of the rivers, stands the splendid equestrian statue of Emperor William I., erected by the province. Coblenz has numerous and excellent educational institutions, including a royal gymnasium, a teachers' seminary, and a conservatory of music. Its chief industry is the production of the sparkling Moselle wine. There are also manufactures of machinery, pianos, and lacquered wares. Coblenz, with its system of forts, including Ehrenbreitstein on the opposite bank of the Rhine, constitutes a strong fortress. Population, in 1900, 45,146; in 1905, 53,902. Coblenz was known to the Romans as Confluentes. In 1018 it was conferred by Henry II. upon the archbishops of Treves. After 1789 it was the headquarters of the French Emigrés, and in 1794 it passed to France. In 1815 it was ceded to Prussia.

COBOURG, kō'berg. The capital of Northumberland County, Ontario, Canada, on Lake Ontario and the Grand Trunk Railroad, 69 miles east-northeast of Toronto (Map: Ontario, E 4). It is a port of entry, with a commodious harbor and regular steam communications with United States and Canadian lake ports, and has woolen mills and a car-factory. The town is well built and has a collegiate institute, a fine town hall, and municipal gas, electric lighting, and waterworks. Population, in 1891, 4289; in 1901, 4239.

COBRA, or COBRA DE CAPELLO, kōʻbrå dā kȧ-pělo (Port., hooded snake). One of a group of Oriental venomous snakes constituting the proteroglyphic genus Naja. There are six or seven species, dwelling in Asia and Africa. Of the African species the best known is the asp (Naja haie); see ASP. The Asiatic cobras are not large, except the 'giant' cobra (Naja bungarus), which is sometimes 13 feet long. (See HAMADRYAD.) Several species belong mainly to the Malayan region and are comparatively small and harmless. None is American, the 'cobras' of Brazil being something else, usually harmless.

The cobra de capello (Naja tripudians) is the most interesting one, as it is exceedingly numerous throughout India and Ceylon, thence westward to the Caspian, and eastward throughout the Malay Peninsula and into southern China; and is justly regarded as the most deadly of venomous serpents-certainly the most harmful considered in the aggregate, the annual mortality from its bite in India alone exceeding 5000 human beings, besides a great quantity of live stock. Little can be done to prevent this, because of the religious veneration with which the blacksnake' (the native name) is regarded by the larger part of the population. This species rarely exceeds six feet in length and is a rather slender, brownish snake (bluish beneath) with lighter cross-bars; but the markings are variable. The head is small, without the triangular and separated appearance of the vipers; but when the snake is angry or excited and about to strike, it lifts from the ground a third of its length, and spreads the nuchal ribs until the neck expands into a broad, shell-like hood of terrifying appearance; and the back of this hood displays a yellow mark, more or less of the shape of a pair of spectacles.

These cobras wander even up to elevations of 8000 feet in the Himalayas, but are most common in the lowland jungles, where they are able to climb trees, although seldom doing so; and as they can swim well they often enter the water after frogs, fish, etc. They are attracted to vil

VOL. V.-7.

lages, enter gardens and houses in search of mice and other small mammals, or of eggs and young poultry, and are likely, especially during the rainy season, to take up their residence in old houses, broken walls, fodder-stacks and rubbish-heaps, and remain there. It is about such places, especially at night, that they are most often trodden upon, and fatal bites are received. They are sluggish and strike rarely except when provoked or endangered; and they may be killed by a slight blow. Their bite, when well delivered by a vigorous snake, is almost surely fatal; men have been known to perish within half an hour, and in such cases all socalled remedies are useless. The immunity this snake receives among the Hindus is due to a belief that it once spread its hood as a shade over Buddha while he slept, and was blessed by the saint, who placed the spectacle-mark upon its back as a warning to the kite not to molest it. Little headway can be made against this superstition in efforts toward extermination of this deadly reptile, which occasionally penetrates even the gardens and parks of large towns. Its natural enemies are few, chiefly the kite, the mungoos (q.v.), and cattle (by tramping).

