trians in Memmingen, and investment of Ulm, 93.-Combat at Elchingen, 95.-Surrender of eight thousand men, 96.-Surrender of Mack, 97.-Feelings of the two armies, 98.-Napoleon's proclamation, 99, note.-Errors of the cabinet of Vienna, 100.-The Archduke Charles in Italy, ib.-Forcing of the bridge of Verona, 101.-Actions at Caldiero, 102.-Conduct of the Austrian rear-guard, 103.-The Archduke retreats to Laybach, 104.—Advance of Napoleon through Bavaria, ib.-Measures of the Austrians, ib.Irritation of Prussia, 105.-Arrival of Alexander at Berlin, and treaty with Russia, 106.-Visit to the tomb of the Great Frederick, 107.-Prussia relapses into her temporising system, ib.-Landing of the Allies in Hanover, 108.-Operations in the Tyrol, ib.-Napoleon advances into Upper Austria, 110. His measures at Lintz to envelop Kutusoff, ib.-Action at Dürrenstein, 113.-Napoleon advances rapidly on Vienna, 114.-Description of that city, 115.-Seizure of the bridge, ib.-Finesse of Kutusoff, 117.-Action of Bagrathion, 118.-Junction of the Russian armies, ib.-Measures of Napoleon, 119.-Conduct of the French at Vienna, ib.-Forces on the two sides, 120.-Battle of Austerlitz, 128.-Dangers of Napoleon's situation, 132.Interview of the Emperor Francis with Napoleon, 133.-Armistice of Austerlitz, 134.-Dissimulation of Prussia, ib.-Treaty of alliance with Prussia, which gains Hanover, 135.-Affairs of Naples, 136.-And of the north of Germany, 137.-Peace of Pressburg, ib.-Dethronement of the King of Naples, 139.-Napoleon's return to Vienna, Munich, the Rhine, and Paris, 140.-Importance of the valley of the Danube, 141.-Growth of the military power of France, 142.-Abilities displayed by Napoleon in the arrangements for this campaign, 144.-Errors of the Allies, ib.-Effects of the indecision of Prussia, 145.-Ability displayed by Pitt in the formation of this confederacy, 146.-His last illness and death, 147.-His character, 148.—Principles of his domestic administration, ib.-Growth of his fame, 149.-Views of foreign writers on his designs, 150.-His errors, 151.-Funeral honours paid to him, 153.

CHAPTER XLI.-THE BRITISH FINANCES, AND MR PITT'S SYSTEM OF

FINANCIAL POLICY.

Importance of the subject, 153.-Financial efforts of England during the war, 154.-Historical details, ib.-Financial aspect of the country on Pitt's accession, 157.-Establishment of the sinking-fund, 159.-Results of the sinking-fund, 162.-Obloquy to which it became exposed, 164.-Merit of Pitt's system, 166.-Decay of this system, 169.-Remission of indirect taxes since 1816, 171.-Advantages which would have attended keeping up the sinking-fund, 173.-Lord Castlereagh's error regarding the income-tax, 174.-Advantages of the funding system, 175.-Trebling of the assessed taxes, 178.-Introduction of the income-tax, 179.-Advantages of the new system, 181.-Arguments for indirect taxation, 182.-Character of Pitt's financial measures, 185.-Effects of the suspension of cash payments, 190.

CHAPTER XLII.-FROM THE PEACE OF PRESSBURG TO THE RENEWAL OF THE CONTINENTAL WAR. JANUARY-OCTOBER, 1806.

Results of the campaign of Austerlitz, 196.-Coalition of parties, 197.-Composition of the cabinet, 198.-The budget, 199.-Return of Napoleon to Paris financial crisis there, 200.-Financial changes in France, 204.Imposition of the French armies as a burden on foreign states, ib.-Exposition of the triumphs of France, 205.-Erection of the column in the Place Vendôme, 206.—Advance of the French against Naples, ib.-Joseph Buonaparte created King of the Two Sicilies, 207.—Battle of Maida, 209.-Surrender

