city in two branches, divides the older sections of the Altstadt, Rechtstadt, and Vorstadt from the newer Niederstadt and Langgarten. The Radaune, which enters the town through an artificial channel, separates the Altstadt from the Rechtstadt. Between the two branches of the Mottlau is the Speicherinsel, an island on which enormous granaries have been erected for the accommodation of the vast stores of grain exported from Danzig. The rivers and canals are crossed by about fifty bridges. The Lange Brücke, a quay extending along the bank of the Mottlau, opposite the island, is one of the picturesque sights of the town. The city is generally very mediæval in aspect, successive old styles of its buildings having been well preserved, including in the residences the countless gable façades and a peculiar feature known as Beischläge-elevated, open-air landings. Many of the streets of Danzig are narrow and crooked, but the principal streets, Langgasse and Lange Markt, intersecting it from east to west, abound in fine specimens of antique architecture, and have a most picturesque appearance. Among the most noteworthy buildings are the Church of Saint Mary, a fine structure, commenced in 1343, but not finished until 1503, and containing, besides a fine high altar by Michael and other interesting objects of art, a celebrated picture of the "Last Judgment," generally attributed to Memling; the Church of Saint Catharine; Trinity Church; the fine old Rathaus, dating from the fourteenth century; the Artushof-or Junkerhof-the former merchants' guild, now used as an exchange; and the old Franciscan monastery containing the municipal museum.

Danzig is the seat of the provincial government and of a provincial court. The city's af. fairs are administered by a municipal council of

60 and an executive board of 21 members.

It

has exhibited an enterprising spirit in the matter of municipal undertakings. It has excellently organized fire and street-cleaning departments. Two large aqueducts supply it with water, and a modern system of sewers connected with sewage farms on the Baltic gives the town a satisfactory drainage. It has, however, a rather high death rate, exceeding 24 per thousand. The municipality maintains gas-works, an electric-light plant, slaughter-houses, and a markethall. Danzig is well provided with educational institutions, which include two gymnasia, of which only one is maintained by the city, two high schools, a navigation school, military school, industrial trade and music schools, and a municipal library and theatre. Its charitable institutions include two municipal hospitals, as well as numerous other institutions.

Danzig has advantageous connections by rail, river, and sea. It maintains a large trade in lumber and grain, serving as a clearing place for the agricultural products of eastern Prussia and the whole of the Vistula region, which embraces a considerable part of Russian Poland. The value of the sea trade alone, which constitutes less than one-half of the total trade of the city, amounted to about $55,000,000 in 1900, the imports having almost doubled in value in the decade of 1888-98. They include coal, iron, petroleum, machinery, spices, and other agricultural products of tropical countries, whereas the exports, as already stated, consist almost entirely of lumber, grain, and a few other agricultural prod

ucts. The growth of Danzig's sea trade has been interfered with by the competition of Stet. tin and of the Russian ports on the Baltic, and it is losing its relative importance as a port. The manufactures of Danzig are developing rapidly. There are large ship-building yards, breweries, distilleries, and factories for the production of firearms, machinery, and other ironware, paper, glass, soap and candles, flour, etc. Danzig is the seat of a United States consular agency. Population, in 1900, 141,000; in 1905, 159,685. The environs are very attractive.

Danzig is mentioned in 997, when Christianity was first preached there. Its possession was contended for by the Danes, Swedes, Pomeranians, and Teutonic knights, of whom the last became masters of the town in 1310. Under their rule Danzig prospered exceedingly; about 1358 it joined the Hanseatic League. In 1466 the town declared itself a free city, under the protection of Poland. The wars of the seventeenth century destroyed its prosperity, and though it was left a free city on the first partition of Poland, in 1772, its trade ceased almost entirely. In 1793 it became Prussian. Taken by the French Marshal Lefebvre (who received the title of Duke of Danzig) in 1807, it was retaken by the Allies in 1814, and restored to Prussia. Consult: Prutz, Danzig, das nordische Venedig (Leipzig, 1868); Wistulanus, Geschichte der Stadt Danzig (Danzig, 1891); Puttner, Danzig (ib., 1899).

DANZIG, DUKE OF. See LEFEBVRE, FRANÇOISJOSEPH.