BIBLIOGRAPHY. For these and other poisonous snakes of the Old World, consult authorities referred to under SNAKE; also Fayrer, Thanatophidia of India (London, 1874); Ewart, Poisonous Snakes of India (London, 1878). See PROVENOMOUS SERPENTS. TEROGLYPHA; and Colored Plate of FOREIGN

COBRE, kō brâ. A small town in the Prov. ince of Santiago, Cuba, about 9 miles from Santiago de Cuba. It is the centre of a copper-mining district, and derives its name from that metal. Cobre dates from the sixteenth century. the mines having been exploited first in 1558. Population, 1899, 1028.

COBURG, kōbōork (Lat. Melocabus). The capital of the Duchy of Coburg, and, alternately with Gotha, the residence of the Duke of SaxeCoburg-Gotha, picturesquely situated on the left bank of the Itz, a tributary of the Main, about 26 miles north-northeast of Bamberg (Map: Germany, D 3). Its principal public buildings are chiefly found on the Marktplatz and Schlossplatz. The former, adorned with a statue of Prince Albert, contains the old Rathaus, the handsome Government buildings, and the arsenal, with the Ducal Library of 70,000 volumes. The Schlossplatz contains the large palace erected in 1549 and restored in 1693, two smaller ducal palaces, and the theatre. The Church of Saint Moritz, a handsome late Gothic structure, dating from the fifteenth century, contains some fine monuments and brasses. On a hill about 500 feet above the town stands the ancient castle of the Dukes of Coburg, dating from the eleventh century. It has recently been restored and fitted up as a museum. The rooms which Luther occupied, when in concealment here in 1530, are still exhibited to the visitor, as well as the pulpit from which he preached in the chapel of the castle. There are flourishing industries of beer-brewing, the weaving of woolen and linen fabrics, and the manufacture of porcelain and basket ware. Population, in 1890, 17,106; in 1900, 20,459; in 1905, 22,489. The town of Coburg grew up around the castle, and is mentioned for the first time in 1207. In 1485 it passed to the Ernestine line of Saxon dukes, and became in 1735 the capital of Saxe-Coburg.

COBURG FAMILY. An old German ducal family, dating from the fifteenth century, which has contracted various alliances with the English and Continental royal houses. Queen Victoria's mother was a sister of Duke Ernst I. of Coburg. The first wife of Ernst's brother, Leopold I., King of Belgium, was a daughter of George IV., of England, and his second wife was a daughter of Louis Philippe. Albert (q.v.), the son of Ernst I., was the husband of Victoria.

COBURG PENINSULA. A peninsula on the north coast of Australia, lying west of the Gulf of Carpentaria. It extends in a northwesterly direction toward Melville Island, from which it is divided by Dundas Strait (Map: North Australia, E 1). On its northeast side is the bay known as Port Essington, at the head of which, about latitude 11° 22' S., longitude 132° 10' E., was established, in 1839, the settlement of Victoria-abandoned, on account of its insalubrity, six years later. The district abounds with swamp buffaloes which were originally imported from Java.

COBWEB. The web woven by spiders, principally by small, slim spiders of the family The ridiida. See SPIDER.

COBWEB. One of the four fairies that appear in Act iii., Scene 1, and Act iv., Scene 1, of Shakespeare's Midsummer Night's Dream; a dainty creation who speaks just three words during the entire play.

ca.

