the invention and introduction of various kinds of dairy machinery, such as creaming apparatus, notably the separator; hand and power churns, butter-workers, cheese vats and presses, etc. The cream separator, aside from its increased efficiency and reduction of labor, has almost eliminated the disturbing factor of climate from a large part of dairy management, and has altogether worked a revolution in this industry. See BUTTER.

The numerous by-products of the dairy are now very generally utilized in a variety of ways. The skim milk and buttermilk are, where practicable, fed to animals; considerable quantities are sold in towns and cities for household consumption, and milk-sugar is made from skim milk and whey. The casein of skim milk is also dried and prepared as a bakers' supply and substitute for eggs, as the basis of an enamel paint, as a substitute for glue in paper-sizing, and is also solidified and used for making buttons, combs, and many similar articles.

The value of the principal dairy products of the United States (milk, butter, and cheese) was estimated by the Federal Department of Agriculture for the year 1905 to be over $665,000,000. "If to this be added the value of the skim milk, buttermilk, and whey, at their proper feeding value, and the value of the calves dropped yearly, the aggregate value of the product of the dairy cows exceeds $500,000,000."

The leading dairy States are Iowa, New York, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Wisconsin, Ohio, Minnesota, Kansas, Michigan, and Indiana. In the Middle and Eastern States the milk is used quite largely to supply the numerous large towns and

cities.

In the Central West and Northwest

butter is the principal dairy product. The United States is far in the lead of all foreign countries in the extent of its stock-raising interests and the value of its dairy products. Dairying is also quite extensively practiced in Canada, where both butter and cheese of good quality are made. Canadian cheese, especially, enjoys an excellent reputation. Denmark has long been famous as a dairy country, having an unusually large number of cows in proportion to its inhabitants. The farms are small and numerous, and most of the butter is made in creameries. In 1902 that country, which is only about one-third the size of New York, exported 193,061,998 pounds of butter.

For further discussion of topics relating to dairying, see: CATTLE-Dairy Cattle; BUTTERMAKING; CHEESE-MAKING; MILK PRODUCTION; CHEESE-FACTORY; CREAMERY.

DA'IS (Fr., canopy). This term was used with considerable latitude by medieval writers. Its most usual significations are the following: (1) A canopy over an altar, shrine, font, throne, stall, chair, statue, or the like. The term was applied to the canopy without regard to the materials of which it was composed, which might be cloth, wood, stone, metal, or other substance. (2) The chief seat at the high table in a hall, with the canopy which covered it, from which probably the word in all its significations was introduced, its French meaning being a canopy. (3) The high table itself. (4) The raised portion of the floor, or estrade, on which the high table stood, and by which the upper was divided from the lower portion of the hall. (5) A cloth of state for covering a throne or table. In old

writings the word occasionally takes the form of dois, and more rarely that of dez or detz.

DAISY (AS. dæges čage, day's eye, referring to the form of the flower). A plant of the genus Bellis, of the natural order Compositæ. The common daisy (Bellis perennis), plentiful throughout Europe, flowers almost all the year in pastures, meadows, and grassy places. For illustration, see Plate of DAHLIAS, ETC. What are called double varieties, with flowers of various and often brilliant colors, are very commonly cultivated in gardens. A variety has the flower (head of flowers) surrounded by smaller ones, the short stems of which grow from the summit of the scape or leafless stem. The daisy (gowan of the Scotch) has long been a favorite with poets and lovers of nature, characteristic as it is of many of the fairest summer scenes, its blossoms gemming the pastures, and recommended also by its frequent appearance during the severer seasons of the year. Its flowers close at night. It is sparingly introduced in America. A species of Bellis is, however, found in the United States (Bellis integrifolia), but it is confined to Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, and the Southwestern States. The flower commonly called daisy, or oxeye daisy, in the United States is a species of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum leucanthemum). A number of other plants are called daisies in the United States, among them Rudbeckia hirta, also called yellow daisy and black-eyed susan. Erigeron annuus, Erigeron strigosus, and other species are called daisies or daisy fleabane, and a number of species of wild aster are likewise known as daisies.

