2. Categorical and Hypothetical Imperatives 3. Actual Effects and Natural Effects . 10. Unconscious Pleasure-pain as the Motive 11. The Psychological Fallacies of Hedonism 12. The Pleasure of the Race as the Motive. 13. Pleasure as the End realized by All Action 14. Pleasure-pain as a Means of Preservation INTRODUCTION TO ETHICS CHAPTER I THE NATURE AND METHODS OF ETHICS 1 1. The Function of Science. The world presents us with an endless array of phenomena. These phenomena the human mind observes and endeavors. to understand. It notices that things and occurrences are, to a certain extent, uniform and constant, that nature is regular and orderly. The intellect of man strives to detect similarities or uniformities in things and actions, and to arrange these in groups or classes. It brings order into apparent confusion, 1 Sidgwick, The Methods of Ethics, pp. 1-24; The History of Ethics, chap. i; Stephen, The Science of Ethics, pp. 1-40; Schurman, The Ethical Import of Darwinism, pp. 1-37; Höffding, Ethik, pp. 1-54; Münsterberg, Der Ursprung der Sittlichkeit, pp. 1-10; Wundt, Ethics, English translation, pp. 1-20; Paulsen, A System of Ethics, edited and translated by Frank Thilly, pp. 1-29; Muirhead, Elements of Ethics, pp. 1-39; Mackenzie, Manual of Ethics, pp. 1-31, 324-328; Hyslop, The Elements of Ethics, pp. 1-17; J. Seth, A Study of Ethical Principles, pp. 1-35; Marion, Leçons de morale, chap. i; Runze, Ethik, Vol. I, pp. 1-16; Dorner, Das menschliche Handeln, Introduction; Sigwart, Logic, translated by Helen Dendy, Vol. II, pp. 529 ff. The beginner will find the works of Paulsen, Muirhead, Mackenzie, and Hyslop especially serviceable in connection with this chapter. B 1 CALIFORNIA |