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of 1400, and is Liberal; the City Liberal, established in 1874, has a membership of 900, and is Liberal.

Among the literary, musical, artistic, and scientific clubs stand out preeminently the Athenæum, founded in 1824 by Sir Walter Scott and Thomas Moore, its members numbering 1200. It is devoted to art, science, and literature. The Press Club, established in 1882, is strictly journalistic; the Garrick, established in 1831, is the home of actors and of the patrons of the drama; the Royal Societies, established in 1894, is composed of 1700 members belonging to the learned associations. The principal clubs patronized by military and naval officers are as follows: The Army and Navy (established in 1837), with 2400 members; and the Junior Army and Navy (established in 1869), with 2000 members, including among them officers of the army, navy, marine, yeomanry, and militia.

The two principal commercial clubs are: the City of London (established in 1832), with a membership of 800, the home of merchants and bankers; and the Gresham (established in 1843), with a membership of 475, and with a like clientèle.

Some of the leading athletic and sporting clubs are: The Alpine (established in 1857), devoted to mountain exploration; the Automobile (established in 1897), and interested in motor locomotion, with a membership of 1036; the Hurlingham, whose members number 1200, devotees of polo and pigeon-shooting. The M. C. C. (Lord's) Club (established in 1787) is the headquarters for cricket, and has a membership of 4700; the Prince's Racquet and Tennis (established in 1833), with a membership of 1500, devoted to the practice of these games; the Renelagh, devoted to polo, golf, etc. (established in 1894), with a membership of 1900. The Leander and the Thames are among the principal rowing clubs in England. The New Oxford and Cambridge, composed of the members of those universities, was established in 1884 for the purpose of bringing graduates of those institutions into closer social relations, and has a membership of 900; the United University, also composed of Oxford and Cambridge men, has the same aim in view; the University for Ladies (established in 1887) is composed of women educated at universities and medical colleges. These are the principal university clubs of England. The Saint James Club, established in 1857, has a membership of 650, and is the rendezvous for diplomats. The Royal Yacht Squadron is the leading yacht club, and is a very exclusive institution. These clubs are all housed in buildings that are remarkable for their architectural magnificence and for the completeness of their interior appointments. They combine the comforts of a home and the service of a hotel without the responsibility of the one or the publicity of the other, and are conducted at a comparatively moderate expense to the individual ́members. Attempts to introduce clubs in Continental Europe long met with little success. In Germany, such associations were discountenanced by law. The first club established in France in 1782 had politics for its main object, and went by the name of 'Le Club Politique.' There were a number of clubs that played an important part in the French Revolution. The three which are most noted and which exercised the greatest

VOL. V.-5.

political influence were the Jacobins, the Feuillants, and the Cordeliers. Purely social clubs have also been established in Paris. First among them are the Jockey Club and the Cercle Royal, the most fashionable and exclusive clubs in Paris. The Club de Boston was established in 1885.

In the United States clubs were first introduced in the latter part of the eighteenth century. The Hoboken Turtle Club, organized in 1797, is still in existence. Such a club was, however, of slight importance in the social life of the town. In the city of New York the pioneer club, in a modern sense, is the Union Club, established in 1836. It is one of the oldest and most exclusive in New York City. Its membership is limited to 1500, and its object is purely social. The Century Club, organized in 1846, has the promotion of art and literature in view. Membership is limited to authors, artists, and amateurs in letters and the fine arts, and must not exceed 1300. The Union League Club was founded in 1863 for the purpose of discountenancing any attempt to impair the integrity of the United States. The New York University Club, composed of college and university graduates, was incorporated in 1865. None except degree-holding persons are eligible for membership. Its aim is literary and artistic. One of the most exclusive clubs in New York, the Knickerbocker, was organized in 1871. Its purpose is purely social. The Lotus Club, organized in 1870, is the home of journalists, authors, artists, musicians, and friends of literature. Resident membership is limited to 500. The Catholic Club of the City of New York has for its primary interest the promotion of Roman Catholic interests in New York, and has existed since 1863. The Calumet, a purely social organization, was established in 1879. Its membership is limited to 500. The Manhattan Club is a powerful factor in Democratic politics of New York. Its membership is limited to 1500, and it has an actual enrolled membership of 1200. It was organized in 1864, in opposition to the Union League Club. The Reform Club has for its object the promotion of good government and the abolition of the protective tariff. It was organized in 1878. The United Service Club was organized in 1889 for the promotion of military science. Membership is limited to military and naval officers. Players' Club was organized in 1888, to promote social intercourse between the different members of the dramatic profession. This club was founded by Edwin Booth, who left the house, with its furniture and pictures, to the associa tion.