of Gaeta, 211.-Retreat of the English: suppression of the insurrection, ib.Reforms of Joseph, ib.-State of Holland since its conquest by France, 212.Napoleon's measures to place his brother Louis on the throne of that country, ib.-Creation of military fiefs in Italy, ib.-Audience to the Turkish ambassador, 213.-Naval operations, 214.-Napoleon's change of system in regard to the naval war, 216.-Growth of the English maritime power, 217. Character of the French navy, ib.-Reduction of the Cape of Good Hope, 218.-Attack on Buenos Ayres, 219.-Buenos Ayres retaken, 220.-Differences with America in regard to neutral rights, ib.—Coldness between France and Prussia, 223.-Prussia seizes on Hanover, ib.-Measures of retaliation by Great Britain, 224.-Napoleon's measures of aggression on Germany, 225.Confederacy of the Rhine, 226.-The Emperor renounces the crown of Germany, 228.-Warlike preparations of Prussia, 229.-Renewed discord between France and Russia, 230.-Negotiations between France and England, 233. The negotiation is broken off, 236.-Prussia's ultimatum, and preparations for war on both sides, 237.-Murder of Palm, ib.-Death of Fox: his character, 240.

CHAPTER XLIII.-CAMPAIGN OF JENA.-FALL OF PRUSSIA.

Natural disadvantages of Prussia, 243.-Statistical details, 246.-Manners and court of Berlin, 249.-Efforts of Prussia to obtain the aid of Russia and England, ib.-The cabinet of Vienna resolves to remain neutral, 251.-The lesser German powers incline to France, 252.-Preparations of Prussia, ib.Proclamation of Napoleon, 254.-Manifesto of Prussia, 255.-Preparatory movements, 256.-Counter-movement of Napoleon, 257.-The theatre of war, ib.-Death of Prince Louis, 259.-Movements preparatory to a general action, 260.-Battle of Jena, 263.-Battle of Auerstadt, 267.--Disasters of the retreat, 271.-Capture of Erfurth with fourteen thousand men, ib.Measures of Napoleon to follow up the victory, 272.-Saxony overrun by the French, 274.-Hohenlohe compelled to surrender, 276.-Escape of the Duke of Saxe-Weimar, ib.-Surrender of Stettin and Cüstrin, 277.-Blucher made prisoner, 280.-Fall of Magdeburg, ib.-Fall of Hameln and Nienburg, 281.Napoleon detaches Saxony from the coalition, ib.-Refuses to treat with Prussia, 282.-Visits Potsdam and the tomb of Frederick, 283.-Berlin, Spandau, and Charlottenburg occupied by the French, ib.—Affair of Prince Hatzfeld, 284.-Severity of Napoleon to the Duke of Brunswick, 286.—And to the Queen of Prussia and the Elector of Hesse-Cassel, ib.-Contributions levied on Prussia, 288.-Negotiations and first demands of Napoleon, 289.— Berlin decree against English commerce, 290.-Affairs of Poland, 291.New conscription in France, 292.-Treaty between France and Saxony, ib.— Results of the campaign, ib.

CHAPTER XLIV.-CAMPAIGN OF EYLAU. DECEMBER 1806-MARCH 1807. Advance of the French and Russians to the Vistula, 296.-Preparations of Russia, ib.-Embarrassment of Napoleon on the Polish question, 298.-He rouses only Prussian Poland, 301.-Excitement in Poland, 302.—Napoleon's declaration in favour of Turkey, 303.-His proclamation on the anniversary of Austerlitz, 304.-Formation of the Temple of Glory at Paris, ib.-Efforts of Napoleon to recruit his army, 306.-Contributions on the conquered states, 307.-Positions and force of the French, ib.-And of the Russians, 308. Their evacuation of Warsaw: Alexander's proclamation to his soldiers, ib.-Application for assistance to England, 309.-The Russians resume the offensive, ib.-Napoleon advances to Warsaw, ib.-Forcing of the passage of

the Ukra by the French, 311.-Kamenskoi orders the sacrifice of the artillery, ib.-Battle of Pultusk, 313.-Combat of Golymin, 314.-Results of this winter campaign, 316.-Reduction of the fortresses in Silesia, 317.—Operations towards Pomerania and Dantzic, 318.-Operations of Marmont in Illyria, 319.-Napoleon's efforts to stimulate the Turks, ib.-Residence of the French at Warsaw, 320.-Benningsen assumes the command: he advances against Bernadotte, 321.-He surprises Ney's corps, 322.-Bernadotte escapes with difficulty, 323.-Graudentz relieved, and the French left driven back, ib.Danger of Napoleon, 324.-He marches to the rear of Benningsen, 325.Combat of Landsberg, 326.-Combat of Leibstadt, 327.-Combats round Eylau the day before the battle, 328.-Battle of Eylau, 330.-Losses on both sides, 334.-Losses of the French after the battle, 335.-Napoleon proposes peace, 336.-Which is refused by Prussia, ib.-Napoleon retreats, 337.-Both parties claim the victory, ib.-Combat of Ostrolenka, 338.-Sensation excited by the battle of Eylau, ib.-Refusal of succour by England, 339.-Consternation at Paris, 340.-A third conscription, ib.—Activity of Napoleon to repair his losses, 341.-Effect of the surrender of the Prussian fortresses, 342.

