COAT OF ARMS. In heraldry, a relic of the armorial insignia which were embroidered upon a coat worn over the armor, to render a knight conspicuous in battle. See HERALDRY.

COAT OF ARMS, NATIONAL. The coats of arms whose use has obtained official sanction

by modern national governments represent in most cases the family heraldic insignia of their sovereigns. See HERALDRY.

COAT OF MAIL. See ARMOR. COATZACOALCOS, kö-ät'så-kö-äl'kos. A port in the State of Vera Cruz, Mexico, on the Gulf of Campeche, at the mouth of the Coatzacoalcos River, 170 miles northeast of Oaxaca (Map: Mexico, M 8). It has a United States consular agent. The exports consist chiefly of rubber and timber. Population, 3000.

COATZACOALCOS. A river of Mexico rising in the Sierra Madre, flowing most of the distance across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, and emptying into the Gulf of Mexico (Map: Mexico, M 9). It has a length of about 150 miles and is navigable for a short distance from its mouth. COB, OLIVER. A character in Ben Jonson's Every Man in His Humour. COBALT (Ger. Kobalt; possibly the same as Kobold, goblin). A metallic element discovered by Brandt in 1735. The word cobalt is found in the works of Paracelsus and other early writers, and was used to designate minerals that suggest ed the appearance of metallic ores, but when smelted failed to yield any metal; hence, the name 'cobalt,' signifying sprite, was given to such minerals on account of the illusive character of their metallic constituents. It was also applied to certain blue pigments containing cobalt as far back as the times of the Greeks, but it was not until Brandt investigated the blue coloring of smalt that the elementary character of the

metal was established. The element is found free only in meteorites, but it usually occurs in nature with arsenic or sulphur, and with nickel and other metals, as linnoite, a cobaltnickel sulphide; as smaltite, a cobalt-nickel diarsenide; as skutterudite, a cobalt triarsenide; as cobaltite, a cobalt sulpharsenide; as erythrite, a hydrated cobalt arsenate; and as asbolite, a wad containing oxide of cobalt. The metal may be prepared by igniting the oxalate, when the carbon and oxygen pass off, leaving metallic cobalt.

Cobalt (symbol Co, atomic weight 59) is a steel-gray lustrous crystalline metal that is nearly white when polished, somewhat malleable, ductile at a red heat, and highly magnetic, with a specific gravity of 8.5 to 8.9. It melts at 1500° C. The metal has no uses by itself, although it forms alloys with copper, iron, and manganese, and it may be deposited on metals by electroplating as a fine, lustrous coating, which is said to be harder, more tenacious, and of greater beauty than that obtained with nickel. Cobalt

combines with oxygen to form a monoxide or cobaltous oxide, and a sesquioxide or cobaltic oxide. Its principal commercial salts are pigments. Of these the most important is the cobalto-cobaltic oxide, which is a mixture of both oxides, corresponding in character to the magnetic oxide of iron. This is obtained commercially from the ores of cobalt and from speiss in the separation of nickel; in the latter case the speiss is fused with fluor-spar and chalk so the matte is ground and oxidized by thorough as to yield a richer matte containing less iron; roasting, which also serves to expel arsenic and sulphur; it is then dissolved in hydrochloric acid and diluted with water. From this solution cobalt oxide is precipitated by the addition of bleaching powder. This oxide is used for the preparation of various salts of cobalt and for making the smalt employed by enamelers and potters for the production of the finest blue glaze on porcelain. When heated with alumina it yields a fine blue pigment which is called variously cobalt blue, cobalt ultramarine, and Thenard's blue; and when heated with zinc oxide it yields the pigment called cobalt green or Rinmann's green. Smalt is a permanent blue pig ment consisting essentially of cobalt silicate and potash; it is also called bleu d'azur and bleu de Zaffre is an impure oxide obtained by roasting cobalt ore and mixing with sand. During 1904, 22,000 pounds of cobalt oxide, contained in low-grade cobalt-nickel material, were produced in the United States, valued at $42,600.

saxe.