DAISY, SOLOMON. In Dickens's Barnaby Rudge, the rusty little parish clerk of Chigwell, and one of the 'quadrilateral,' or village club, which met at the 'Maypole.'

DAISY MILLER. A well-known novel by Henry James (1878), so called from the name of its heroine, an American girl who disregarded European rules of conduct. This character sketch was much criticised as not being a true representation of the American type; but its veracity is now admitted.

DAITYA, dit'yȧ (Skt., sons of Diti, a popular formation from Aditi, the boundless goddess). The Titans of Hindu mythology, hostile to the gods and disturbers of religious observances.

DAKAR, då-kär'. A seaport in the French colony of Senegal, Africa, situated about 11⁄2 miles north of Gorée and on the extreme point of Cape Verde (Map: Africa, C 3). It has an excellent harbor and is connected by railway with Saint Louis, 163 miles distant. The climate is unhealthful. There are a number of large factories, and the commerce of the town has increased since the completion of the railway to Saint Louis. Population, in 1904, 18,447.

DA'KER HEN (dialectic Engl. and Scotch daker, to loiter; cf. OFlem. daeckeren, to move to and fro). An English local name for a corncrake. See CRAKE.

DAKOTA. See NORTH DAKOTA; SOUTH DA

KOTA.

DAKOTA (or JAMES) RIVER. A navigable stream rising in Wells County, N. D., about seventy miles northeast of Bismarck (Map: South Dakota, G 4). It flows southerly through a fertile country, and joins the Missouri

River nine miles east of Yankton, S. D. It is about 400 miles long in its general direction. It falls nearly 600 feet, but the fall is so uniform that the stream is incapable of much development as to water-power. Only small tributaries flow into it.

DAKOTA INDIANS. See SIOUX.

DAKOTA STAGE. A subdivision of the Cretaceous system in America, the rocks of which

were

first described as occurring in Dakota. It comprises conglomerates, sandstones, and clays, with layers of lignite, and is found along the western edge of the great plains from Texas to Canada. In the Black Hills the series of rocks is from 250 feet to 400 feet thick. The coal deposits of Bear Creek, Wyo., are probably of this age. See CRETACEOUS SYSTEM.

DAKSHA, däk'shå. A deity in Hindu mythology, represented as having a goat's head, and regarded as a son of Brahma (q.v.). His name means the dexterous or clever god, and in the oldest of the Vedas he is accounted especially as a progenitor of the race of the gods. His daughter Umã, according to later mythology, was married to Siva (q.v.). Owing to an affront received in connection with a great sacrificial feast, Siva slew Daksha and cut off his head. The scene is portrayed in Hindu sculpture. Siva later restored his father-in-law to life, and replaced his head, which had accidentally been destroyed, by the head of a goat, which the god still wears.

DALAGUETE, dä'lå-gä'tâ. A town of Cebu, Philippines, 49 miles from Cebú. It is situated on the coast, near the mouth of the river of the same name. Dalaguete was founded in 1711. Population, in 1903, 21,354.

DALAI-LAMA, dä-lä'ẻ lä'mä. See LAMAISM. DAL'ARA'DIA. The ancient name applied to a district in Ireland, including the southern half of the present county of Antrim and the eastern part of the county of Down. The name is not to be confounded with Dalriada (q. v.), as Dalaradia, or 'Dal Araidh,' takes its name from 'Fiacha Ariad,' a king of Ulster of the Irian race, while Dalriada belonged to the race of Heremon. A Pictish colony from Scotland settled in Dalaradia a century before the beginning of the Christian Era.

DALAYRAC, då'lâ'råk', NICOLAS (1753-1809). A French dramatic composer, born at Muret. His parents intended him to become a lawyer, and bitterly opposed his studying music; but in 1774 he was sent to Paris to enter the Guards of the Count d'Artois, and in that city he was able to pursue his musical studies. He was a pupil of Langlé, and after writing a number of violin quartets, in 1781 produced his first opera, Le petit souper. Its success encouraged him, and he immediately began to write other works, producing in all about fifty operas. In 1798 he was made a member of the Stockholm Academy, and a little later a Chevalier of the Legion of Honor. His best operas were Nina (1786), Azémia (1787), Camille (1791), and Romeo et Juliette (1793), all of which show a vivid dramatic instinct and a charm of melody which made them immediately popular throughout France. He died in Paris, and his bust is now in the foyer of the Opéra Comique.