The

Social clubs have also been formed exclusively for women. It would seem that these should have a raison d'être, especially in the United States, where ladies' luncheon-parties, at which the company of no man is expected or desired, are so popular. Women's clubs are, however ancient institutions. There were a number of them in ancient Rome, among them an assembly of matrons known as the 'Minor Senate.' This institution received imperial recognition. It was chiefly occupied with questions of etiquette-such as the kind of dress that ladies should wear, according to their social position; the question as to who might be driven in carriages drawn by horses and who should be compelled to drive mules; whose sedanchairs should have ornaments of ivory and whose

of silver, and other weighty problems. The modern ladies' clubs have, therefore, the authority of very ancient example. They would seem to have a reason for existence in the gregarious and social instincts of the sex; but it is probable that the popularity of these clubs has been affected by the admission of ladies to certain of the privileges of the men's clubs-a privilege which renders special clubs for women less necessary.

There is still another class of clubs, such as the Liederkranz and the Arion in New York, the original purpose of which was musical. These clubs have one point of special interest; they are German in their origin rather than English. If the English public-house, to which, of course, it was not the custom to admit women, is to be taken as the origin of the typical club of the present day, the German beer-garden may be viewed as the origin of such clubs as the Liederkranz and the Arion. The German went to the beer-garden in company with his wife and daughter, or his sweetheart; and so, in the modern German clubs of New York, the men are usually accompanied by the women.

It seems to be a recent tendency of clubs, particularly in the United States, to facilitate, so far as is possible, the admission of ladies to club privileges. In many of the clubs it is possible for members to bring ladies to dine-a thing unheard of in England until twenty years ago, and at that time scarcely known in America. The Bachelors' Club in London, founded about twenty years ago, admitted ladies as visitors under certain conditions; and that club is one of the most successful in London. Other clubs have been founded which have the same characteristic; but the innovation has not proved so popu lar in England as in the United States.

The degree to which ladies are to be permitted to share the privileges of men's clubs is becoming an interesting subject. During certain hours the club must, in the nature of things, always remain sacred to men. They cannot have that comfort and unrestraint when ladies are present which they can have by themselves. During the morning hours it is natural that the ladies should be excluded. And there are also many men to whom the presence of women in the clubs in the evening would not be agreeable. The division of men into those who prefer to spend their evenings in their domestic circle and those who prefer to pass them with other men seems to be inevitable and permanent.

As we have seen, the modern club, originating in England, has spread all over the world. It is necessary, of course, that the club in each country shall have to some extent the characteristics of that country. For instance, in a French club, a newcomer must ask to be introduced to the members of the club, that being, in general, the French habit. His failure to do so would be resented by the members. In England, on the contrary, a man newly admitted would never think of asking to be introduced personally to the members. Certain differences between English and American society appear in the club life of the two countries. In general, it may be said that there is greater sociability in American than in English clubs. Indeed, the ideals of club life in the two countries are, or at any rate were, essentially dissimilar. Early in this century Englishmen found that it was possible for an individual to live at a club for £600 a year as

well as he could live at home for £6000. In the club he could have everything that he could have at home except the privacy of his own house. If he could not quite have that, he wished to have something as near it as might be. Hence the original character of the English club was somewhat solitary and unsocial. Another difference between English and American clubs was originally this: The men who founded the great English clubs were either without occupation or at most half employed. The club was, therefore, with them a place to live in and to spend a large part of the day. The American clubs, on the contrary, were originally founded by men fully employed, for purposes of social relaxation. Their early equipment, as a rule, was two or three rooms, where business men could meet outside of business hours and talk. From such a nucleus as this have grown up in our cities the great houses with library, restaurant, billiard-rooms, baths, and other appliances of luxurious living.