COBALT.

A town in the northern part of 103 miles north of North Bay, on the TemiskamOntario, Canada, 330 miles north of Toronto, and ing and Northern Ontario Railway. Rich deposits containing silver, nickel, bismuth, cobalt, copper, lead, and zinc were discovered in 1903. Claims were first worked in 1904. The yield of silver was remarkably rich. A rush to the locality set in in 1906. At the end of 1906 there were twenty large mines in operation, and as many as two hundred companies and projected mines. One company attained a monthly output of $600,000; the total output for the year was estimated at nearly $5,000,000. Population, in 1906 (estimated), 3000.

COBALTITE. A mineral cobalt sulpharsenide, whose composition is CoASS. It crystallizes in the isometric system, has a metallic lustre, and is silver-white, tending to red, in color. It occurs in association with other metallic sulphides, especially those of lead and silver, and is found in Sweden, where excellent erystals are known; Silesia, but not in the United States to any exalso in Norway, and at various localities in tent. It has occasionally been cut as a gem, and then resembles a flesh-colored pyrite. When present in sufficient quantities it is a valuable ore

of cobalt.

COBÁN, kô-Bän'. The capital of the Department of Alta Verapaz, Guatemala, on the Rio Cojabón, about 90 miles north of the city of Guatemala (Map: Central America, B 3). It is picturesquely situated on the slopes of a hill, and is irregularly built. Its modern buildings are of some merit. The town has minor manu factures, and is the centre of a fertile district producing coffee, cacao, vanilla, and sugar-cane. Population, in 1900, 24,475; in 1904, 30,770.

CORB, HENRY IVES (1859-). An American

COBB, HOWELL (1815-68). An American politician. He was born in Jefferson County, Georgia, graduated at Franklin College in 1834, and was admitted to the bar in 1836. From 1837 to

He

1840 he was Solicitor-General of his State, and from 1843 to 1851 was a member of Congress. In 1849 he was elected Speaker of the House. He was one of the leaders of the Southern Party in Congress, and favored the extension of slavery into the territory acquired from Mexico. was chosen Governor of Georgia in 1851, and was again sent to Congress in 1855. He was Secretary of the Treasury in Buchanan's Cabinet, but resigned in 1860 to join the South in the approaching war. He was the president of the congress that drafted and adopted the Confederate Constitution, but antagonism to Jefferson Davis compelled his retirement from the Secession Administration. He was appointed majorgeneral in the Southern Army, but did not take part in any considerable military operations. COBB, SYLVANUS (1799-1866). An American minister of the Universalist Church, born at Norway, Maine. He edited The Christian Freeman for twenty years and published The New Testament, with Explanatory Notes (1864); A Compend of Divinity, and Discussions. He was prominent in anti-slavery and temperance movements. His son SYLVANUS (1823-87) was a prolific and very popular writer of tales and sketches of adventure. He published also the Memoir accompanying his father's Autobiography (Bos

ton, 1867).

COBB, THOMAS REED ROOT (1823-62). An American lawyer and author. He was born at Cherry Hill, Ga., graduated in 1841 at the University of Georgia, and from 1849 to 1857 was a reporter of the State Supreme Court. During the Civil War he served in the Confederate Congress, where for a time he was chairman of the Committee on Military Affairs. He after wards became a general in the Confederate Army and fell at Fredericksburg. He published Digest of the Laws of Georgia (1851); Inquiry into the Law of Negro Slavery in the United States (1858); and Historical Sketch of Slavery, from the Earliest Periods (1859).