DALBERG, däl'běrk. The name of an ancient German family, the members of which possessed under the Holy Roman Empire the dignity of First Knight of the Empire.' The most distinguished member of the family was KARL THEODOR, Baron von Dalberg (1744-1817), Archbishop of Mainz, and famous as a patron of arts and letters. He assisted in the negotiations between Napoleon and Pius VII. at Paris in 1804, and was much esteemed both personally and as a scholar and ecclesiastical prince by such men as Wieland, Schiller, and Goethe. He was made Prince Primate of the Confederation of the Rhine (1806), and Grand Duke of Frankfort (1810), but was constrained by public opinion to retire into private life on the fall of Napoleon (1814). His writings are no longer of value. For his Life, consult: Krämer (Leipzig, 1821); and Beaulieu-Marconnay, Karl von Dalberg und seine Zeit (Weimar, 1879).

DALBERGIA, dăl-bēr'jí-ȧ (Neo-Lat., named in honor of the Swedish botanist Dalberg). A genus of trees and climbing shrubs of the natural order Leguminosa, having a stalked membranous pod, which is flat, tapers to both ends, and contains one to three flat seeds. The leaves are pinnate, with a terminal leaflet. All the species are natives of warm climates. Some of them are valuable timber-trees, particularly the sissoo of Bengal (Dalbergia sissoo), much prized, and more extensively used in the north of India than any other timber-tree except the sal (q. v.). The sissoo extends through India to Afghanistan, growing at elevations up to 5000 feet. The trees become 60 feet high; the wood is elastic, seasons well, does not warp, and has a greater transverse strength than teak or sal. Dalbergia latifolia furnishes the East Indian rosewood, or Malabar blackwood, which attains a diameter of six feet. The wood is heavy, dark, and very strong, and is extensively used in cabinet-work, for ship-knees, gun-carriages, and agricultural implements. Dalbergia nigra and Dalbergia

miscolobium of Brazil furnish valuable woods for export. Dalbergia monetaria, or Ecastophyllum monetaria, a related tree, a native of Surinam, yields a resin very similar to dragon's blood.

D'ALBERT, dål'bâr', EUGEN FRANCIS CHARLES. See ALBERT.

DALE, DAVID (1739-1806). A Scottish manufacturer, born at Stewarton, Ayrshire. He secured the use of Arkwright's spinning patent, founded the New Lanark mills, and subsequently other important establishments, and became widely known for his many benevolences. Robert Owen married his daughter and succeeded him in the Lanark mills. Dale was the founder and chief pastor of a Scotch Church of Congregational principles, the members of which were called 'Dalites,' or 'Old Independents.'

DALE, JAMES WILKINSON (1812-81). An American Presbyterian divine. He was educated at the University of Pennsylvania, and at Andover and Princeton theological seminaries, and was pastor from 1845 to 1876, with his last charge at Wayne, Pa. He died at Media, Pa. He wrote the elaborate works on baptism: Classic (1867), Judaic (1869), Johannic (1871), and Christic and Patristic Baptism (1784). For his biography, consult James Roberts (Philadelphia, 1886).

DALE, RICHARD (1756-1826). An American naval officer. At the opening of the Revolutionary War, he entered the English service, but afterwards joined the American Navy, served under John Barry in the brig Lexington, and later as first lieutenant under Paul Jones, and gained distinction in the engagement between the Bon Homme Richard and the Serapis. He was several times taken prisoner. After the declaration of peace with England he was ap: pointed captain, and in 1801 had command of the squadron sent against Tripoli. (See BARBARY POWERS, WARS WITH.) He resigned in 1802 and spent the rest of his life in retirement. DALE, ROBERT WILLIAM (1829-95). An English Congregational minister and author. He was born in London, graduated at the University of London in 1853, and in the same year was ordained to the ministry. He was chairman of the Congregational Union in 1868 and 1869; edited The Congregationalist for seven years; and in 1877 visited the United States to give the Lyman Beecher lectures on preaching at the Yale Divinity School. He was the first Englishman to give this course. His pastorate was for many years in Birmingham, where, besides being a strong leader in the affairs of his own Church, he was influential in politics. Among his pub lications are: The Jewish Temple and the Christian Church (1863); The Atonement (1875); Impressions of America (1878); and The Fellowship of Christ (1891).