The present tendency, however, seems to be for English and American clubs to assimilate in character. In England the clubs have extended through all the classes of the community, so that in many of them membership consists fully as much of business men as it does here. In the United States, on the other hand, the number of unemployed or half employed men is very much on the increase, so that the men who use clubs as places to live in have greatly increased in number. It is said, by those who are in a position to know, that the sociability which has characterized American clubs has extended to these societies in England and is on the increase among them.

Regarded from a legal point of view, a club may be incorporated or unincorporated; but it is essential to its character as a club that it shall not be instituted for trading purposes, and shall not carry on any occupation having gain for its object. Social clubs, as we know them, are of English origin and have usually been unincorporated, the earliest-such as White's, Brooks's, The Beefsteak,' and other celebrated resorts in London-being of the proprietary kind, one person furnishing the club premises and all accessories, in consideration of an entrance fee and fixed annual subscriptions, the members being mere licensees and not co-proprietors. This type of club still survives in England and has of late become quite common in convivial and sporting circles in New York, Chicago, San Francisco, and other large cities of the United States. Gam ing clubs are usually conducted on this principle.

The more usual and familiar type of club at the present time, however, is the 'members' club,' in which the persons constituting the association are, by virtue of their membership, coowners of the property of the club and equally entitled to share in its privileges. The legal relation between the members is that of mutual contracting parties, the terms of the agreement creating their mutual rights and obligations being contained in the articles of association and in the rules and regulations adopted thereunder. These articles and rules also fix the powers and determine the authority of the governing board and other officers and committees of the club, each member being bound to submit to such authority by his express or implied assent to the rules and regular proceedings of the club. Every new member becomes a party to the con

tract of association, whether he formally subscribes to its articles or not, though it is usual to make such subscription.

The proceedings of social clubs have not often come before the courts for review, and when they have, it has usually been in connection with the exercise of the right of expulsion of an obnoxious or offending member. This is generally provided for and regulated by the rules of the club, and, in general, it may be said that any member who brings himself by his conduct within the condemnation of the rules may be expelled in the manner provided by them, or, in the absence of any express provision, by the vote of a majority of its members. But the courts are not blind to the serious consequences of an expulsion, especially in the forfeiture of the property rights which it involves, and will see that the offending member has fair play. He is entitled to a hear ing and to reasonable notice, whether the rules of the club provide for it or not. The governing committee is a quasi-judicial tribunal and must act as such. But if the proceedings have been regular and fairly conducted, the courts will usually make no further inquiry. They will not, under ordinary circumstances, undertake to control the discretion of the åssociation or its committee, or to determine what is and what is not proper conduct on the part of a member. Doubt less, however, if it appeared to the court that a member against whom proceedings have been taken was the victim of unreasonable prejudice or of a conspiracy, it might order his reinstatement.

Generally speaking, the individual members of unincorporated clubs are not liable for the debts of the concern, unless they have authorized the transactions out of which such debts arose-a voluntary club not being a partnership and no agency being presumed; but the assent necessary to bind the members individually may be given by resolution under the rules. Of course, where no agency or ratification can be shown, the steward or house committee or other officer making or directing a purchase becomes personally liable upon the obligation incurred, the club, as such, having no legal status. An incorporated club, however, like any other corporation, may sue and be sued in its corporate capacity; and its officers and members, so long as they have complied with the law, are equally free from individual liability for its debts. For this and other reasons it has become a common practice to incorporate clubs of this character. But incorpo ration does not involve the existence of a capital stock, in the ordinary sense of that term, nor of corporate shares, nor has a club-member usually a transferable interest. (For a remarkable exception to this rule, see STOCK EXCHANGE.) For the dissolution of an incorporated club, legal proceedings are necessary; but a voluntary, unincorporated association may be dissolved informally by mutual agreement of its members, and thereupon the property of the club is distributed equally among them.