COBBE, kob, FRANCES POWER (1822-1904). An English philanthropist and author. She was born in Dublin in 1822, and was the great-granddaughter of Charles Cobbe, Archbishop of Dublin. Though brought up in an atmosphere of evangelical piety and sent to a fashionable boarding-school, which proved to be torture to her vigorous, independent spirit, yet her early study of theological, ethical, and religious subjects finally brought her to the acceptance of the doctrines of theism. In 1857, after a year of travel in Italy, she joined Mary Carpenter at Bristol in conducting schools and reformatories for girls. She contributed articles to Macmil lan's and other magazines and weeklies, and, be

ginning in 1867, was for seven years an editorial writer for the Echo, a London daily. Later she wrote for the Standard. During this period her special subjects were the suffrage and property rights for women, and vivisection. She was long one of the foremost opponents of vivisection in England, and, when the columns of the newspapers were closed to her for the discussion of this subject, she established a monthly periodical for that purpose. Her published works make a long list. They are all characterized by a remarkably fluent and forcible style. Among them are Intuitive Morals (1855); Broken Nights (1864); Darwinism in Morals (1872); Hopes of the Human Race (1874); Duties of Women The Modern Rack: (1880); The Scientific Spirit of the Age (1888); Papers on Vivisection vols., London, 1894). (1889); and a charming Autobiography (2

COB'BETT, WILLIAM (1762-1835). An English political writer. He was born March 9, 1762, at Farnham, Surrey, where his father, a peasant farmer, trained him in habits of industry and self-dependence. He took a dislike to rural occupations, and at sixteen years of age went to London, where he was employed as a copying clerk; but, this becoming distasteful, he enlisted in the Fifty-fourth Regiment of infantry, which shortly afterwards went to Nova Scotia. He remained in the regiment eight years, and by good conduct, activity, and intelligence became sergeantmajor. During this period he devoted his leisure to self-education. On his return to England in 1791 he obtained his discharge through the kind offices of Lord Edward Fitzgerald, married, and later went to France, where he learned the language. In the following year he went to America, and, failing in an attempt to obtain a Government position, supported himself for a time at Wilmington, Del., teaching English to French emigrants, Talleyrand being one of his pupils. He settled in Philadelphia and became a political writer. Under the signature of 'Peter Porcupine' he was as keen a Tory as in later life he was a Radical, and, being stung by disparaging criticism of his mother country, he lashed American democracy and French republicanism with coarse, bitter, and personal scorn. Twice prosecuted for libel, he left America in June, 1800, and returned to England, where, in January, 1802, he started his famous Weekly Political Register, which continued uninterruptedly until his death. first Tory, the Register gradually changed its politics and became the determined opponent of the Government and the uncompromising champion of Radicalism. found guilty twice of libel on certain members Having previously been of the Government, he was in 1810 fined £1000 and sentenced to two years' imprisonment in Newgate for his severe comments in the Register upon the flogging of five militiamen by Hessian mercenaries. In sore financial straits, and again in danger of imprisonment for free speech, Cobbett returned to America in 1817, and for two years farmed on Long Island, transmitting his articles for the Register with unfailing regularity. On his return to England in 1820, his strange whim of transporting the bones and relics of Thomas Paine, whom he had formerly reviled and now fulsomely eulogized, met with contempt and ridicule. He established a seed farm at Kensington, and for some years engaged in agriculture. In 1829-30 he traversed England and

At

Scotland on horseback, delivering political lectures in the principal towns, and he was received everywhere with enthusiasm as the most powerful advocate of the people's rights. In 1832 he

was returned to the first Reform Parliament as member for Oldham. His first speeches did not add to his reputation, but caused amusement, Peel blandly informing him that they would receive the attention due to any 'respectable member,' but he eventually gained a respectful hearing. He was engaged in a debate on the malt tax just before his death at Normandy Farm, near Guildford, June 18, 1835. Cobbett was the compiler of the Parliamentary History (London, 1806), which after 1812 was published as Hansard's Debates, and originated Howell's State Trials (London, 1809-28). Among his best-known works are his Grammar of the English Language (1819); Rural Rides (1830); Cottage Economy (1822); and Advice to Young Men and Women (1829). His History of the Protestant Reformation (2 parts, 1824-27) attacks the Reformers, defends Roman Catholicism, and, often translated, has been extensively circulated in France and Italy. His sons published an annotated abridgment of his political works (9 vols., 1848). While not a man of the first order of intellect, and excluded from the higher refinements of thought, in matters of common sense Cobbett exhibited vigor far surpassing that of any other writer of his day. Despite crotchets, he rendered lasting service to the cause of the people. Consult: His autobiographical Life and Adventures of Peter Porcupine (Philadelphia, 1798); E. Smith, Life of Cobbett (2 vols., London, 1878); Huish, Life of Cobbett (London, 1836); Waters, Cobbett and His Grammar (New York, 1883); Watson, Biographies of Wilkes and Cobbett (London, 1870).