DAPHNE, dăf'nê (Lat., from Gk. Aáøm, laurel). The personification of the laurel, Apollo's sacred plant. According to the legend, Daphne was a nymph, beloved and pursued by Apollo. On crying to her mother, Earth, for help, she was transformed into a laurel, which Apollo chose as his favorite plant.

DAPHNE. A magnificent grove and sanetuary of Apollo, near Antioch, on the Orontes (q.v.). Like the city, it was founded by Seleucus Nicator, who localized here the story of the transformation of the nymph. The Temple of Apollo, containing a statue of the god by Bryaxis, was placed in the midst of a grove of cypress and bay trees, and surrounded by baths, porticos, and gardens. The place had the privi lege of asylum, and was also the scene of the 'Olympian games' held at Antioch. The extreme beauty of the surroundings made it a favorite place of resort for the luxurious, and it has been described as a scene of continual vice. With the growth of Christianity the worship of Apollo gradually fell into neglect, and shortly after the attempt by the Emperor Julian (q.v.) to revive its splendors the temple was burned and the site gradually abandoned. The probable site of Daphne is now called Bêt el-Ma, and still shows luxuriant vegetation, though the ancient remains are scanty.

DAPHNE. A genus of plants of the natural order Thymeleaceæ, containing 30 or 40 species of European or Asiatic shrubs or small trees, some of which have deciduous and some evergreen leaves; and all more or less acid in all their parts, which makes some of them even caustic. The berries are poisonous, but the flowers of some are deliciously fragrant. To this genus belongs the Daphne mezereon, well known both

for the fragrance of its flowers and for its medicinal uses, naturalized in some places in England and escaped in Canada and the United States. The garou bush (Daphne gnidium), a native of the south of Europe, less hardy than the mezereon, has the same medicinal properties. The spurge-laurel (Daphne laureola), a native of Great Britain, is an evergreen shrub three to four feet high, with obovate-lanceolate leaves, which grow in tufts at the end of the branches, and give it a remarkable appearance. It grows well under the shade of trees. Daphne odora, a species in

troduced from Japan, has lemon-scented leaves. Of species in cultivation, Daphne mezereon is the only one hardy as far north as New York. The evergreen species are as a rule less hardy, though Daphne cneorum is fairly resistant. (For illustration, see Plate of MOUNTAIN PLANTS.) From the bark of some species of Daphne and of the most nearly allied genera paper is made in different parts of the East, particularly 'Nepal paper,' from that of Daphne cannabina. Slips of the inner bark are boiled in a lye of wood ashes for half an hour, till quite soft; are then reduced to a homogeneous pulp by beating with a wooden mallet in a mortar, churned with water into a thin paste, and poured through a coarse sieve upon a cloth stretched on a frame. The paper is subsequently polished by friction, with a shell or a piece of hard wood, and is remarkable for its toughness, smoothness, and durability. Most of the paper used in

Tibet is made from the bark of different species of Daphne and allied genera, particularly of Edgeworthia Gardneri, a beautiful shrub, with globes of waxy, cowslip-colored, deliciously fragrant flowers, growing on the Himalaya, at an elevation of 6000 to 7000 feet. The bark of Lasiosiphon Madagascariensis is made into paper and ropes in Madagascar.

DAPHNE. The first, strictly speaking, of the Italian operas, produced in 1596, under the auspices of the Society of the Alterati. The score was by Caccini and Peri, and the libretto by Ottavio Rinuccini. When translated by Opitz to the new music of Heinrich Schütz, it became the first German opera as well (1627).

DAPHNEPHORIA, dăf'nê-fo'ri-å. See GREEK

FESTIVALS.

16

DAPHNIN, däf'nin (from Daphne), CH1 O+H2O. A glucoside found in the Daphne mezereum and readily decomposed into sugar and a substance called daphnetin, which, like the esculetin obtained from the glucoside æsculin, has the composition represented by the molecular formula C,H,O,. Daphnetin has also been prepared artificially.