Although a club is not a place of public entertainment, i.e. neither a tavern nor a hotel, within the meaning of excise legislation, it may nevertheless be brought by statute under public regulation. Of course, the proprietor of a 'proprietary club' is subject to the same laws as any other persons buying and selling intoxicating liquors. It has been heid, however, that the fur

nishing of wine, beer, etc., to a member of a 'member's club' is not 'giving or selling' liquors within the excise laws. A club may also be a common gambling-house under the law if its members in considerable numbers habitually congregate there for purposes of gaming. See CORPORATION; JOINT STOCK ASSOCIATION; VOLUNTARY ASSOCIATION; and the authorities there referred to. See, also, BOYS' CLUBS; GIRLS' CLUBS; WOMEN'S CLUBS; WORKING MEN'S CLUBS; WORKING WOMEN'S CLUBS. Consult also Wertheimer, Law Relating to Clubs (2d ed., London, 1889).

CLUB, THE. A group of discontented Whigs in the Scotch Convention of Estates, led by Montgomery, Annandale, Ross, and Hume, 168990, who temporarily blocked all legislation.

CLUBFOOT (in Lat., talipes). A deformity of the foot, due to a distortion of one or more of the joints, and characterized by extreme extension, flexion, adduction, abduction, or rotation. Surgeons recognize several varieties: a turning in of the foot (talipes varus), a turning out (talipes valgus), an elevation of the heel so that the weight is borne on the ball of the foot and the toes (talipes equinus), and a depression of the heel with the front of the foot raised from the ground (talipes calcaneus). Two of these forms are frequently combined (equinovarus). We may also mention here the deformities flatfoot (pes planus), where the arch of the foot is lost, and its opposite (pes cavus), where this arch is unduly exaggerated.

Clubfoot is either congenital or acquired. When acquired, the deformity is usually due to infantile paralysis (anterior poliomyelitis). The changes involve the muscles, tendons, bones, and ligaments. The treatment is manual, mechanical, or operative. Considerable improvement can be obtained in congenital cases by the first method, but those of long standing require splints or special apparatus, or surgical interference with sections of the tendons and frequently removal of parts of the bones. The first operation for clubfoot was done in 1731, by Stromeyer. Consult Gould and Pyle, article "Talipes," in Cyclopedia of Medicine and Surgery (Philadelphia, 1901).

CLUBHAND.

in which the hand is closed or bent backward or to A rare congenital deformity, one side. Defective development of the bones of

the wrist coëxists, and other malnutrition is apparent in the child, who rarely survives.

CLUB-HOUSE. A building used as the headquarters of a club. The club-houses of England and the United States are, for architecture and comfort, one of the foremost classes of contemporary buildings.

CLUB-MOSS or GROUND PINE. Certain species of Lycopodium and Selaginella, resembling coarse mosses, and frequently bearing club-like cones (strobili) of spore-bearing leaves. See LYCOPODIALES; PTERIDOPHYTES.

CLUBROOT, or ANBURY. A disease to which turnips, cabbages, cauliflowers, rutabagas, and allied plants are liable, and which often proves of serious importance to farmers, destroying the crop of entire fields. It is called clubroot because of the knobs or tubercular excrescences which form upon the root. The root often becomes divided into a number of parts, each in some small degree swelling separately by itself; whence the popular name, 'finger-and-toe disease.'

