and could begin his sermons with the words, 'We lepers.' He finally succumbed to the concentration of the leprosy in his lungs. His simple, heroic life and death attracted wide notice, and, in addition to the benefits secured by him for the immediate objects of his endeavors, led to agitation by Englishmen of the difficult leper problem in India. Many know his name chiefly through the famous Open Letter to the Reverend Dr. Hyde, written by Robert Louis Stevenson, first printed in the Sydney (New South Wales) Presbyterian of October 26, 1889, and privately published at Sydney as a pamphlet in 1890. Consult: Stoddard, The Lepers of Molokai (Notre Dame, 1885), and Father Pamphile, Life and Letters of Father Damien (London, 1889). DAMIENS, dä'myäN', ROBERT FRANÇOIS (1715-57). A French fanatic, known for his attempt to assassinate Louis XV. He was born near Arras, in France. Opium and accompanying dementia caused him to crown a life of idleness, mischief, and dishonesty with an attempt to kill the King of France. He himself alleged that it was the conduct of Louis toward the Parlement that drove him to the act; the opponents of the Jesuits sought to implicate them in this crime. On January 5, 1757, as the King was entering his carriage, bound for the Trianon, Damiens stabbed him in the side, but not seriously. All the agencies of slow fire, glowing pincers, and boiling oil were visited upon the poor wretch to make him reveal the names of possible accomplices. He confessed nothing, however. He was torn apart by four strong horses, and his remains were burned and his family was driven from France. DAMIETTA, dä ́mi-ět'tȧ (Ar. Damyat, Copt. Damiati, Lat. Tamiathis). A town of Lower Egypt, situated on the right bank of the eastern branch of the Nile (Map: Egypt, C 1), about eight miles from its mouth. It contains a number of ancient mosques, marble baths, and several bazaars. It is the seat of a governor and a Coptic bishop, and of a number of European consular representatives. The mouth of the river is closed by a bar which prevents the entrance of large vessels. In former years Damietta was a flourishing manufacturing and commercial centre, with a population of about 80,000. With the opening of the Suez Canal and the rise of Alexandria its commerce has declined consider ably, and its manufacturing industries, with the exception of the weaving of cotton fabrics, have almost wholly disappeared. The cloth dimity is supposed to have received its name from Damietta, where it was first manufactured. The exports consist of rice, southern fruits, and wood. Damietta is connected by rail with Cairo and Alexandria, and contains a population of (1897) 31,288, including a few foreignThe existing town was erected about 1251, but prior to that a city of the same name (anciently Tamiathis) stood about four miles to the south. It was strongly fortified by the Saracens, and formed on that side the bulwark of Egypt against the Crusaders, who, however, succeeded in capturing it in 1219 and 1249. ers. It was razed and rebuilt further inland, on the site it now occupies, by the Sultan Bibars. DAMIOTTI, dä'mê-ōt'tê, DR. The Paduan charlatan in Scott's My Aunt Margaret's Mirror. He shows the faithlessness of Sir Philip Forester in the enchanted mirror. DAMIRON, dù mêrôN, JEAN PHILIBERT (1794-1862). A French philosophical writer. He studied under Burnouf, Villemain, and Cousin, lectured on philosophy in various Parisian institutions, and became professor in the Normal School and titular professor at the Sorbonne. He was for years a regular contributor to the Globe, and afterwards published his articles collected under the title Essais sur l'histoire de la philosophie en France au XIX. siècle (1828). His most important works are: Cours complet de philosophie; Essai sur l'histoire de la philosophie en France au XVII. siècle (1846), and Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire de la philosophie du XVIII. siècle (1858-64). DAMIS, då’me'. The excitable and self-willed son of Orgon in Molière's Tartufe. DAMJANICS, dom'yo-nits, JOHANN (180449). An Hungarian revolutionist, of Servian origin. He entered the Austrian Army, in which he rose to a captaincy; was received into the councils of Kossuth in 1848; and, at the outbreak of hostilities, organized a battalion, with which he fought bravely against the Servians. In March, 1849, he took Szolnok and was made general. He fought under Görgei and was placed in command of the fortress of Arad. After the disaster of Világos he surrendered to the Russians, by whom he was turned over to Austria. He was condemned to death, and with twelve other generals was hanged by Haynau at Arad. DAM'MAR, or DAMMAR PINE (Hind. dāmar, pitch, resin), Agathis, formerly called Dammara. A genus of trees of the natural lanceolate, leathery leaves, which have numerous order Coniferæ, distinguished by their broad, The name, originally nearly parallel veins. applied to its resinous product, has been extended to a number of different trees, one of which is the Moluccan dammar (Agathis orientalis), which grows on the high mountain ridges height, attains a diameter of