COBBLER, or COBBLER-FISH. KILLIFISH. (2) See THREADFISH.

(1) See

COBBLER OF PRESTON, THE. A musical burlesque by Charles Johnson, produced in 1716 and altered a century later. Its plot was suggested by the adventures of Christopher Sly in Shakespeare's Taming of the Shrew.

COB'BOLD, THOMAS SPENCER (1828-86). An English scientist, born at Ipswich. He studied anatomy under Crosse and later took the regular medical course at the University of Edinburgh. In 1857 he went to London, and from 1857 to 1861 he lectured on botany at Saint Mary's Hospital. In 1861 he began his lectures at the Middlesex Hospital, and subsequently, while practicing medicine, also lectured on geology at the British Museum. In 1873 he was made professor of botany and later acted as professor of helminthology at the Royal Veterinary College. Although he was a scientist in the broadest sense of the term, his investigations were chiefly in the field of helminthology-the science of parasites; and his published works deal chiefly with subjects of this science. His writings include: Entozoa: An Introduction to the Study of Helminthology, with Reference More Particularly to the Internal Parasites of Man (1864, and supplement, 1869); Tapeworms (1866, and several subsequent editions); Worms (1872); Parasites (1879); Human Parasites (1882); Parasites of Meat and Prepared Flesh Foods (1884); also a large number of original memoirs published in various scientific periodicals.

COB'DEN, RICHARD (1804-65). An English statesman and economist known as the Apostle of Free Trade. He was born in the hamlet of Heyshott, near Midhurst, in Sussex, on June 3, 1804, of a family which for centuries had been settled in the place. His father was a sweetnatured, incapable man, who proved unequal to the task of supporting his family. In 1814 the farm was sold and young Cobden was sent off to be educated at a Yorkshire school, where he learned nothing and suffered much for five unhappy years. In 1819 he entered his uncle's warehouse in Old Change, London, and devoted himself with great energy to his new business, finding time, nevertheless, at nights, for study and reading. At twenty-one he was a commercial traveler for his uncle's house, and loved the business for the opportunities it gave him of studying men and things. In 1828 he set up as the commission agent of a large manufacturing house in Manchester on a capital consisting mainly of energy, ability, and his good name. In 1831 he and his partners had prospered sufficiently to start in business for themselves as calico-printers at Sabden, near Clitheroe, and in the following year branches were established in London and Manchester. The 'Cobden prints,' tasteful and original in design, became famous, and the partners were speedily on the way to the accumulation of a large fortune. In 1832 Cobden settled in Manchester, and from that time his private affairs became secondary to the interest which he displayed in the broad practical principles of economics and public education. From 1832 to 1835 he must have been busy educating himself, for this was the only time during his early life when he could have found the leisure to acquire the profound knowledge of political history and economics for which he was distinguished. Reading and foreign travel continued to the last to be a great passion of his life.