The disease is caused by Plasmodiophora brassice, a fungus of low order, which multiplies with great rapidity in the cells of the host. This acts as a stimulus, causing the roots to assume their strange appearance. The fungus can remain in the soil for a number of years. On this account, care should be taken to rotate crops, so that no cruciferous plants shall be grown on the infested land for several years. The seed-bed is often a source from which the disease is spread, and it should receive attention. The application of lime to contaminated soil, at the rate of 75 bushels per acre, has given promising results. No cure is known.

CLUB-RUSH. See SCIRPUS.
CLUGNY. See CLUNY.

CLUMBER SPANIEL. See SPANIEL; and Plate of TERRIERS, SPANIELS, ETC., under DOG. CLUMSY, SIR TUNBELLY. A boorish country squire in Vanbrugh's play The Relapse. He also appears in Sheridan's Trip to Scarborough.

CLUNCH. Old Madge's husband in Peele's Old Wives' Tale, who brings home three travelers to form an audience for his loquacious better half.

CLUʼNIACS, or CONGREGATION OF CLUNY. A branch of the Benedictine Order, founded at Cluny in France about 910, by William, Duke of Aquitaine. He placed at its head Berno, who had made a great reputation by his conduct as abbot of the monasteries of Gigny and Baume. It spread rapidly, and at one time had more than 2000 convents, mainly in Italy and France, all connected with the house at Cluny. In England

the first Cluniac house was founded in 1077. At the time of the suppression of the monasteries there were thirty-two houses. The Congregation in France was dissolved in 1790 by the Constituent Assembly; the town of Cluny purchased the magnificent Abbey Church for 100,000 francs and pulled it down. When, a few years later, the citizens invited Napoleon to visit them, he dismissed them contemptuously, calling them vandals. In Paris the present Hôtel de Cluny was begun in the fifteenth century (on the site of the old palace of the early Frankish kings) by the Congregation of Cluny, but is now a rich museum owned by the city of Paris. The Congregation was reformed by Peter the Venerable (q.v.), and in 1131 Innocent II. dedicated the great church of Cluny, which was one of the wonders of the world. Among the great men whom the Congregation has produced are Popes Gregory VII., Urban II., and Paschal II.

CLUNY, klu̟'nê', or CLUGNY (Lat. Clunia cum, probably connected with OIr. chain, Ir. clon, meadow, Gk. «λéπos, klepos, moisture, Lith. szlápias, wet). A town in the Department of Saône-et-Loire, France, 12 miles northwest of Macon. It has manufactures of pottery, paper, etc. Population, in 1901, 4108. Its architectural attractions include, besides the celebrated abbey, the Church of Notre Dame, dating from the thirteenth century; the Church of Saint Marcel, with a beautiful Romanesque steeple of the twelfth century; the ruins of Saint Mayeul; portions of the ancient fortifications; and picturesque houses, dating from the twelfth century and later, all classed among the historical monuments of France. Before the erection of Saint Peter's at Rome, the Abbey Church at Cluny, which was begun in 1089, was the largest building of its kind

in Europe, being 650 feet long by 130 wide. It is now in ruins, having been destroyed by order of the town, to which it was sold after the convent was suppressed by the Constituent Assembly in 1790. (See CLUNIACS.) A model of it is preserved in the town museum, which was once a part of the abbot's palace. Consult: Bernard, Les chartes de l'abbaye de Cluny (Paris, 187694); Duckett, The Archives of the Ancient Abbey of Cluny (n.p. 1886).

edifice in Paris, built during the fifteenth and CLUNY, klu'ne', HÔTEL DE. A fine Gothic sixteenth centuries by the abbots of the Benedictine Abbey of Cluny, on the site of an ancient Roman palace. In 1515 it was occupied by Mary, the widow of Louis XII., and in 1537 James V. of Scotland was married in it. It passed into the hands of the nation after the Revolution, was acquired in 1833 by the antiquarian Du Sommerard, and in 1842 was purchased with its collections by the State. The museum established in it is important for its antiquities, particularly of France.