DAPHNIS, dăf'nis (Lat., from Gk. Aápus). A favorite character in the bucolic poetry of the ancients. The first certain appearance of the story in literature is in the early part of the third century B.C., in Timæus and Theocritus. In its earliest form it seems a Sicilian folk-tale. The herdsman Daphnis, son of Hermes and a nymph, was beloved by a nymph, who made him promise never to love a mortal. Under the influence of wine he was seduced by a Sicilian princess; thereupon the nymph punished him with blindness or petrifaction. The bucolic poets altered the details of this very common folk-tale to suit themselves, and Daphnis became merely a conventional figure. Late writers in

deed made him the inventor of the Sicilian herdsman's song, which was regarded as the original bucolic poetry. Consult Prescott, "A Study of the Daphnis Myth," in Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, vol. x. (Boston, 1899).

DAPHNIS. A modest shepherd in Beaumont and Fletcher's The Faithful Shepherdess. DAPHNIS AND CHLOE, klō'ê (Gk. Aáøns al XXón, Daphnis kai Chloe). The title of an exquisite Greek pastoral love story by the pseudoLongus, dating from the later period of the Roman Empire. It is the source of Tasso's Aminta, Bernardin de Saint-Pierre's Paul et Virall these authors knew the story as rendered into ginie, and Ramsay's Gentle Shepherd. Almost French by Amyot (1559). See LONGUS.

DA PONTE, dà pōn'tâ, LORENZO (1749-1838). An Italian librettist, born at Ceneda, near Venice, and for many years a resident of New York City. Exiled from Venice for writing a satirical poem, he went to Vienna, where he became one of the secretaries of Joseph II. There he wrote for the stage, among other works, the librettos for Mozart's Don Giovanni and Le Nozze di Figaro. After the Emperor's death he went to London, where he was secretary and poet of the Italian opera. In 1805 he emigrated to New York, where he taught Italian, and in 1828 was appointed professor of that language in Columbia College. He described his adventurous life in Memorie (1823-27), and also wrote sonnets, and translations of English works into Italian.

DAPONTES, då-pōn'těs, CONSTANTINOS (? 1789). A Greek monk and poet. He was attached to the court of the Hospodar of Moldavia, Mavrocordatos, and frequently came into conflict with the Mohammedan authorities. He is regarded as the most distinguished of the modern poets of the Greek Church, and several of his works, such as the Garden of Mercy, are still read. He died in a monastery on Mount Athos. One of his works has been translated into French by E. Legrand under the title, Ephemérides Daces, ou chronique de la guerre de quatre ans, 1736-39 (1880).

DAP'PLE. In Cervantes's Don Quixote, the ass ridden by Sancho Panza.

DAQIQI, då-kë'kê. The name of a Persian poet, one of the predecessors of Firdausi. See FIRDAUSI; PERSIAN LITERATURE.

DARAB, dä-räb', or DARABGHERD, -gērd' (Pers., city of Darius, from Dārā, OPers. Dārayavansh, Gk. Aapetos, Dareios, Darius + gird, OPers. vardana, city; connected with Lat. urbs, city). A town of Persia in the Province of Farsistan, situated on a small river, about 130 miles southeast of Shiraz (Map: Persia, E 6). It has some tanneries and exports southern fruits, especially dates. In its vicinity is situated a caravansary hewn in rock, and also a relief commemorating the victory of Shahpur over Valerian. The population is estimated at from 4000 to 12,000.

DARAGA, dä-rä'gä. A town of Luzon, Philippines. See CAGSAUA.

DARBHANGA, därb-hän'gå. The capital of a district of the same name in the Patna division, Bengal, India (Map: India, E 3). It is situated on the Little Baghmati River, and is an important railway junction, 78 miles northeast of Patna. Its chief building is the maharajah's palace, with noteworthy zoological sections.

It has a large market-place, important bazaars, and a hospital. A considerable trade is carried on in the agricultural and mineral products of the region. Population, in 1891, 73,600; in 1901, 66,244.

D'ARBLAY, dür'bla', FRANCES BURNEY (1752. 1840). An English novelist. She was a daughter of Charles Burney, a musician, and was born at King's Lynn, June 13, 1752. Eight years later the Burneys removed to London. At the famous musical assemblies given by her father, Miss Burney saw, from the outside, fashionable life, and this she depicted with spirit and humor in her first novel, Evelina (1778). No novel since Clarissa Harlowe attracted more notice. It was