CO'CA (So. Amer. name), Erythroxylon co

A shrub of the natural order Erythroxylaces, of which the leaves are much used by the inhabitants of Peru and Bolivia as a narcotic and stimulant. (For illustration, see Plate of CORNFLOWER.) The dried leaves are chewed with a little finely powdered unslaked lime or with the alkaline ashes of the quinoa (q.v.), or certain other plants. The principal constituents of coca are cocaine, and several derivatives, hygrine, cocatannic acid, etc. As a local anesthetic the alkaloid cocaine is unexcelled. The common forms of administering are in the wine of coca, a fluid extract, and the alkaloid cocaine. The properties and effects of coca resemble those of opium, although it is less narcotic, while it possesses the property of dilating the pupil of the eye, which opium does not possess. It also lessens the desire for ordinary food, and for some time, at least, enables the person who uses it to endure greater and more protracted exertion than he otherwise could, and with less food. The leaves are sometimes mixed with forage for mules, when especially long trips are taken. It is especially remarkable for its property of preventing the difficulty of respiration, so common in the ascent of long and steep slopes at great elevations. But when used habitually and in excess, it weakens the digestion, produces biliary and other disorders, and finally induces a miserable ruin both of body and mind. It has been in use from a very remote period among the Indians of South America, and was extensively cultivated before the Spanish conquest. Many of the Indians of the Peruvian Andes are to this day excessively addicted to it, and its use prevails also to a considerable extent among the other inhabitants of the same regions. Its culture and use have extended into Brazil. (See COCAINE.) The shrub is extensively cultivated in various parts of Scuth America and in Ceylon,

India, and Java. It could probably be grown in parts of Florida and California. The shrub is 3-6 feet high, with rusty branches and leaves somewhat like tea-leaves, which are borne on the ends of the branches, the small yellow flowers some distance below. The annual production of leaves in South American trade is estimated at 30 to 50 million pounds. There are many other species of Erythroxylon in addition to Erythroxylon coca. The name is from the red wood of some species.

COCADRILLE, kõk'à-dril. A monster described by Sir John Mandeville as living on the island of Silha, and corresponding to the crocodile, of which the word is an early form.

derived from coca - leaves. COCAINE, kō’kå-in, C„HËNO. An alkaloid The hydrochlorate, CHNO,HCI, produces temporary insensibility when applied to the conjunctiva, mucous membranes, or denuded surfaces, or when injected beneath the skin. It is not absorbed by the unbroken skin, however. It also causes a temporary contraction of the blood-vessels of the region anæsthetized, but this is followed by congestion. Applied to the conjunctiva, it causes anæsthesia, dilatation of the pupil, diminution of intraocular tension, and some interference with accommodation. For dilating the pupil it is sometimes employed in combination with homatropine (q.v.). As a local anaesthetic for regions covered by skin it is injected in solution, by a hypodermic needle, into the tissue which is to be anæsthetized. The toxic dose varies greatly, some persons being unfavorably affected by a small

amount.

The only result may be restlessness and excitement, or there may be headache, rapid respiration, delirium, coma, or convulsions, with wide dilatation of the pupils. Persons addicted to the cocaine habit use the drug internally or by hypodermic injection. Its prolonged use causes digestive disturbance, general weakness of mind and body, muscular twitching, and insom

nia.

Within recent years cocaine has been successfully employed as an anesthetic in major surgical operations; if injected into the spinal canal, cocaine has the remarkable effect of producing complete insensibility to pain in the entire part of the body below the point where it is injected, but no effect at all above that point. The advantage of not causing anææthesia where it is unnecessary is obvious, nor does cocaine, in the hands of an expert surgeon, produce any disagreeable after-effects. See ALKALOIDS.

COCANADA, kō'kå-nä'då (corrupted from Telugu kakinadi). The capital of the Godavari District, Madras, India, 315 miles north-northeast of Madras, and after that city, the principal port on the Coromandel coast (Map: India, D ̊5). Navigable canals connect it with the Godavari River at Dowlaishwaram. The commercial establishments and docks of the town are on the banks of one of these canals which leads to the protected roadstead in Coringa Bay. It has a lighthouse visible fourteen miles. Large quantities of cotton are exported, and there are exports also of rice, sugar, oil-seeds, and cigars. Popu lation, 1901, 47,866.