nine feet, and genof the Molucca Islands. It grows to a great erally has the lower part of the trunk beset with knots as large as a man's hand. The timber is light and of inferior quality, and the tree is chiefly valuable for its resin, which is soft, transparent, hardens in a few days, and is then white, with a crystalline appearance. The resin often flows spontaneously from the tree in such quantity that it hangs in masses like icicles of a handbreadth and a foot long. At another period of the year it is yellow, and less valued. By incision, especially in the protuberances of the stem, it is obtained in large pieces. So long as dammar resin is soft it has a strong smell; upon drying this odor is lost. It contains only tinct resins, one of which is soluble in alcohol, a trace of volatile oil, but consists of two disthe other not. It is light, brittle, and easily friable, readily soluble in oil of turpentine. It is used in Asia for domestic purposes, and in the arts like other resins; it is an article of commerce, and in Europe is employed in various ways to form varnishes, which dry quickly, readily become viscid again, and are not permahave a very bright lustre, are colorless, but nent, so that this resin cannot be made a substitute for copal and amber. It is almost completely soluble in benzole, and in this solvent makes an excellent colorless varnish for positive photographs on glass. To this genus belongs also Agathis Australis, the Kauri pine (q.v.) of New Zealand, which produces the resin known as Kauri resin, or Kauri gum. The tree at tains a height of 80 to 100 feet, and a diameter of 15 feet. The timber is straight-grained and very durable. The Kauri resin is dug in waste places where there were Kauri forests in the past, whence the trees have long since disappeared through fire, etc. This gum is fossilized. Agathis robusta is a valuable Queensland tree. The resin known as black dammar is obtained in the Molucca Islands from the trunk of Protium obtusiforium, a tree of the natural order Burseraceæ. It is a semi-fluid, strong-smelling resin, which becomes black when dry; it is used as pitch, also to yield a kind of turpentine, which is obtained by distillation. Canarium microcarpum and Canarium strictum, trees of the same order, also natives of the farthest East, yield by incision of the trunk a viscid, odorous, yellowish substance, very similar to balsam of copaiva, which is called damar, or dammar, and is used in naval yards, mixed with a little chalk and the bark of reeds, for calking boats. The resin called white dammar, or piney dammar, in India, often also called copal in India, is the product of Vateria indica and related species, large trees of the natural order Dipterocarpacea. It is obtained by wounding the tree, and when fresh is clear, fragrant, and acridly bitter; when dried it becomes yellow, brittle, and glass-like. It is used in India as a varnish ('piney varnish') which is hard, tenacious, and much esteemed. It is also made into candles in Malabar, which, in burning, diffuse an agreeable fragrance, and give a clear light with little smoke. Shorea robusta, the Sal (q.v.), so much valued in India as a timber-tree, of the same natural order, and some other species of Shorea, yield a resin, also known as dammar and as ral and dhoona, which is much used in dockyards in India as pitch. For illustration of Agathis dammara see Plate of DAHLIAS. DAM'MARA. See KAURI PINE. DAMMARTIN, da'mär'tăN'. A family of distinguished French architects of the close of the fourteenth century.-ANDRÉ DAMMARTIN was architect of the Chartreuse, near Dijon (1383), in the service of the Duke of Burgundy.-GUI DAMMARTIN was architect of the Duke de Berri. Both were engaged on the Old Louvre and died about 1400.-JEAN DAMMARTIN was employed (1421-32) in the construction of the great cathedrals of Le Mans and Tours. DAMNATION DE FAUST, då'nå'syôn' de föst, La (Fr., the damnation of Faust). The title of a symphony-cantata by Berlioz, produced in Paris in 1846. DAMOCLES, dăm'ô-klēz (Lat., from Aauo*λns, Damoklēs). One of the courtiers and sycophants of the elder Dionysius, the tyrant of Syracuse. It is recorded by Cicero that Damocles, having lauded in the highest terms the grandeur and happiness of royalty, was shown the nature of this happiness by Dionysius in the following manner. He was seated at a table richly spread and surrounded by all the pomp of royalty, but in the midst of his luxurious banquet, on looking upward, he saw a keenedged sword suspended over his head by a single hair. The story had become proverbial in the day of Horace, who alludes to it in his Odes, iii. 1, 17ff. DAM'ODAR. A river of India, rising in Ramgarh, a district in the Presidency of Bengal, and after a generally southeastern course of 350 miles, entering the Hugli from the right, below Calcutta (Map: India, E 4). The valley of the Damodar, traversed by the main railway between Calcutta and the northwest (the East Indian Railway), abounds in coal and iron. It is navigable from the mouth of its chief tributary, the Barakhar, which flows into it from the north. DA'MON AND PHIL'LIDA. A mock