read by Burke, Reynolds, and Johnson, and lavishly praised. This brilliant success was followed by Cecilia (1782), which, though not so fresh as Evelina, and a little heavy, had a large sale. In 1786 Miss Burney was appointed second keeper of the robes to Queen Charlotte. Disliking the service, she resigned her position five years later. While visiting her sister at Mickleham, she became acquainted with a French refugee, General d'Arblay, whom she married in 1793. The rest of her life was passed partly in England and partly in France. She published two other novels, Camilla (1796) and The Wanderer (1814), neither of which is readable. A play of hers, Edwy and Elvina, was performed in 1795, and was unsuccessful, though Mrs. Siddons and Kemble took the leading parts. She also published memoirs of her father (1832), written in an affected style resembling her last novels. In 1842-46 appeared her interesting Letters and Diaries. A new edition in six volumes was published in London in 1904-5. Consult Macaulay, Essays, and Dobson, Fanny Bur. ney, Madame D'Arblay (New York, 1903).

DARBOUX, där'bōō', JEAN GASTON (1842 -). A French geometrician, born at Nîmes. He studied at the Ecole Normale, was appointed senior professor of geometry in the faculty of sciences there, and in 1887 became dean of that faculty. His Mémoire sur les solutions singulières des équations aux dérivées partielles was in 1876 awarded the mathematical grand prize by the Academy of Sciences. His works include Sur les théorèmes d'Ivory relatifs aux surfaces homofocales du second degré (1872); Mémoire sur l'équilibre astatique (1877); and Leçons sur la théorie générale des surfaces et les applications géométriques du calcul infinitésimal (1887).

DARBOY, där'bwä', GEORGES (1813-71). An iil-fated French prelate, Archbishop of Paris. He was educated at the Seminary of Langres and became professor there in 1840, having been ordained priest in 1836. He went to Paris in 1845, became almoner of the Collège Henri IV. in the following year and titular vicar of Paris in 1855. He was in high favor at the Court of Napoleon III., was made Bishop of Nancy in 1859, Archbishop of Paris in 1863, and afterwards grand almoner to the Emperor, and Senator. He stoutly opposed the declaration of the dogma of Papal infallibility at the Vatican Council. When it was declared, he submitted, yet in his diocese continued to disregard Papal interference. Decidedly at variance with the Jesuits, he incurred the displeasure of Pius IX. During the siege of Paris in 1870-71 he was indefatigable in his care for the sick and wounded soldiers, and could not be in

duced to leave his post or to seek safety in flight during the brief and terrible triumph of the Commune. He was seized as a hostage by the Communists, and while the combat raged in the streets of Paris after the entry of the Versailles troops, he was shot in the court of La Roquette Prison, several of his priests and many others sharing his fate. Among his writings are worthy of mention: Saint Thomas Becket, sa vie et ses lettres (1860); Les femmes de la Bible (8th ed. 1876); Les saintes femmes (4th ed. 1877). For his biography, consult Foulon (Paris,

1889).

DARBY. A borough in Delaware County, Pa., 5 miles southwest of Philadelphia, on the Baltimore and Ohio and the Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington railroads (Map: Pennsylvania, F 4). It has a public library dating from 1743. There are woolen and worsted mills. Darby was settled about 1660. Population, 1900, 3429. DAR/BY, JOHN NELSON. See PLYMOUTH BRETHREN.

DARBY AND JOʻAN. The hero and heroine of an eighteenth-century ballad which first appeared in the Gentleman's Magazine, March, 1735, under the title The Joys of Love Never Forgot: A Song. Its author was Henry Woodfall, a London printer. In his youth Woodfall had been apprenticed to the printer John Darby, of Bartholomew Close; and he took Darby and his wife as the subject of this popular song.

DARCEL, där'sĕl', ÁLFRED (1818-93). A In 1871 French archæologist, born in Rouen. he was made director of the Musée Cluny. His works include many articles in the Gazette des Beaux-Arts on Medieval and Renaissance art and architecture. Among his publications are: Notice des faïences italiennes (1869); Les manufactures nationales de tapisserie (1884); Catalogue de l'exposition rétrospective de l'art français au Trocadéro (1889).

DARCET, där'sâ', JEAN (1725-1801). A

French chemist, director of the porcelain works at Sèvres. He was one of the first to manufacture porcelain in France. He devoted himself chiefly to applied chemistry and made valuable contributions to that science. In 1774 he was appointed professor of chemistry in the Collège de France, and in 1795 he became a member of the

Institute.