DALE, Sir THOMAS (?-1619). A colonial Governor of Virginia. He served for some time as an English officer in the Netherlands, and in 1606 was knighted by King James. In 1611 he was sent to Virginia, by the London Company, with supplies, and, in the absence of Lord de la Warr (q.v.), the Governor-General, assumed control of the Government. He was nominally relieved in August of this year, by Sir Thomas Gates, but nevertheless remained the leading spirit of the colony, holding the position of HighMarshal, and from 1614 to 1616 was again in full control. He returned to England in 1616; was put in command of a fleet sent out by the East India Company against the Dutch in 1618; defeated a Dutch fleet off the site of the present Batavia in November of this year; and in 1619 died at Masulipatam, India. His administration in Virginia was remarkable for its pitiless severity. Finding the colonists dejected, listless, and disinclined to work, he placed them under martial law, and inaugurated a code known as 'Dale's Code,' whose rigor has become proverbial. The years 1611-1616 were long known among the colonists as 'the five years of slavery.' Dale founded a new settlement at Henrico, overcame the Appomattox Indians, and by apportioning some of the lands among private individuals, took the first step toward abolishing the pernicious communal system. His administration of affairs was approved by the London Company, and Sir Edwin Sandys (q.v.), one of the most influential members, said in 1619 that "Dale with

great and constant severity reclaymed almost miraculously those idle and disordered people, and reduced them to labor and an honest fashion of life." Much information concerning Dale and his administration is given in Brown, The Genesis of the United States (Boston, 1890), and The First Republic in America (Boston, 1898).

A

copy of 'Dale's Laws' may be found in Force, Tracts and Other Papers Relating to the Colonies in America, vol iii. (Washington, 1836-46). Consult also Prince, "The First Criminal Code of Virginia," in the Report of the American Historical Society for 1899 (Washington, 1900).

NE, dä'lär-ne. An old province of Sweden, now DALECARLIA, dä'le-kärʼli-å, or DALARDalecarlians are celebrated for the part they took forming the Län of Kopparberg or Falun. The under Gustavus Vasa in freeing their country from the yoke of Christian II. of Denmark.

D'ALEMBERT, då'läN'bâr' (1717-83). The assumed name of Jean le Rond, a French mathematician, philosopher, and encyclopædist. He was dame de Tencin, and was left as an infant on the steps of the Chapel of Saint Jean le Rond, from which he received his name. He was tenderly reared by a glazier's wife, his father contributing secretly to his support, and was educated by Jansenists at the College Mazarin, where he showed a brilliant promise in mathematics, physies, and astronomy, to which he reverted after At twenty-two he essaying law and medicine. published a scholarly Mémoire sur le calcul intégral, at twenty-four another, Sur la réfraction des corps solides. His Traité de dynamique (1743) marks an epoch in mechanical philosophy. This work is based on the theory known as D'Alembert's principle, discovered by him at the age of twenty-six, and expressed in the proposition: The impressed forces are equivalent to the effective force. His Réflexions sur la cause générale des vents (1744) contains the first conception of the calculus of partial differences. In 1749 he published the first analytical solution of the precession of the equinoxes. He was made a member of the Academy of Sciences in 1741, and in 1754 of the French Academy, whose perpetual secretary he became in 1772. As such he wrote a series of Eloges of members deceased between 1770 and 1772. In 1751 he undertook, with Diderot, the editing of the great French Encyclopédie, and, though he withdrew from the editorship in 1758, because of Government interference with the publication, he continued to contribute articles in science and philosophy. Very noteworthy is his preliminary discourse, or general introduction, to the work, in which he traces in broad outlines the evolution of human society, civilization, science, and art. An article of his on Geneva involved him in a celebrated dispute with Rousseau on the merits of Calvinism and the stage as teachers of morals. Meantime his scientific work had attracted the attention of Frederick II., who repeatedly offered him the presidency of the Berlin Academy. Catharine II. of Russia offered him (1762) 100,000 francs a year as tutor to her son. This he also declined. David Hume left him a legacy of £200, and on the recommendation of Pope Benedict XIV. he was admitted to membership in the Institute of Bologna (1755). But he continued to live simply, being by nature a plain, independent, bluff, benevolent, though sometimes rude man. He was a total abstainer from alcohol. His last years are closely associated with the name of Mile. de l'Espinasse (q.v.), whom he learned to admire at the literary salon of Mme. du Deffand (q.v.). She nursed him during a serious illness in 1765, and they were never