pastoral in dramatic form by Cibber (1729), published anonymously. DAMON (Lat., from Gk. Δάμων) AND PHIN'TIAS (Lat., from Gk. Þurías), commonly PYTHIAS. Two Pythagoreans of Syracuse, who have been remembered as models of faithful friendship. Pythias having been condemned to death by Dionysius, the Tyrant of Syracuse, begged to be allowed to go home, for the purpose of arranging his affairs, Damon pledging his own life for the reappearance of his friend. Dionysius consented, and Pythias returned just in time to save Damon from death. Struck by so noble an example of mutual affection, the tyrant pardoned Pythias and desired to be admitted into their fellowship. The story is told by Plutarch, De Amic., and by Valerius Maximus, iv. 7. DAM'OPHON (Lat., from Gk. Aauopar). A brilliant, erratic Greek sculptor of Messene, whose works were found chiefly at Messene, Megalopolis, and Lycosura. He was skilled enough in chryselephantine technique to be called upon to repair the statue of Zeus by Phidias at Olympia. All his works were set up in temples and represented gods. About the only reason for believing that he lived in the Fourth Century B.C. is the historic probability that Messene would immediately commemorate Epaminondas and Thebes. Architectural and literary evidence give no means for dating, while inscriptional evidence seems to give an assurance of the Second Century B.C. as his date. See I. C. Thallon, Amer. Journ. Arch., X, No. 2. She DAMOPHYLE, då-mõf'i-lē, or DAMOPH'ILA (Lat., from Gk. Aauopλn). A lyric poet of Pamphylia, who lived about B.C. 610. was a pupil of Sappho, and like her, instructed other damsels. She is said to have written love poems and a hymn on the worship of the Pergaean Artemis, but none of her works is extant. DAMOX'ENUS (Lat., from Gk. Aaμóžeros). An Athenian poet of the new, and, probably, of the middle comedy. Two of his plays, The Foster-Brothers (úvтρopo:) and The SelfTormentor ('Eauròv IIevoŵv), are mentioned by Suidas and by Athenæus, who quotes a long passage from the former and a few lines from the latter work. The extant fragments of his works are published in Meineke's Fragmenta Comicorum Historicorum, vol. iv. (1839-57). DAMPER. A door or valve which, by sliding, rising and falling, turning on a hinge, or otherwise, diminishes the aperture of a chimney or air-flue; this lessens the quantity of air that can pass through a furnace or other fire, and thus 'damps' or checks the combustion. The damper of a pianoforte is that part of the mechanism which, after a key is struck, and the finger is lifted up from the key, immediately checks or stops the vibration of the string. It consists of a second hammer, which, on the rising of the key, strikes the string and remains upon it, instead of bounding off as the sounding-hammer does. Damper is also the name given in Australia to a simple kind of unleavened bread formed of wheat flour. It is made while traveling in the bush, and baked among the ashes of a fire. he DAMPIER, dăm'per, WILLIAM (1652-1715) An English freebooter and explorer. He early went to sea with a party of buccaneers, crossed the Isthmus of Panama in 1679 and embarked on the Pacific with a considerable force in canoes and similar small craft, and captured several Spanish vessels, in which he cruised along the coast of Spanish America, waging war on Spanish subjects. In 1684 he engaged in another buccaneering expedition, in which coasted along the shores of Chile, Peru, and Mexico, sailing thence to the East Indies, touching at Australia, and returning to England in 1691, where in 1697 he published an interesting account of the expedition, entitled A Voyage Round the World. He was afterwards (1699) deputed by the Government to conduct a voyage of discovery to the South Seas, during which he explored the west and northwest coasts of Australia, and the coasts of New Guinea, New Britain, and New Ireland, giving his name to the Dampier Archipelago and the Dampier Strait In 1703-07 he made his third, and in 1708-11 his fourth trip around the world, the last time as pilot of the privateer Duke, which returned with specie and merchandise to the value of nearly £200,000. Besides his Voyage Round the World, he published: A Discourse of Winds (1699); A Vindication of the Voyage to the South Sea in the Ship Saint George (1707); and Voyages to the Bay of Campeachy (1729). He was DAMPIERRE, däN'pyâr', AUGUSTE HENRI MARIE PICOT, Marquis de (1756-93). A French general. He was born in Paris and entered the military service at the age of sixteen. After the battle of Valmy (September 20, 1792) Dam pierre was made general of division, and by his skill and efficiency he contributed largely to the victory of Jemappes (November 6). subsequently placed in command of the centre at Neerwinden (March 18, 1793), where he stood his ground until the retreat of the left wing of the army. After the defection of Dumouriez to the Austrian ranks he assumed supreme command. He was mortally wounded May 8, 1793, while leading the attack on the intrenchments of Clerfayt, near the city of Condé. DAMPIER STRAIT. (1) A strait separating the island of Waigiu