COCCAJO, MERLINO. See MERLINO COCCAJO. COCCEIANS, kõk-se'yanz. The name given to the adherents of Johannes Coccejus, the seventeenth-century theologian (q.v.), who held

that the future history of Christianity was to be found foreshadowed in the Old Testament. COCCE/IUS, NERVA, or NERVA MARCUS (1-33). The grandfather of the Emperor Nerva -elected consul A.D. 22. His legal learning is extolled by Tacitus and he is frequently mentioned in the Digest. He was the originator of the tunnel (Grotta di Posilipo) on the road leading from Naples to Baiæ, and had charge of public works under Tiberius, to whom he was a constant companion. Notwithstanding the Emperor's entreaties, he starved himself to death in the year A.D. 33, because of continual ill health.

COCCEJI, kok-tsa'yê, HEINRICH VON, Baron (1644-1719). A German jurist. He was born at Bremen, and studied jurisprudence and philosophy in Leyden and afterwards in Paris and Oxford. He was made professor in Heidelberg in 1672 and in Utrecht in 1688, and two years later was appointed to a similar office in Frankforton-the-Oder. In 1712 he was created a baron of the realm. As an erudite jurist, Cocceji was the oracle of many courts, and his work on German civil law, Juris Publici Prudentia (1695), was almost universally used as a textbook for this branch of jurisprudence.

COCCEJI, SAMUEL VON, Baron (1679-1755). A German jurist, born in Heidelberg, son of the preceding. He became Prussian Minister of

State and of War (1727), director of ecclesiastical affairs and curator-general of the universities of the kingdom (1730), president of the High Court of Appeals (1731), chief of the Prussian judiciary (1738), and Chancellor (1747). He exerted the greatest influence upon the development of Prussian law. The legal code: prepared by him, and respectively entitled Projekt des Codicis Fridericiani Pomeranici (1747), and Projekt des Codicis Fridericiani Marchici (1748), remained in operation until 1780.

COCCEJUS, kôk-tsāʼyōos, or KOCH, JOHANNES (1603-69). A German Protestant theologian. He was born in Bremen, and made his first studies there. In 1625 he went to Hamburg, and acquired a thorough knowledge of Oriental languages under the guidance of a learned Jew. Returning to Bremen in 1630, he taught Hebrew there, and was appointed professor of theology in Franeker in 1643, and in Leyden in 1650. Coccejus's chief work is the Lexicon et Commentarius Sermonis Hebraici et Chaldaici Veteris Testamenti (Leyden 1669), the first tolerably complete dictionary of the Hebrew language. In spite of his great learning, Coccejus held very peculiar hermeneutical principles, which enabled him to discover the whole New Testament in the Old. The representation abundantly employed in the latter of a covenant between God and man, he carried out in his interpretation of the New Testament, and made it the centre of his theology. This idea of there being two covenants -one of the works, or that before the Fall, and one of grace, that after it-was first broached by William Ames (died 1633); but Coccejus elaborated it, and so became the virtual founder of the federal theology (q.v.), the theology of the Westminster standards, and long accepted by all the Reformed. The most complete exposition of his views is in his Summa Doctrina de Fodere et Testamento Dei (1648). His collected works

were issued in Amsterdam (1675), with a life by his son.

