Bamber agt. City of Rochester. they discharge their trust, by removing them in case of failure to discharge it properly, yet the council has no power to control them in the discharge of their duties; for a portion of those duties at least are prescribed by the general statute of the state. The duties devolving upon the board of health do not relate to the exercise of corporate powers, neither are their duties for the benefit of the corporation in its local or special interest. Their duties relate to the preservation of the health of the public; the individuals residing in the city may be benefited by the faithful discharge of the duties of such officers; so may the public at large. The duties of such officers are, therefore, public in their nature, and they should be regarded as the servants and agents of the public instead of the corporation. Accordingly, held, that the city of Rochester is not liable or responsible for the acts of its board of health. Fourth Department, General Term, January, 1882. THIS action was brought by the plaintiff, as receiver of Miles and Warren, against the city of Rochester, to recover the value of a quantity of rags belonging to Miles and Warren, which were destroyed by order of the board of health of the city. The defenses set forth in the answer are: First. That the rags were infectious and dangerous to the public health, and were lawfully destroyed by the board of health. Second. That the defendant is not liable for the acts of the board of health. Upon the trial the court, upon motion of the defendant's counsel, nonsuited the plaintiff on the ground that the defendant was not liable or responsible for the acts of its board of health. From the judgment entered upon such nonsuit appeal is taken to this court. Daniel Wood, for appellant, contended that Dr. Buckley was the agent or servant of the city, and invoked the doctrine of respondeat superior. John H. Fanning, for respondent. The defendant, "The city of Rochester," is not liable for the acts of the board of Bamber agt. City of Rochester. health or those of the health officer. The powers of said board of health are derived (1) from defendant's charter; and (2) from general statute law. All the real powers of the board of health are derived from and controlled by chapter 324, Laws 1850, being the general statute on public health. II. The acts of officers of the board of health being public in their nature, and for the public good, no responsibility therefor attaches to the city. The board and officers thereof, in the exercise of such a function as that in the case at bar, are officers of the state rather than of the respondent (2 Dillon on Municipal Corporations, sec. 772; O'Meara agt. Mayor of New York, 1 Daly, 425; Smith agt. City of Rochester, 76 N. Y., 506; Jewett agt. City of New Haven, 9 Am. R., 382-391; 38 Conn., 368; Fisher agt. City of Boston, 10 Mass., 87; Hafford agt. City of New Bedford, 16 Gray, 297; Vanderbilt agt. Adams, 7 Cowen, 349–351; Russell agt. Mayor of N. Y., 2 Denio, 461; Ham agt. Mayor of N. Y., 70 N. Y., 459; Mead agt. New Haven, 40 Conn., 72; Maxmilian agt. Mayor, 62 N. Y., 160-165; McKay agt. City of Buffalo, 9 Hun, 401; S. C., 74 N. Y., 619; Lorillard agt. The Town of Monroe, 11 N. Y., 392; Tone agt. Mayor, 70 N. Y., 158-165; Ogg agt. City of Lansing, 14 Am. R., 499; 35 Iowa, 495; Pollock's Administrators agt. Louisville, 13 W. P. D. Bush's [Kentucky] R., 221; Mitchell agt. City of Rockland, 52 Maine, 118). III. Even if the board of health were officers of the city, the case at bar does not create a liability upon the city. As to the powers, liabilities and legal status of boards of health, See 15 Wendell, 262-397; also 13 Weekly Digest, 185. IV. If the foregoing points are not sound, and the respondent's charter did not authorize the action of Dr. Buckley, the health officer, even then the respondent is not liable in this action. A municipal corporation cannot be made liable for an act of its agent, by a ratification thereof, where the act complained of was of such a nature that the corporation did not possess the power to authorize the doing of it by the VOL. LXIII 14 Bamber agt. City of Rochester. agent (Boom agt. City of Utica, 2 Barb., 104-111; Smith agt. Rochester, 76 N. Y., 506; Sands agt. Tompkins, 8 Wend., 462; Mills agt. City of Brooklyn, 32 N. Y., 480497; Tormey agt. Mayor of N. Y., 12 Hun, 542; S. C., 5 N. Y. Weekly Digest, 559). HAIGHT, J.-The only question to be considered is as to the liability of the city of Rochester for the acts of its board of health. Chapter 324 of the Laws of 1850 provides: "SECTION 1. It shall be the duty of the common council of every city and the trustees of every incorporated village in this State, in which there is not now a board of health duly organized, to appoint once in each year a board of health for such city or village, to consist of not less than three nor more than seven persons, and a competent physician to be the health officer thereof. "SECTION 3. The several boards of health now organized in any city or village in this State, and the several boards of health instituted under this act, shall have power, and it shall be their duty." Then follow provisions describing the powers and duties of such officers. The charter of