In 1835 Cobden published a pamphlet entitled England, Ireland, and America, by a Manchester Manufacturer,' and this was followed in 1836 by another pamphlet on Russia. These two pamphlets were epoch-making, in that they boldly challenged the prevalent ideas of foreign policy and foreign trade in England. It would seem that the sober-minded Cobden, an enthusiast in his way, had become convinced that commerce was the great torch-bearer of civilization and the great foundation of national prosperity. Anything, therefore, which interfered with the free exchange of commodities between nation and nation was harmful, and for this reason protection, which dammed the current of trade, and war, which sought entirely to destroy it, were pernicious. He attacked the historical English policy of intervention in European affairs, on the ground that it bred interminable wars in Europe, while it crushed the English taxpayer with the burden of an enormous debt. ance of power, the political ideal for which so many sanguinary contests had been fought, Cobden ridiculed as an impossible adjustment which, in spite of centuries of bloodshed and diplomacy, still left statesmen facing an obstinate, unstable equilibrium. He strongly deprecated, too, the prevailing spirit of hatred for Russia, the great bugbear of English statesmen. Summed up, his plea was for the principles of peace, nonintervention, and a policy of retrenchment and

The bal

free trade as a means of husbanding the national resources for the great economic struggle that was fast approaching with the entrance of the United States into the markets of the world. In 1835 he made a brief tour in the United States and Canada. In the winter and spring of 183637 Cobden traveled in Spain, Turkey, and Egypt. On his return he entered into Manchester municipal politics, being one of those who secured the incorporation of that city in 1838. Popular education was a subject of great interest to him, and he discussed it in many public speeches. In 1837 he was a candidate for Parliament at Stockport, but was defeated.

The history of Cobden's connection with the anti-Corn Law agitation began in October, 1838, when an anti-Corn Law association was founded in Manchester. (See CORN LAWS.) Cobden was one of its earliest members and soon became its guiding spirit. He converted the Manchester Chamber of Commerce to his views and made it a powerful instrument of agitation. Anti-Corn Law associations were founded in many towns of the north, and in London, in March, 1839, the delegates of the various associations united to form the Anti-Corn Law League (q.v.), of which Cobden and six others constituted the council. From the first he was the soul of the movement, and to the people at large he seemed to be the embodiment of the cause. With magnificent talents for organization, with an unequaled gift for popular oratory, and above all, with his kindling enthusiasm and tremendous capacity for work, he was what would be called in modern parlance campaign manager, press bureau, and stump speaker all in one. The history of the anti-Corn Law agitation belongs properly elsewhere, but Cobden's activity is so identified with the work of the League that the two can hardly be separated. Wonderful instances are quoted of the sudden conversion of hostile audiences in country and town, as they listened to Cobden's simple, sincere. and irrefutable arguments; and his success in his 'campaign of education' was all the more rapid in that his teachings confined themselves to driving home the elemental truth that food is a desirable thing for people who starve. In 1841 he entered Parliament from Stockport. His reception in the House was not friendly; but his evident sincerity and his straightforward, unanswerable arguments always gained him a hearing. At the beginning of the session, Mr. Charles Villiers's annual motion to consider the repeal of the Corn Laws was reject ed by a vote of 393 to 90, yet within five years after he had entered Parliament, Cobden had converted Sir Robert Peel and his party to free trade. In 1843 considerable odium was heaped upon his name as the result of an attack on the Government, which Peel unjustly took to be an exhortation to personal violence against himself. Cobden, however, was undaunted, and continued to plead, in Parliament and out, against the "system of legislative murder" which "starved people to death." On March 13, 1845, he delivered an especially powerful speech in the House, at the end of which Peel is said to have muttered, "Those may answer him who can, I cannot do it." The famine in Ireland came to the aid of the Anti-Corn Law League. On December 5, 1845, the Prime Minister pronounced for the total repeal of the Corn Laws and in 1846 the battle had been won. Speaking in

Parliament in that year, Peel declared that to Cobden was due the honor for the great reform which had just been enacted. That the intense earnestness which animated Cobden throughout the struggle was something more than enthusiasm for a principle in economics is shown in the following words of John Bright, his life-long friend and supporter, spoken at the unveiling of Cobden's monument at Bradford in 1877. It was in September, 1841, and Bright was mourning over the dead body of his young wife when Cobden came to him saying: "There are thousands of houses in England at this moment where wives, mothers, and children are dying of hunger. Now, when the first paroxysm of your grief has passed, I would advise you to come with me, and we will never rest until the Corn Law is repealed." The struggle and the triumph are thus described by Mr. Bright: "We were joined, not by scores, but by hundreds, and afterwards by thousands, and afterwards by countless multitudes; and afterwards, famine itself, against which we had warred, joined in. A great minister was converted, and minorities. became majorities, and finally the barrier was entirely thrown down, and since then, though there has been suffering, and much suffering, in many homes in England, no wife, and no mother, and no little child has been starved to death as a result of famine made by law."