the natural son of Chevalier Destouches and Ma

after separated, though not a breath of scandal attached to their connection till her death (1776), a shock from which he never recovered. D'Alembert is fully as important for his personality as for his works. He gave learning an official status in French society and did a great service to letters, both by his example and by his Essai sur les gens de lettres (1753), in fostering the independence of his class from subserviency to social prominence and political power. This essay exposed thoroughly and finally the evils of patronage. His religious opinions, once the subject of eager controversy, are revealed as a tolerant theism in his correspondence with Voltaire, published in Bossange's partial edition of D'Alembert's Works (1821). Condorcet's Eloge of him before the French Academy (1784) gives a judicious account of D'Alembert's life and writings. Consult Bertrand, D'Alembert (Paris, 1889). DALGARʼNO, GEORGE (1626-87). A Scottish writer, who interested himself in the subject of a universal language and in the methods of teaching the deaf and dumb. He was born at Aberdeen, studied at Marischal College, and afterwards kept a school in Oxford for thirty years. His Ars Signorum, Vulgo Character Universalis et Lingua Philosophica (1661) is an attempt to represent and classify ideas by specific arbitrary characters irrespective of words. His Didascalocophus, or the Deaf and Dumb Man's Tutor (1680), designed "to bring the way of teaching the deaf man to read and write as near as possible to that of teaching young ones to speak and understand their mother tongue."

DALGARNO, LORD. A villainous favorite of Prince Charles, in Scott's Fortunes of Nigel; the enemy of Nigel and the betrayer of Lady

A

DALHOUSIE, dăl-hoo'zi or dǎl-houʼzi. popular summer resort and port of entry, the capital of Restigouche County, New Brunswick, Canada (Map: New Brunswick, C 1). It is sit uated at the mouth of the Restigouche estuary on Chaleurs Bay, and has a large and well-protected harbor. A considerable trade in preserved lobsters and salmon, and in lumber, is carried on. Angling, boating, bathing, and beautiful hill scenery are among its varied attractions. Estimated population, in 1906, 1000.

DALHOUSIE, JAMES ANDREW BROUN RAMSAY, tenth Earl and first Marquis of (1812-60). A Governor-General of India. The third son of the ninth Earl, he was born at Dalhousie Castle, Midlothian, April 22, 1812. He was educated at Harrow and Oxford. In 1837 he was elected Conservative member of Parliament for Haddingtonshire, and at the death of his father in 1838 became Earl of Dalhousie and took his seat in the House of Lords. In 1843 he was appointed VicePresident of the Board of Trade, and in 1845 succeeded Gladstone as President. His administration at the time of the so-called "Railway Mania,"

marked his ability, and at the change of Ministry in 1846 Lord John Russell paid him a rare compli ment in asking him to remain in office to complete his work. In 1847 he became the youngest Governor-General ever sent to India. His administratration, through additions of territory, development of resources by railways, canals, and other public improvements, forms an important era in Indian history, although, on account of his reduction of the army of occupation, the Indian Mutiny was subsequently laid to his charge. He was the recipient of many honors, and in 1849 was In 1856 he recreated Marquis of Dalhousie. turned to England as an invalid, and died after a lingering illness, December 19, 1860. Consult: Arnold, History of the Marquis of Dalhousie's Administration of British India (London, 1862-65); the Duke of Argyll, India Under Dalhousie and Canning (London, 1865); and Trotter, Life of Dalhousie, in the "Statesmen Series" (London, 1889).