DARCET, JEAN PIERRE JOSEPH (1777-1844). A French industrial chemist, son of Jean Darcet. He introduced important improvements in the manufacture of soap, soda, alum, sulphuric acid, etc., and contributed a number of important papers to the Annales de chimie et de physique.

DARDANELLES, där då-nělz' (named after the Greek city Dardanus, on the eastern side; the ancient Hellespont). A narrow channel separating southeast Europe from southwest Asia, and uniting the Sea of Marmora with the Ægean Sea (Map: Turkey in Europe, F 4). It extends from northeast to southwest, between latitudes 40° and 40° 30′ N., and longitudes 26° 10′ and 26° 40′ E., having a length of about 42.3 miles and a breadth varying from 1 to 4 miles. The average depth of the channel is 180 feet. From the Sea of Marmora a strong current runs through the strait to the Grecian Archipelago, except in the presence of a strong southwest wind, but there is an undercurrent in the opposite direction.

The European shores are steep and sterile, while the Asiatic shores are sloping and fertile. To prevent an attack on Constantinople by water from the Egean, the Dardanelles is strongly fortified on both sides with many guns of large calibre. A treaty concluded between the five great Powers and Turkey in 1841 arranged that no ship of war belonging to any nation save Turkey should pass the Dardanelles without the express consent of Turkey, and all merchant ships were required to show their papers to the Ottoman authorities. These provisions were confirmed at London in 1871 and at Berlin in 1878, but in 1891, by an agreement with the Porte, Russia secured for her 'volunteer fleet' the right of passage through the Dardanelles. The Dardanelles is celebrated in ancient history on account of Xerxes and Alexander having crossed it, the former in B.C. 480, to enter Europe, and the latter in B.C. 334 to enter Asia. The point at which Xerxes crossed was in the neighborhood of Abydos, on the Asiatic shore, opposite to Sestos, where the strait is 6500 feet wide. Alexander crossed at nearly the same place; and here also, in the ancient legend, young Leander nightly swam across to visit Hero-a feat performed in modern times by Lord Byron.

DAR'DANI. In Greek legend, a people living on the Hellespont, adjoining the territory of Ilium. Under the leadership of Eneas they were allies of the Trojans, and were so closely identified with them that their name was often used, particularly by Roman poets, as equivalent to Trojan.

DARDA'NIUS. The servant of Brutus, in Shakespeare's Julius Cæsar; he appears only in act v., scene 5, and refuses to let his master run upon his sword.

DAR'DANUS (Lat., from Gk. Aápdavos). The mythical ruler of the Dardanians (see DARDANI), son of Zeus and Electra, the daughter of Atlas. In some legends he is closely connected with Samothrace, and is celebrated as introducing the Samothracian mysteries and the worship of Cybele into Asia Minor. In Roman story he was said to have come to Phrygia from Italy, so that Eneas really returned to the home of his ancestors.

The

DARDS (Skt. Darada, Gk. Aápdat, Dardai, Aápadpaι, Daradrai, or Aépôal, Derdai). natives of what is known as Dardistan, a region of Asia between Kafiristan and Baltistan, to the northwest of Kashmir. The Dards (Dardi, Dardu) belong by language to the Aryan stock. Physically they are of the short-statured dolichocephalic (or mesocephalic) variety of the white race, rather dark-skinned and black-haired, but presenting also a number of taller and lighter individuals. Among the chief divisions of the Dards are the Chins and the Yeshkuns. The religion of the Dards is now Islamism, which only recently has superseded Buddhism among them. Surrounded by Asiatics, these Aryans seem to have preserved some of the primitive social characteristics of their remote ancestors, and in spite of Mongoloid intermixture they have never been completely Orientalized. Since Leitner's Languages and Races of Dardistan (1867-73), the more recent literature of the subject includes Biddulph's Tribes of the Hindoo Koosh (1880); De Ujfalvy's Aus dem westlichen

Himalaya (1884); and Leitner's Hunza and Nagar Handbook (1893).

DARE, VIRGINIA (1587- ?). The first child born in America of English parents. She was born at Roanoke, Va. (now North Carolina), and was the granddaughter of John White, who was sent out by Sir Walter Raleigh as Governor of the colony, which, during the founder's absence in England, disappeared without leaving a trace.

DAREDEVIL.