CLUPE'IDÆ (Neo-Lat. nom. pl., from Lat. clupea, small river-fish + Gk. eldos, eidos, shape, form). An important family of soft-rayed fishes, including the herring, shad, sardines, alewives, etc. (q.v.). The body is usually elongated and compressed; the head naked; the body covered with rather large scales, usually easily lost. The lateral line is wanting. There is only one dorsal fin, and the tail is forked. There are about 30 genera and 150 species found in all seas, and usually in immense shoals. Many species are anadromous, while some remain in fresh water permanently. See FISHERIES and FISH CULTURE.

CLUSERET, klu̟'z'-râ', GUSTAVE PAUL (18231900). A French soldier and Communist, born in Paris. He was educated at Saint-Cyr, distinguished himself during the insurrection of 1848 in Paris, served in the Crimean War and in Africa against the Kabyles, and became a captain in 1855. In 1858 he resigned his commission, and in 1860, as commander of the French volunteers, joined Garibaldi in the expedition to Sicily and Naples. At the outbreak of the Ameri

can Civil War in 1861 he came to the United States, entered the Union Army, served on the staffs of McClellan and Frémont, and became brigadier-general in 1862. Two years later he was editor of The New Nation in New York, advocating the nomination of Frémont for the Presidency. Returning to Europe, he took part

in the Fenian revolt of 1867, went back to France in the same year and wrote for several radical papers, but was condemned for certain publications and compelled to take refuge in England. On the proclamation of the Republic in September, 1870, he took part in the insurrectionary attempts at Lyons and Marseilles, whence he fled to Geneva. In January, 1871. we find him in Paris where, after the establishment of the Commune, he was appointed delegate of the War Department, and endeavored to improve the military organization of the Communist troops, but soon gave offense to the Central Committee, was accused of treachery, and was imprisoned at Mazas. When the Government troops entered Paris, he escaped to England, thence to Mexico, and finally to Switzerland. In 1872, during his absence, he was formally sentenced to death; he returned to France in 1881, two years after the amnesty, and

was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1888, 1889, and 1893. He died August 21, 1900, near Toulon. He published Mémoires du général Cluseret (1887-88).

CLUSIUM, klooʻshi-um. An ancient town of Italy, the modern Chiusi (q.v.).

CLUSTER-CUP. See ÆCIDIUM; UREDINALES. CLUSTERED PIER, or COLUMN, or COMPOUND PIER. A form of architectural support characteristic of the Middle Ages, though not absolutely unknown to the ancient East, as is shown by the Babylonian cluster of four columns found at Telloh. It was not used in the Classic, Early Christian, or Byzantine style, nor until the development of the vaulted Romanesque in the eleventh century. It probably originated in the attempt to vary the plain square pier which was then being used in place of the classic column, and to connect it with moldings of the arcades and the ribs of the vaulting. These Romanesque piers had a square or rectangular core, to each face of which a semi-column or engaged shaft was attached; this simplest form was varied by the addition of minor shafts and reentrant angles. Very rich effects were thus obtained, especially in central France and Eng land during the twelfth century. The developed Gothic style of the thirteenth century adopted the clustered pier as its regular support in interior architecture. The Gothic pier differed in being usually far slenderer, more varied in plan, and in a majority of cases based on a circular or polygonal instead of a square core. The larger shafts were sometimes especially in England-separated from the core, to which they were fastened only at the base and at the capital and by intermediary molded bands. But this form was found unsatisfactory and was abandoned except in England for the solid pier, which was a better support. Its simplest form

with circular core is shown in the nave of

Amiens Cathedral, but its variations are infinite, being determined largely by the number, form, the grouping of the vaulting ribs and moldings above, by connecting with which the effective sweep of architectural lines is continued from floor to vaulting ridge. The neo-classicism of the Renaissance put an end to the clustered pier almost entirely except in its simplest rectangu lar forms.