In

During the agitation for the repeal of the Corn Laws, Cobden had neglected his own affairs entirely, and at the end he was a poor man. A popular subscription of more than £75,000 was made up for him and he went abroad for rest. His nature, however, was opposed to rest, and during his long travels in France, Spain, Italy, Germany, and Russia, he did not cease to advocate in public speeches and interviews with sovereigns and statesmen the great principles of free trade, peace, and non-intervention. During his absence he was elected to Parliament from the West Riding of Yorkshire (1847), and on his return to England he affiliated himself with. numerous peace societies and subsequently attended a number of international peace congresses in Paris, Frankfort, and London. 1849 he moved in Parliament that action be taken toward the establishment of international arbitration, and in 1851 he proposed a general reduction of armaments. He was active in combating the periodic outbursts of anti-Gallic and anti-Russian fever such as that which spread over the country in 1853, and lost thereby that immense popularity which he had acquired in the struggle against the Corn Laws. He bitterly assailed Palmerston's policy of active intervention in European affairs, and with John Bright opposed the war against Russia in 1854, for which he was virulently assailed by the unanimous voice of a war-mad nation. Far from considering the preservation of Turkey as desirable. Cobden maintained that the downfall of the Ottoman Empire in Europe would redound to the welfare of the Christian peoples of the Balkans and to the cause of civilization. In 1857, as the result of an attack by Cobden on the Chinese policy of the Cabinet, the Palmerston Ministry was outvoted and forced to appeal to the country. Cobden stood for Huddersfield, but his unpopularity on account of his attitude toward the war recently ended was still great and he was defeated. In 1859 he came to the United States,

this being his second visit after a lapse of twenty-four years. On his return the post of President of the Board of Trade was offered him by Palmerston, with a place in the Cabinet. Against the urgent advice of his friends, Cobden declined the offer, refusing frankly to take sides with a man from whom he differed toto cælo on matters of foreign policy. At the suggestion of M. Chevalier, the eminent champion of free trade, Cobden went to France in 1859 to attempt the negotiation of a commercial treaty between that country and England. He possessed the support of none of the English ministers save Gladstone, but his reputation was such that in his unofficial capacity he succeeded in converting the French Emperor and his ministers to his views. In January, 1860, Cobden was clothed with official authority and in the same month the treaty was concluded. He remained in Paris until November, accomplishing the tremendous labor necessary in the minute adjustment of a new tariff schedule. On returning to England, he declined the offer of a baronetcy and resumed his activity in Parliament. With John Bright he earnestly supported the cause of the North in the Civil War, and in Parliament severely criticised the course of the Government in permitting the equipment of Confederate cruisers for the purpose of preying on American commerce. His last speech in Parliament was delivered in July, 1864. He contracted serious bronchial trouble as the result of exposure in traveling on a public mission to London, and died there July 2, 1865. His death was acknowledged as a national loss by men of such widely differing opinions as Palmerston, Disraeli, and John Bright, and was received with sorrow in France and other countries of the Continent. Cobden's Speeches on Questions of Public Policy were published by his friends John Bright and Thorold Rogers in 1870. The best biography is that by John Morley, Richard Cobden's Life (London, 1881). Consult also Garnier, Richard Cobden, les liqueurs et la ligue (Paris, 1846); Bastiat, Cobden, et la ligue ou l'agitation pour la liberté du commerce (Paris, 1848).

COBDEN CLUB. An association of leading free traders instituted in London in 1866, in bonor of Richard Cobden (q.v.), with the object of diffusing in all parts of the world those principles with which his name is connected. For this purpose it has published tracts, pamphlets, and books, for free circulation, especially in Great Britain, the United States, and the British

colonies.