A cowardly blasphemer, the hero of Otway's The Atheist, who forgets his boastings when in the face of death.

DAR-EL-BEIDA, där'el-bā'da, or CASABLANCA (Ar., white house). A seaport on the western coast of Morocco, North Africa (Map: Africa, D 1). It is surrounded by walls and has a deep but unprotected roadstead. It has an extensive foreign trade. Its population is estimated at 25,000, including about 19,000 Arabs and only about 400 Christians.

DARES, dā'rēz (Lat., from Gk. Δάρης). Α Trojan priest mentioned in the Iliad 5, 9. To him was attributed an account of the destruction of Troy, extant only in a Latin version, but it is very doubtful whether the Latin work ever had a Greek original; if so, it cannot have been older than the Hellenistic period. The Latin version pretends to be the work of Cornelius Nepos, but in reality belongs to the fifth century A.D.; it is quoted by Isidorus. In the Middle Ages the work was much read in its present form, and together with the work of Dictys (q.v.) of Crete was the basis of a famous romance written by Guido delle Colonne (q.v.) in the thirteenth century. The best edition is by Meister (Leipzig, 1873). On the various late versions, consult: Dunger, Die Sage vom trojanischen Kriege in den Bearbeitungen des Mittelalters (Dresden, 1869); Körting, Dictys und Dares (Halle, 1874).

DAR-ES-SALAAM, där'ès-så-läm'. The capital of German East Africa (q.v.), situated on the coast a few miles south of Zanzibar (Map: Congo Free State, G 4). It is a progressive town, with a good harbor, a number of churches and schools and public buildings. It is the seat of the central government of the colony and of the principal commercial houses. There is telegraph connection with Zanzibar, Tanga, Kilwa, and other important centres in the colony. population is about 13,000, including about 360 Europeans and 480 Arabs.

It's

DARESTE DE LA CHAVANNE, då'rěst' de lå shå'vån', ANTOINE ELISABETH CLEOPHAS (1820-82). A French historian, born in Paris. He occupied the chair of history successively at the Collège de Rennes, the Collège Stanislas in Paris, the University of Grenoble, and that of Lyons, with which he remained associated in that capacity for more than twenty years. His partiality to the Catholic interests, however, eventually compelled his resignation, in 1878. His principal publication is the Histoire de France (2d ed., 7 vols. and suppl., 1879), a work distinguished by remarkable accuracy and profound scholarship.

DAR FERTIT, där fĕr-tēt'. A region in the Egyptian Sudan (q.v.), situated south of Darfur, in the upper part of the basin of the Bahr-elGhazal (Map: Congo, D 1). It is a country rich

in ivory and rubber, but very thinly inhabited. It was one of the largest slave-hunting centres in North Africa, and numerous depots or dems existed formerly for the collecting of slaves from the surrounding country. The population is extremely heterogeneous, consisting of a number of negro tribes.

DARFUR, där'foor (Ar., House of the Fur, a negro tribe of the province). A region with undefined boundaries in East Central Africa, under British control. It lies between Wadai, Kordafan, the Libyan Desert, and the Bahr-el-Ghazal region, covering an area of about 174,500 square miles (Map: Africa, G 3). It is traversed through the centre in a direction from northeast to southwest by the volcanic mountain range Marrah, whose extinguished craters rise above 5000 feet. On the east and west it is

generally flat and sandy. Among the mountain chains there are numerous fertile valleys yielding wheat, cotton, sesame, tobacco, etc. During the rainy season, which lasts from June to September, the lower portions of the country are frequently covered with water, which produces a rich vegetation. Cattle-raising is carried on by the natives on a large scale. The manufacturing industries are insignificant and are chiefly confined to weaving and the manufacturing of small metal products. In some parts of the country copper and iron ores are found. The population is variously estimated, the highest estimate reaching 1,500,000. It consists of Arabs and Furs, all professing Islam. Capital, El Fasher. Prior to the revolt of the Madhi, Darfur was a great centre of the caravan trade. It was annexed to Egypt in 1874-75, but reasserted its independence after the Mahdi's revolt in 1883. In 1890-91 the greater part was acknowledged by Germany and Italy to be within the British sphere of influence. In 1898 it became a part of the Egyptian Sudan. The management of its internal affairs is left to its hereditary Sultan. D'ARGENS, där'zhän'. See ARGENS.