CHAPTER XLV.-DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN MEASURES OF MR FOX'S ADMINISTRATION. FEBRUARY 1806-MARCH 1807.

Civil changes during the war, 343.-Effects of the accession of the Whigs, 344. Their plan for recruiting the army, ib.-Abolition of the slave trade, 352. -Effects of the change hitherto on the negro race, 356.-Present extent and horrors of the slave trade, 357.-Effects of emancipation of negroes, 358.Lord Henry Petty's plan of finance, 361.-Character of the Whig measures of domestic administration, 366.-Expedition to South America, and capture of Monte Video, 367.-Second expedition against Buenos Ayres, ib.-Capture of Curaçoa, and establishment of the republic of Hayti, 369.-State of affairs in Turkey, 370.-Rupture between Turkey and Russia, ib.-Rapid progress of the Russians, 372.-Description of the Dardanelles, 373.-The Straits are forced, 375.-Intrepid conduct of Sebastiani, ib.-The British fleet repass the Straits, 377.-Blockade of the Dardanelles, 378.-Naval actions off Tenedos, ib.-Descent by the British on Egypt, ib.-Discontent at these repeated defeats, 379.-Measure for introducing the Catholics into the army and navy, ib.-Change of ministry, 382.-Arguments in parliament against the King's conduct, 383.-And in support of it, ib.-Dissolution of parliament, 385.— Biography of Lord Eldon, ib.-Character of the Whig ministry, 387.—Their foreign measures, ib.-Their neglect of the Russian war, 388.-APPENDIX, 391.

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

66

CHAPTER XXXIX.

FROM THE OPENING OF THE WAR WITH SPAIN TO THE BATTLE OF

TRAFALGAR. JAN.-OCT. 1805.

1. "THE world," said Napoleon, | destruction. He fell at last, not bebelieve me the enemy of peace; but cause he opposed, but because he I must fulfil my destiny. am forced yielded to, the evil spirit of his times; to combat and conquer in order to pre- because, instead of checking, he fanserve. You must accomplish some- ned the flame of revolutionary ambithing new every three months in order tion converted by his genius into that to captivate the French people. With of military conquest; and continually them, whoever ceases to advance is advanced before a devouring fire, lost." Continual progress, fresh suc- which precipitated him in the end cessions of victories, unbounded glory, upon the snows of Russia and the were the conditions on which he held rout of Waterloo. the throne. He knew well that, the 2. But although well aware that it moment these failed, his authority was on such perilous conditions, and would begin to decline. With him, such alone, that he held the throne, therefore, constant wars and evident no man knew better than Napoleon advances towards universal domi- the importance of concealing their exnion, were not the result merely of istence from the eyes of mankind, and individual ambition, or dictated by representing himself as compelled, on an insatiable desire to extend the every occasion, to take up arms in order boundaries of France; they were the to defend the dignity or independence necessary consequence of the circum- of the Empire. It was his general postances in which he was placed, and licy, accordingly, when he perceived the temper of the times in which he that unceasing encroachments during lived. They arose inevitably from a peace had roused a general spirit of remilitary conqueror arriving at the su- sistance to his ambition, and that a preme direction of a nation, when it general war was inevitable, to make was heated by the pursuit of revolu- proposals of accommodation to the tionary ambition. As this system, most inveterate of his enemies, in order however, required a continual sacri- to gain the credit of moderate infice of the rights and interests of other tentions, and throw upon them the nations, in order to feed the vanity odium of actually commencing hosand gratify the passions of one, it in- tilities. In pursuance of this system, volved in itself, like every other irregu- he was no sooner convinced, from lar indulgence, whether in nations or the turn which his diplomatic relaindividuals, the principles of its own tions with Russia and Sweden had

VOL. VI.

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