COBEGO, kô-bāʼgô, or KAGUAN, kä’gwän. The native name of a singular group of East Indian flying insectivores, constituting the family Galeopithecida and genus Galeopithecus, having one species (Galeopithecus volitans) and perhaps another. They are known in the Malayan region as cobegos, colugos, kaguans, kubongs, etc., and in many books as flying lemurs, this aberrant and puzzling group having at first been considered lemuroids. They are slender, long-limbed, large-clawed, long-tailed, fox-headed animals, about 18 inches in length, clothed in exquisitely soft, short and protectively mottled fur, and provided with a folded extension of the skin which extends from the neck nearly to the tip of the tail and includes the feet, which are fully webbed. This parachute thus equals that of the best furnished bats in ex

tent, but it is furry both above and below. The dentition, the pectoral position of the teats, to which the single young one (born so incomplete as to suggest marsupial affinities) is attached, and the habit of clinging to a support head downward, are other resemblances to the bats; in flight the cobego does not equal them, but it can sail longer distances, and come nearer to guiding its course, than do any other 'flying' mammals. It is wholly arboreal in its life, and active mainly in the evening and early morning, disliking the glare of day, and impeded by the darkness of midnight. It spends most of its time scrambling about the branches and seems to feed upon anything that comes in its way, but mostly upon leaves and fruit. In sleep it hangs head downward, clinging with its hind feet, and by means of the prehensile free tips of its tail, when it is nearly invisible among the flickering lights of the leaves. Consult: Wallace, Malay Archipelago (London, 1869); Moseley, Notes by a Naturalist on the 'Challenger' (London, 1879).

COBET, kō-bět', CAREL GABRIEL (1813-89). A brilliant Dutch classical scholar. He was born in Paris and studied from 1831 to 1836 in Leyat Government cost in 1840-45, he became a proden, where, after a scientific journey to Italy fessor in 1847. Cobet was one of the most sagacious and acute of modern critics in the department of Greek philology. He published, besides other works of high merit: Oratio de Arte Interpretandi (his inaugural address) (1847); Varia

Lectiones (1854); Nova Lectiones (1858); Miscellanea Critica (1876); Collectanea Critica (1878); works on Dionysius of Halicarnassus, tius, Xenophon's Anabasis and Hellenica, Lysias, and Xenophon; and editions of Diogenes Laërand Cornelius Nepos. See TEXTUAL CRITICISM. COB'HAM, LORD. See OLDCASTLE, SIR JOHN. CO'BIA, or CRAB-EATER. See SERGEANT-FISH. COBIJA, kô-be'нå. A seaport in the Province of Antofagasta, Chile. about 70 miles north of Antofagasta (Map: Chile, D 8). It was formerly a considerable town, but has lost its commerce and now contains a population of but 500. Cobija, once known as Puerto la Mar, was part of Bolivia and its only seaport until ceded to Chile in 1883. It suffered from an earthquake and tidal wave in 1877.

COBLENZ, or KOBLENZ, kōblěnts (corrupted from the Latin name Confluentia, or Confluentes, from confluere, to flow together, from con-, together+fluere, to flow). The capital of the Prussian Rhine Province, about 57 miles southeast of Cologne, beautifully situated at the junction of the Rhine and the Moselle, both of which are crossed here by bridges (Map: Prussia, B 3). It consists of the old town, along the Moselle, and the new town, farther up the Rhine. In the old town many of the streets are irregular, narrow, and dirty; but in the new, they are generally well built, moderately wide, and clean. Among the principal buildings are the Church of Saint Castor, founded early in the ninth century, containing the tomb of Archbishop Kuno of Falkenstein; the so-called Kaufhaus, built in 1477 as a town-hall; the ancient Burg, erected by the Archbishop of Treves in 1276, recently restored by the town; and the large Electoral Palace, now a royal palace, completed in 1786. On the extreme point of the city, at the junction