COC'CIDÆ (Neo-Lat. nom. pl., from Lat. coccum, Gk. Kókкos, kokkos, berry). A family of bugs, including the scale-bugs or bark-lice, the mealy bugs, and others without popular names. This family not only departs the most widely from the Hemiptera, but in it the most anomalous forms among insects are found; and the most extraordinary diversities occur, even in the two sexes of the same species. The habit of secreting a shell or covering of some sort is common to all the Coccidæ, most frequently in the form of a scale made up of cast skins and excreted matter. Sometimes, as in the case of the mealy bugs, the covering is white and powdery; and in the 'ground-pearls' it is glassy or shell-like, A few galland may entirely encase the insect. forming species occur in Australia. The young mite-like females at first have the power of locomotion. The perfect male has only one pair of wings, like flies. Sexual reproduction is the normal method, while parthenogenesis and viviparous reproduction, so common in the aphids, is a rare method among the Coccida. Almost complete histolysis may occur in the female, lasting for several years. The young of both sexes sink the rostrum into plants, suck the sap, and secrete a waxy coating or shield of some sort, under Coccidæ occur on bark, leaves. and fruits of variwhich they undergo subsequent development. ous trees, and as they are sap-suckers they may greatly impoverish or kill the plant. The black or brown scale-like spots on oranges and lemons are really scale-insects, and by such transportation world-wide they gain distribution. Honey-dew is secreted by the Coccidæ, but usually not so plentifully as by the Aphide. The "man" still used by the Arabs for food is probably the manna of Exodus, and is secreted by a coccus. White wax is secreted by a species in India, and another produces in China the wax commercially known as China wax. The shelly resinous scale produced by another form the lac or shellac of commerce, while the body of the lac-producing insect affords the red dye known as lake. Other Asiatic and European species furnish dyes. The tropical American Coccus cacti yields cochineal (q.v.). Axin and axinic acid are produced by another Mexican coccus. Consult: Newstead, Monograph of the Coccide of the British Isles (London, 1900). See LAC-INSECT; SCALE-INSECT.

is

COCCIDIUM. A protozoon of the order Sporozoa, occurring as a cell parasite in most animals. Coccidium oviforme has been found in human liver and intestine. Within a mosquito inoculated with malaria are found coccidia, which, rupturing, set free thread-like bodies eventually found in the secretion that lubricates the mosquito's lancet.

COCCIUS, kök'tsê-oos, ERNST ADOLF (182590). A German oculist, born near Leipzig. He studied medicine at the universities of Leipzig and Prague, and practiced several years in Leipzig, where he became connected with the university in 1851. He was made full professor of medicine there in 1867. Coccius made contribu tions of great value to the diagnosis of the diseases of the eye. His published works include: Ueber die Anwendung des Augenspiegels nebst Angabe eines neuen Instruments (Leipzig, 1853);

COCHERY, kôsh're', Louis ADOLPHE (18191900). A French statesman. He was born in Paris, where he practiced law, and occupied the post of Chief of Cabinet in the Ministry of Justice during the Revolution of 1848. He was subsequently editor of the Avenir National, and in 1868 established the journal entitled L'Indépendant de Montargis. As a member of the Legislative Assembly, he declared against the war with Germany, and after September 4, 1870. acted as General Commissioner of the National Defense in the Department of Loiret. Under Dufaure, he became under-secretary of the finances, and from 1875 to 1884 he was minister of the postal and telegraphic service.

COCHIMI, kô-che'mê. A tribe, possibly of Yuman stock, formerly occupying the northern and central portions of the peninsula of Lower California, Mexico. According to the account of the Jesuit Baegert, who labored among them for some years in the middle of the eighteenth century, they, like the Guaicuru and Pericu, who occupied the southern part of the peninsula, were in the lowest grade of culture, naked, with out agriculture of any kind, and with no per manent shelters, depending entirely upon fishing, hunting, and wild fruits for subsistence. The dead were first buried, and after a certain time the remains were dug up, the bones cleaned and painted red, and preserved in ossuaries.

