 Amherst College Amherst, Mass.... Non-Sect.... George Harris, D.D., LL.D..
1872 Amity Colleget (g).... College Springs, Ia Non-Sect... Rev. J.C. Calhoun, A.B.,A.M.
1807 Andover Theol. Sem.. Andover, Mass.... Congregat'l. Charles O. Day, D.D...
1853 Antioch Colleget.. Yellow Springs, O. Non-Sect.... S. F. Weston, Ph.D.
1872 Arkansas Colleget Batesville, Ark.... Presbyterian Eugene R. Long, Ph.D..
1893 Armour Inst. Tech'yt. Chicago, Ill. (g)... Non-Sect.... F. W. Gunsaulus, D.D.
1842 Asheville Colleget..... Asheville, N. C.... Non-Sect... Archibald A. Jones.
1869 Atlanta Universityt... Atlanta, Ga.... Non-Sect.... Horace Bumstead, D.D....
1820 Auburn Theol. Sem'y. Auburn, N. Y.. .... Presbyterian Rev. G. B. Stewart, D.D..
1869 Augsburg Seminary... Minneapolis, Minn Lutheran.... Georg Sverdrup...
1860 Augustana Colleget... Rock Island, Ill... Lutheran.... Gustav Andreen, Ph.D.
1858 Baker Universityt.. Baldwin, Kan..... Meth. Epis.. Lemuel H. Murlin, A.M..
1846 Baldwin Universityt.. Berea, O..... Meth. Epis.. George B. Rogers...
1889 Barnard College‡(d).. Manh'n Boro, N. Y. Non-Sect.... Laura D. Gill, A.B. (Dean)..
1863 Bates Colleget.... Lewiston, Me...... Free Bapt... George C. Chase, D.D.,LL.D.
1845 Baylor Universityt.. Waco, Tex.... Baptist... Samuel P. Brooks, LL.D.
1880 Bellevue Colleget.. Bellevue, Neb..... Presbyterian Rev. R. M. Stevenson, D.D..
(Act. Pres.)..
Beloit, Wis...
Berea, Ky..

1847 Beloit Colleget..
Non-Sect.... E. D. Eaton, D.D., LL.D.
1855 Berea Colleget.
Non-Sect... Wm. G. Frost, Ph.D., D.D.
1881 Bethany Colleget (g). Lindsborg, Kan... Lutheran.... Ernest F. Pihlblad.
1854 Bethel College.. Russellville, Ky.... Baptist.. William Henry Harrison.
1867 Biddle University§.. Charlotte, N. Č.... Presbyterian Rev. D. J. Sanders, D.D...
1869 Boston University. Boston, Mass.. Meth. Epis.. William E. Huntington..
1794 Bowdoin College. Brunswick, Me.... Congregat'l. Wm. De Witt Hyde, D.D...
1877 Brigham Young Col.t. Logan, Utah Latter Day.. James H. Linford, B. S., B.D.
1764 Brown Universityt.... Providence, R. I... Non-Sect.... W. H. P. Faunce, A.M., D.D.
1880 Bryn Mawr Colleget.. Bryn Mawr, Pa.... Non-Sect.... McCarey Thomas, LL.D..
1872 Buchtel Colleget. Akron, O...
Universalist. Rev. A. B.Church, A.M.,B.A.
1846 Bucknell Universityt.. Lewisburg, Pa.... Baptist...... John H. Harris, LL.D.
Christian.... W. N. Billingsley, A.M...
Non-Sect... W. E. Garrison, Ph.D.

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1870 Canisius College (b)... Buffalo, N. Y.. R. Catholic.. Rev. Aloysius Pfeil, S. J....
1866 Carleton Colleget. Northfield, Minn..
1851 Carson & Newman C.+ Jeff. City, Tenn...
1870 Carthage Colleget Carthage, Ill
1880 Case Sc. Appl. Science Cleveland, O....
1851 Catawba Colleget(q).. Newton, N. C..
1887 Catholic Univ. Am. (f) Washington, D. C..

1894 Cedarville Colleget. Cedarville, 0...........
1855 Central Colleget
Fayette, Mo.

1855 Central Penn'a Coll. t. New Berlin, Pa..
1853 Central Universityt... Pella, Iowa..
1874 Central University. Danville, Ky.

Congregat'l. W. H. Sallman, D.D..
Baptist.... J. T. Henderson, A.M.
Lutheran... Rev. Fred. L. Sigmund, A.M.
Non-Sect.... Charles S. Howe, Ph.D...
Reformed... C. H. Mebane, A.B...
R. Catholic.. Rt. Rev. Mgr. D. J. O'Con-
nell, D.D...

Ref. Presb... Rev. D. McKinney, D.D..
Meth. Ep. S. Rev. James C. Morris, D.D..
Evangelical. Rev. A. E. Gobble.A.M.,D.D.
Baptist.... L. A. Garrison, B.A..
Presbyterian Frederick W. Huntt, D.D.,
Ph.D..

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