from the Berau Peninsula of northwest New Guinea (Map: East Indies, H 5). It offers one of the safest channels from the Indian to the Pacific Ocean. (2) A strait separating New Britain from the east coast of New Guinea. DAMPING OFF. A disease of plants in duced by an excess of moisture in the soil and atmosphere. Young seedlings in hothouses and hotbeds are particularly liable to it. Although the cause is sufficiently obvious, prevention is not always easy; not only because some plants are very sensitive to moisture, but also because the necessity of keeping sashes closed on account of temperature often stands in the way of the ventilation which would otherwise be desirable, and it is when a moist atmosphere stagnates around them, and the temperature is not very low, that plants are most liable to damp off. The excessive moisture of soil and atmosphere gives the proper conditions for the development of the fungus Pythium or Artotrogus debaryanum, which is believed to be the immediate cause of the destruction of the plant. It is a soil fungus that lives on decaying vegetation until the conditions are right for attacking seedlings. If examined, the seedlings will be seen to show weak, thin spots near the surface of the soil and on account of this weakening the plant falls over and dies. The disease spreads with great rapidity in the seed-bed, so that in a few days all the plants may be reduced to a rotten mass. fungus attacks many kinds of plants in the open ground, among which are mustard, cress, spurry, maize, clover, lettuce, egg-plant, peppers, cucumbers, melons, and forest-tree seedlings. Drying or freezing does not destroy the fungus or its spores. The best precautionary measures are to avoid infested soil, sow thinly, ventilate freely, shade little, water sparingly, and burn all diseased plants. This DAMROSCH, dämʼrôsh, FRANK (1859–). A prominent American musician, son of Leopold Damrosch. He was born in Breslau. At first a clerk in a music store in Denver, he later drilled the chorus in the German opera in New York, which his father conducted. In 1892 he organized the People's Singing Classes in New York. (See CHORAL SOCIETIES.) In 1893 he established the Musical Art Society, and in 1898 the Symphony Concerts for Young People. In 1898 he also succeeded his brother Walter as conductor of the Oratorio Society. In 1897-1905 he was director of music in the public schools of New York, which position he resigned to become the director of the newly-established Institute of Musical Art. DAMROSCH, LEOPOLD (1832-85). A German-American musician, violinist, composer, and conductor, born in Posen, Prussia. His parents chose the profession of medicine for him, and after graduating at the University of Berlin he returned to Posen to practice; but his passionate love of music, which he had continued to study incidentally, prevailed, and in 1854 he abandoned medicine for the study of counterpoint and composition under Hubert, Ries, and Dehn. In 1855 he started out as a concert violinist in Magdeburg; became acquainted with Liszt, and under his influence began to write for the Neue Zeitschrift für Musik. He was director in Posen and in Breslau, and in 1871 came to New York as director of the Arion Society. The credit of firmly establishing choral organizations in New York belongs entirely to Damrosch. He founded the Oratorio Society (1873) and the Symphony Society (1877), and organized several large musical festivals. All these played a most important part in the musical life of New York City. But the most brilliant achievement of his life was the successful establishment, in 1884, of German opera in New York City, at the Metropolitan Opera House, notwithstanding the obvious difficulties of the undertaking. Among the operas given, Fidelio, Tannhäuser, Lohengrin, and Die Walküre were the most important as comparative novelties. He died in New York, and imposing funeral services were held in the Opera House. His works comprise several cantatas, a festival overture, violin works (including a concerto in D m.), and songs. DAMROSCH, WALTER JOHANNES (1862-). An American musician, son of Leopold Damrosch, born in Breslau, Prussia. He came to the United States, and was made conductor of the Harmonic Society of Newark, N. J., in 1881, and organist of Plymouth Church, Brooklyn, in 1884. In 1885 he succeeded his father as conductor of the Oratorio and Symphony societies, and became assistant conductor of German opera at the Metropolitan Opera House, New York. In 1894-99 he directed several operatic ventures, at first German, and subsequently French and Italian. In 1900-01 he conducted the German operas at the Metropolitan Opera House. For the season of 1902-3 he was the conductor of the Philharmonic Society. He produced, in 1896, an opera, The Scarlet Letter, founded on the novel by Hawthorne, composed a Te Deum, in honor of Dewey's victory in Manila Bay, and shorter pieces and songs. DAMS AND RESERVOIRS. A dam is a barrier built across a stream or across a valley or other depression, to raise the level of water or to retain or store water for the supply of cities, towns, or