COCHIN, kô-chen' or ko'chin (Tamil kaci, Telugu koci, harbor). Once the capital of the principality of the same name, but now a seaport of the District of Malabar, Madras, British India (Map: India, C 7). It stands on the south side of the principal channel between the open ocean and a lagoon known as the 'Backwater.' This lagoon, 120 miles long, is, even in its lowest state, always navigable for canoes, and forms a valuable means of communication with the interior. Cochin is one of the chief cities on this coast for ship-building and maritime commerce. Here the Portuguese erected their first fort in India, in 1503. They were supplemented by the Dutch in 1662. Under the Dutch Cochin was a great emporium of trade. In 1796 the town was captured by the British, and again in 1806, when its fortifications and public buildings were destroyed and its private dwell ings very much damaged. Notwithstanding this check, the place continued to flourish. It has a safe harbor, citadel, and arsenal. It is the see of a Roman Catholic bishop and of two Syrian bishops. Among the buildings is a church erected by the Portuguese in the early part of the sixteenth century. The population, numbering about 17,600, is very heterogeneous, including Hindus, descendants of the Portuguese and Dutch, Armenians, Arabs, Jews, and Persians. The Black Jews of Cochin occupy a separate suburb. The trade consists chiefly in the export of cocoa oil, cocoa-fibre, teak-wood, cardamoms, etc. Water is brought from a distance of 18 miles. The average temperature is 78° F. Adjoining Cochin is a native town of the same name, nearly as populous, in the State of Cochin. COCHIN, ko-chen'. A native State, tributary to Madras, India (q.v.), bounded northwest, north, and northeast by Malabar and Coimbatur; east and south by Travancore, and west by the Indian Ocean (Map: India, C 6). It has an area of 1362 square miles, consisting chiefly of low

land, lying between a narrow stretch of raised coast-line and the Western Ghats (q.v.), part of which are included in the State and separate it from inner India. Behind the coast-line lies the shallow backwater, 120 miles long, and varying in breadth from a few hundred yards to ten miles; it has three connections with the ocean, and is fed by the variable mountain torrents of the Ghats. During the wet season the backwater forms a navigable channel. The region is one of the most humid in the world, especially during the southwest monsoon of June, July, August, and September; even during the remainder of the year dry weather is comparatively unknown. The cocoanut is the most valuable product of the country; the forests also produce red cedar, teak, and other hard woods, but these are becoming scarce. Rice, pepper, cardamoms, ginger, betelnut, yams, arrowroot, sweet potatoes, and coffee There are are cultivated in the low country. The capital is Ernakolam, although the ruler's palace is situated at Tripunthora; the chief seaport, besides the British town of Cochin (q.v.), is Malipuram. consisting chiefly of Hindus; there are a few Population, in 1891, 722,906; in 1900, 812,025, Mohammedans and a large number of Christians and Jews. The Jews are classified into white and black; and the Christians. estimated at onefifth of the population, are divided between the Syrian and Romish churches; they trace their origin partly to the Portuguese conquest and partly to the missionary labors of Saint Thomas, the Apostle. Consult: Day, Land of the Permauls; or, Cochin, its Past and Present (Madras, 1863).

manufactures of salt on the coast.

COCHIN (from Cochin-China). A breed of large domestic fowls, highly esteemed as producers of flesh and large eggs. They are known in black, buff, partridge (variegated), and white varieties, have yellow-feathered legs (except in the black variety), and single erect combs. See Fowns, and Colored Plate of FOWLS.

COCHIN, ko'shǎn', CHARLES NICOLAS (171590). A French engraver and art critic, born in Paris. He was the most celebrated of a prominent family of engravers and painters, and was the son of Charles Nicolas Cochin (1688-1754) and Louise Madeleine Hortemels, who was an etcher of note. He became engraver to the King in 1739, and in this capacity executed a series of Court subjects, such as "The Marriage of the Dauphin" (1755). His designs include vignettes, frontispieces, ornamental letters, and a number of portraits. His works were catalogued by Jombert in 1770. Among them are etchings for Joseph Vernet's Ports de France (1760-67), and designs for the Orlando Furioso (1775-83) and the Gerusalemme Liberata (1783-86). He was made perpetual secretary to the Académie des Beaux-Arts in 1755. His criticisms on art have been printed under the title Œuvres diverses (1871); and he also wrote Voyage d'Italie (1758), and some Mémoires secrets (1881).