the city of Rochester provides "that not less than three nor more than seven persons, of whom the mayor shall be one, shall constitute the board of health, and one physician to be the physician thereof" (Sec. 6, title 2). Section 8 of the same title provides that the common council shall annually, or as often as vacancy exists, appoint by ballot such officers, each of which shall hold his office during the pleasure of the common council. The charter also contains some provisions in reference to the powers and duties of such board. It further provides that the provisions of chapter 324 of the Laws of 1850, and the acts amendatory thereof not in conflict, shall be applicable to the board of health of the city of Rochester. The common council is also given power to enact by-laws prescribing the duties of officers appointed by them, and their compensation. It will be seen, therefore, that Bamber agt. City of Rochester. the defendant's board of health is elected by the common council of the city, with the exception of the mayor, who, by virtue of his office, is made a member of such board; that as to such officers elected by the council, they hold their office during the pleasure of the council; that their powers and duties are in part provided for by the charter and by the general law of the state already referred to, that the council is given power to enact by-laws further prescribing the duties of such officers; no by-law, however, can be enacted which shall be in conflict with either of the statutes quoted. Dillon, in his work upon municipal corporations, in speaking of the liability of municipal corporations for the acts of servants or agents, says: "If the corporation appoints or elects them and can control them in the discharge of their duties, can continue or remove them, can hold them responsible for the manner in which they discharge their trust, and if those duties relate to the exercise of corporate powers and for the peculiar benefit of the corporation in its local or special interest, they may justly be regarded as its agents or servants, and the maxim of respondeat superior applies; but if, on the other hand, they are elected or appointed by the corporation in obedience to the statute to perform a public service not peculiarly local or corporate, but because this mode of selection has been deemed expedient by the legislature in the distribution of the powers by the government, if they are independent of the corporation as to the tenor of their office, and the manner of discharging their duties, they are not to be regarded as the servants or agents of the corporation for whose acts or negligence it is impliedly liable, but as public or state officers with such powers and duties as the statute confers upon them, and the doctrine of respondeat superior is nonapplicable" (2 Dillon's M. C., sec. 772). This appears to be the rule approved and adopted by the courts in all recent decisions bearing upon the question. In the case of McKay agt. The City of Buffalo (9 Hun, 401), a policeman while engaged in shooting and killing a dog Bamber agt. City of Rochester. supposed to be mad, in the public streets of the city, negligently, carelessly and imprudently handled and manipulated his pistol so that he shot the plaintiff, inflicting a severe and dangerous wound. It was held that the police officers of the city are not to be deemed its servants or agents in such a sense as to render the city liable; the learned justice in writing the opinion in that case, repeats the rule already quoted from Dillon, and adopts it as the basis of his decision. This case was affirmed in 74 New York, 619. The case of Maximilian agt. The Mayor and Aldermen, &c., of the City of New York (62 N. Y., 160), was an action for killing the plaintiff's intestate by the careless act of the driver of an ambulance wagon in the employ of the public charities and corrections. The commissioners of public charities were officers appointed by the mayor of the city. Their powers and duties were prescribed by statute. The rule as to the defendant's liability in that case was stated in substantially the same language of the rule as quoted from Dillon; and it was held that the defendant was not liable; that "where, by legislative enactment, a municipal corporation is required to elect or appoint an officer to perform a public duty, laid not upon it, but upon the officer, in which it has no private interest and from which it derives no special advantage or benefit, such officer is not a servant or agent of the municipality, and for his negligence or want of skill in the performance of his duty, or for that of a servant whom he employs, the corporation is not liable." The case of Ham agt. The Mayor, Aldermen, &c., of the City of New York (70 N. Y., 459), was a case where the plaintiff claimed to be damaged by reason of defectively constructed water closets negligently used by a school maintained by the department of public instruction in the city of New York. The same rule appears to have been adopted, and it was held that the city was not liable, although the department of public instruction was by statute declared to constitute a part of the city government. The duties of the department are of a public nature, and do not relate to |