CLUTTERBUCK, CAPTAIN CUTHBERT. A retired officer, the fictitious editor of Scott's The Abbot, The Monastery, and The Fortunes of Nigel.

CLUVER, kloo’vēr, or CLÜVER, klu’vēr, PHILIPP (1580-1622). A German antiquarian and geographer, born in Danzig. He first studied law in Leyden, but soon forsook it for archæ ology and geography, whereupon his father withdrew all support and he was obliged to take service in the Austrian Army. From 1607 to 1613 he traveled through Norway, England, Scotland, France, Germany, Switzerland, and Italy, and in 1615 he settled in Leyden, where he was made "Geographus Academicus.' In 1617-18 he roamed once more through Italy and Sicily, on foot and under great hardship. He was the founder of historical geography and author of Germania Antiqua (1616); Sicilia Antiqua (1619); Italia Antiqua (1624), his principal work, and Introductio in Universam Geographiam (1624).

CLYDE (called Glotta by Tacitus, connected with OIr. Cluad, name of a river, Gk. Kλúšev, klyzein, to wash out, Lat. cluere, to purify, Goth. hlutrs, AS. hluttor, Ger. lauter, pure). The third in size, commercially the most important, river in Scotland, widely celebrated for the romantic beauty of its scenery (Map: Scotland, D 4). It is formed by several large streams of the semicircular range of the Lead, Lowther, and Renfrew, and Dumbarton, flowing past Lanark, Moffat hills, and drains the counties of Lanark, Hamilton, Glasgow, Renfrew, and Dumbarton, near which town it opens into the Firth of Clyde. and flows through a fertile, wooded valley, In this course it receives a number of streams, often extending into level plains, and often having bold, wooded banks. From two miles above to four miles below Lanark are the celebrated Falls of the Clyde-a series of cascades and rapids, the largest in Scotland; the total descent in the course of six miles being 230 feet, over Old Red Sandstone rocks, amid very picturesque scenery. Corra Linn, the grandest fall, forms three distinct leaps-in all 84 feet high. Below Glasgow the Clyde expands into an estuary, navigable by the largest vessels, and at Greenock it this point it communicates with the Gareloch, and attains a breadth of about four miles. Opposite a little below, with Loch Long on the north, and turning, expands into the Firth of Clyde, which extends between Argyle, on the west, and Renidentified with the North Channel at the island frew and Ayrshire, on the east, until it becomes of Ailsa Craig, where its breadth is about 30

miles. In the Firth of Clyde are the islands Arran, Bute, Great Cumbrae, and Little Cumbrae. In the north a narrow arm, called Loch Fyne, extends far into Argyllshire. The Clyde from its source to Glasgow is, by its windings, 75 miles long, and from Glasgow to the south end of the peninsula of Cantire the distance is about 90 miles. The basin of the Clyde occupies 1500 square miles. Floods sometimes raise its waters 20 feet. Clydesdale, or the Valley of the Clyde, is noted for its coal and iron mines, orchards, and horses. Bell, in 1812, launched on the Clyde the first boat in Europe successfully propelled by building industry in Scotland. Consult Millar, steam. The Clyde forms the centre of the shipThe Clyde from Its Source to the Sea (London,

1888).

CLYDE, LORD. See CAMPBELL, SIR COLIN.

CLYDE’BANK. A town in Dumbartonshire, Scotland, on the Clyde, 7 miles northwest of Glasgow (Map: Scotland, D 4). It has extensive yards for building iron and steel ships.

Population (police burgh), in 1901, 18,654.

CLYDESDALE or PAISLEY TERRIER. See TERRIER.

CLYM (klim) OF THE CLOUGH, klŭf. See CLIM.

CLYMENE, klim'ê-nê. (1) The daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, and mother, by Japetus, of Atlas, Prometheus, and Epimetheus. (2) The mother of Phaethon.

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