villages, for irrigation, hydraulic mining, power, or manufacturing purposes. A reservoir is a basin or other receptacle used for receiving, storing, or distributing water. Reservoirs are often, but by no means always, formed by a dam connecting the banks of a stream or the sloping sides of a valley, canyon, or some more basin-like depression. The terms dams and reservoirs are used in speaking of devices to confine substances other than water; as when clay is used to hold back molten metal of any sort, or as in dentistry, where a dam is built by a dentist to keep saliva out of a cavity, or when a receptacle is attached to a stove, lamp, or machine for heating or storing water, oil, or other liquids, prior to or during use. The dams and reservoirs considered below will be only those constructed to retain water. DAMS. Where earth cannot be used, the choice of materials until quite recently has been between timber, timber and loose stone, and masonry. Within recent years a few dams of steel or of steel reinforced by masonry have been erected. Of course the greatest care must be taken to provide against dam failures, for which there are the following common causes: (1) By sliding on the base or on some horizontal joint; (2) by overturning; (3) by fracture due to tension; (4) by crushing, in the case of masonry dams; (5) by erosion, in the case of earth, or, though rarely, by breaking up and washing away, from the top downward, in the case of masonry structures. After a good site has been chosen and the utmost care devoted to the construction of the foundations and the supervision of the material and workmanship, the chief factor of safety in dam construction is obtained by placing a sufficient volume and weight of material in the dam itself to withstand the pressure upon it. This pressure is directly proportioned to the height of water behind the dam and not to the total volume, as is sometimes supposed. In well-designed earth dams the cross-section is so great, for other reasons, as to give a weight far in excess of that which could be removed by the pressure of the retained water. But in masonry dams the crosssection may be proportioned to resist the pressure with mathematical nicety, allowing, of course, the factor of safety common to all good engineering work. In the new type of steel dams questions of volume and weight yield place to the tensile and compressive strength of the material. A most essential feature in the design of dams of all classes is ample provision for passing waste or flood water. Otherwise the increased pressure against the up-stream face of the dam due to the excessively high water in the reservoir, or else the force of the current in passing over the top of the dam may cause a serious rupture. In overfall dams relief may be obtained, in some cases, by providing flood-gates at one end of the structure, either connected with or detached from the main dam; by having a crest to the whole dam which can be dropped in time of floods (see MOVABLE DAMS, below); or, in connection with one or both of the foregoing precautions, there may be an artificial overflow or waste channel leading from a spillway above or at one side of the dam down to the natural channel of the stream some distance below. Such a spillway and overflow channel are essential to all earth dams. It should also be noted that waste gates, or under sluices, are sometimes provided beneath These may be placed near the bottom of the the crest of masonry dams, particularly in India. reservoir to permit washing out deposits of silt. Where no other means are feasible, waste water may be carried to a point below the dam through a tunnel cut in the solid rock at one side and beyond the structure itself. EARTH DAMS are formed by depositing the natural soil from the vicinity of the site in thin layers to form the structure and carefully rolling or otherwise rendering compact each layer before another is added. Water is sometimes applied to the earth to help compact it. Soil that will compact readily and be as little porous as possible should be selected, but it is difficult and generally impracticable to make earth dams impervious to water. Since continuous percolation through an earth dam would lead to its ruin, it is customary, where an attempt is not made to secure imperviousness through the whole structure, to place a water-tight barrier either on the upper face of the dam or at its centre. The former is known as a lining and the latter as a heart or core wall. Both a lining and a heartwall may be used. Heart-walls may be composed of a carefully selected mixture of clay and loam or sand, called puddle; of concrete; or of stone masonry plastered with cement. One of the advantages of the heart-wall is that it can be carried well into the bed and banks of the val ley, beneath and beyond the main part of the dam, which is a great safeguard against leaks between the natural ground and the artificial structure. Whether or not the upper face of the dam is lined to prevent leakage, it must be paved with stone, concrete, or brick to prevent damage to the earth slope by the action of the waves at |