DALIN, di′lên, OLAF VON (1708-63). "The Father of modern Swedish poetry,' whose literary maturity is known in Sweden as the 'age of Dalin,' a period of transition from the dominance of German to that of French, and especially English literary ideals. He was born in the Province of Halland, August 29, 1708, the son of a clergyman. He studied at Lund, went to Stockholm as tutor, and entered the civil service in 1731. In 1733 he began to issue anonymously a literary weekly, Svenska Argus, that soon became widely popular for its piquant wit. Dalin announced his editorship, published Thoughts About Criticism; a comedy, The Jealous Man (1738); a tragedy, Brunhild (1739); and the witty Story of the Horse (1739), through which runs a satire on the history of Sweden, following it by another satire on contemporary politics, April Work of Our Glorious Time. Dalin's highest poetic flight is Swedish Freedom (1742), a didactic allegory. In 1751 he was made tutor of the Crown Prince (later King Gustavus III.), and commissioned by Queen Louise Ulrika, sister of Frederick the Great, to write a History of Sweden (4 vols., 1747-62). She also consulted him in establishing the Academy of Arts and Sciences (1753). In this year he was made Privy Councilor, but fell under suspicion of political intrigue and was banished from the Court, to which he returned in 1761, two years before his death at Drottningholm, August 12, Dalin's collected Works (1767) have no

1763.

lasting qualities, but his personal influence was path-breaking and transforming in the national

literature.

DALKEITH, dal-keth'. A market-town of Scotland, six miles southeast of Edinburgh (Map: Scotland, E 4). It has a corn-market, a large and commodious market-hall, erected in 1854; manufactures of carpets, besides ironfoundries, tanneries, and coal-works. There are large coal-mines near by. Dalkeith arose around an ancient castle, which was long a stronghold. It was successively held by the Grahams, the Douglases, the Earls of Morton, and the Earls of Buccleuch. Dalkeith Palace, the chief seat of the Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry, built about 1700 on the site of the old castle, is a large square structure overhanging the North Esk, amid fine grounds in which the two Esks unite. Population (police burgh), in 1901, 6753.

DALL, CAROLINE HEALY (1822-). An American author and philanthropist, born in Boston. She lectured frequently on theological subjects, and on questions associated with the amelioration of conditions affecting woman, and was a founder of the Social Science Association, the constitution of which she framed. For many years she conducted a class in literature and morals at her home in Washington. With Mrs. Pauline Wright Davis she founded Una, a journal devoted to woman's rights, and the pioneer publication of its kind in Boston. The writings of Mrs. Dall are devoted chiefly to a discussion of the rights of woman, and her work entitled The College, the Market, and the Court, or Woman's Relation to Education, Employment, and Citizenship (1867), is a widely known contribution to that subject. Another popular work from her pen is entitled, What We Really Know About Shakespeare (1885; 2d ed. 1886).

DALL, WILLIAM HEALEY (1845-). An American naturalist, born in Boston. He was a special student under Louis Agassiz. In 1865-68 he accompanied the International Telegraph Expe

dition to Alaska, and from 1871 to 1884 he was on the United States Coast Survey of Alaska. In 1880 he became honorary curator of the United States National Museum, and in 1893 professor of invertebrate paleontology at the Wagner Institute of Science, Philadelphia. In 1884-1905 he was paleontologist to the United States Geological Survey. He wrote works on the natural history of Alaska, such as Alaska and its Resources (1870); Reports of the Mollusca of the Blake Expedition (1880-90); Mollusca of the Southwestern Coast of the United States (1890).