DARGOMYZHSKY, där'go-mizh'skê. ALEXANDER SERGEYEVICH (1813-69). A famous Russian composer, founder, with Glinka, of the Russian National School of Music. He was the son of a wealthy nobleman in the Government of Tula. Speechless to his sixth year, he early exhibited fondness for music, and was taught the piano at six and violin at eight; his teachers, later, were Schoberlechner, a pupil of Hummel, in piano, and Zeibich in musical theory and singing. At Saint Petersburg in 1833 he met Glinka, who lent Dargomyzhsky his copy of Dehn's lectures on musical theory, which "he studied through in five months." Orchestration and composition he learned practically by assisting Glinka in the production of his Life of the Czar and by organizing various aquatic serenades on the Neva River, with private orchestras. He had by this time acquired a reputation as a song-writer, pianist, and quartet-violinist, and he decided to embrace music as a career. Later, in 1843, he gave up his governmental clerkship. He selected Hugo's Lucrezia Borgia for an opera, but, on the advice of Zhukovsky (q.v.), abandoned it in favor of Esmeralda, based on the Hunchback of Notre Dame. In 1839 the finished opera was translated into Russian, but was produced only in 1847, at Moscow, with a poor cast. In 1840 he began a cantata, The Triumph of Bac

In

chus, but owing to the delays of Esmeralda he stopped work on it, and only finished it in 1848, as an opera-ballet, first produced in 1868. 1844-45 he traveled, meeting Halévy and also Fétis, who made him known to western Europe. The delays of his opera 'deadened his inspiration,' but his personal success in 1853, at a charitable concert, encouraged him, and in 1855 the opera Rusalka (The Mermaid) was ready. Its production at Saint Petersburg (1856) left much to be desired, and the public received it coldly; the Halévy-Meyerbeer style of Esmeralda gave way to powerful dramatic recitatives, pronounced characterization, especially in comic scenes, and a strong national element. Only ten years later, the opera, when revived, achieved an unheardof success. During this decade Dargomyzhsky became more and more retired. He spent his time giving vocal instruction to gifted amateurs, and, in a measure, trained a new generation of singers. Kazachok (Cossack dance); Finnish Fantaisie, and Baba-Yaga, and while in Brussels (1864-65) won high praise with the Kazachok and the overture to Rusalka. His songs (he wrote about 100► in all) of this period are among the greatest of the world's Lieder. Among all composers he was perhaps the greatest master of recitative, and now he "wanted the sound to exactly express the word." Among the members of the Young Russian School he found the moral support he so sadly needed, and in 1868 he undertook to embody his new theories by setting to music Pushkin's dramatic sketch The Stone Guest, a variant of the Don Juan story. Even during his final illness he worked unceasingly and so successfully that after his death only ten and one-half lines had to be completed by Cui. The orchestration was finished by Rimsky-Korsakoff. The work was produced in 1872, but had little success. It contains no ballet, choruses, set numbers, or ensembles. The text, without a change in one syllable, was set to 'melodic recitative,' evervarying, fluent, expressive, like that of the fourth act of the Huguenots, or of Otello. The opera is unique in the history of dramatic music. Both his special vocal training and his theoretical views militated against Wagner's theories; his personages are always the protagonists musically, while the orchestra furnished the background, atmosphere, or dynamic part. Consult: Cui, La musique en Russie (Paris, 1880); Pougin, Essai historique sur la musique en Russie (Turin, 1897); Fétis, Biographie universelle des musiciens (Paris, 1862).

He wrote three orchestral works:

DAR'IC (Gk. dapeixos, dareikos; supposed by the Greeks to be derived from Aapeios, Dareios, OPers. Dāraya-va [h]uš, Darius, but probably really from Babylonian dariku, weight, measure). A gold coin of ancient Persia, used in Greece as well as Asia. It was about the same weight as the Attic silver didrachma, and passed current as worth 20 drachmas. On the obverse is the figure of the Persian King kneeling, holding in one hand a spear, and in the other a bow, and on the reverse an irregular oblong stamp. It contained about 130 grains of gold, or as much as $5.60, but its value in Attic silver was about $7.20.

DA'RIEL. A transverse pass in the main chain of the Caucasus Mountains, at an altitude of 4122 feet. It is traversed by the main road