DAL'LAS. A town and the county-seat of Paulding County, Ga., 35 miles northwest of Atlanta; on the Southern and the Seaboard Air Line railroads (Map: Georgia, B 2). New Hope Church, four miles from Dallas, was the scene of a sharp conflict (May 25-28, 1864) between the

armies of General Sherman and General Johnston, Population, 1900, 644; 1905 (local census), 1344. DALLAS. A city and the county-seat of Polk County, Ore., 63 miles southwest of Portland; on the Southern Pacific and other railroads, and on La Creole Creek (Map: Oregon, B 5). It is situated in the fertile Willamette Valley, and has considerable trade, and manufactures flour, woolen goods, sashes and doors, organs, foundry products, and tanned leather, the industrial interests being promoted by good water-power. Sandstone is quarried in the vicinity. Dallas was settled in 1849, and in 1891 was chartered as a city. Pop., 1890, 848; 1906 (local est.), 1800.

DALLAS. A city and the county-seat of Dallas County, Tex., 185 miles (direct) northnortheast of Austin, on Trinity River, and on the Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe, the Missouri, Kansas and Texas, the Texas and Pacific, the Houston and Texas Central, the Chicago, Rock Island and Gulf, the St. Louis Southwestern, and the Texas and New Orleans railroads (Map: Texas, F 3). Among noteworthy features are the Roman Catholic Pro-Cathedral of the Sacred Heart, the Protestant Episcopal Cathedral of Saint Matthew, Saint Paul's Sanitarium, with accommodations for 200 patients, the Baptist Memorial Sanitarium, a city hospital, Carnegie Public Library, a court-house, erected at a cost of $300,000, a Confederate monument, and numerous public and

private educational institutions. Dallas has a number of public parks, City Park and Fair Park being of notable beauty. The State Fair and Dallas Exposition is an annual event of more than State-wide reputation. Dallas is in the great grain and cotton belt of the State, and has large manufacturing and commercial interests. The industrial establishments include many factories of cotton-gin machinery, saddlery and harness, cotton-mills, grain-elevators, flour-mills, meatpacking plant, lumber and planing mills, cottoncompresses, cottonseed-oil mills, nurseries, etc. Dallas is one of the largest distributing centres of farming implements and machinery and saddles and harness in the United States. The city is governed by a mayor, elected biennially, and a council, which appoints auditor, city engineer, city secretary, secretary of water-works, and city electrician; all other important offices are filled by popular election. The city's annual income amounts to about $750,000; expenditures to each for the departments of police, fire, and water$575,000, the main items being about $40,000 tion, 1900, 42,638; 1906 (local est.), 82,000. works, and about $90,000 for schools. Popula

DALLAS, ALEXANDER JAMES (1759-1817). An American politician. He was born in the island of Jamaica, was educated at Edinburgh and at Westminster, and in 1783 removed from Jamaica to Philadelphia. In 1785 he was admitted to the bar, and soon became prominent both as a lawyer and a politician. He was Secretary of the Treasury in President Madison's Cabinet from 1814 to 1816, and it was on his recommendation that in 1816 Congress passed an act to incorporate a new United States bank. From 1815 to 1816 he discharged the duties of the War as well as of the Treasury Department. He published Reports of Cases Ruled and Adjudged by the Courts of the United States and of Pennsylvania Before and Since the Revolution (4 vols., 1790-1807); Address to the Society of Constitutional Republicans (1805); and Exposition of the Causes and Character of the War of 1812-15.

DALLAS, GEORGE MIFFLIN (1792-1864). An American statesman and diplomat. He was born in Philadelphia, the son of Alexander J. Dallas; graduated at Princeton in 1810; and accompanied Mr. Gallatin in his special embassy to Saint Petersburg, as private secretary. On his return he practiced law and successively filled, for his native city, the offices of deputy attorney-general, mayor, and district attorney. From 1831 to 1833 he represented Pennsylvania in the United States Senate, and from 1833 to 1835 was Attorney-General of Pennsylvania. In 1837 he was appointed American Minister at Saint Petersburg, but was recalled at his own request in 1839. From 1845 to 1849 he was

Vice-President of the United States, and as such cast the deciding vote for the tariff bill of 1846. From 1856 to 1861 he was Minister to the Court deal with two matters of importance, the Central of Saint James, where he was called upon to American question and the recall of the British both of which threatened for a time to cause Minister at Washington, Sir John Crampton. considerable friction between the British and American governments.

DALLAS, ROBERT CHARLES (1754-1824). An English miscellaneous writer, and a friend of