Zoology (London, 1887); "Revision of the Astacida," Memoirs Museum Comparative Zoology, vol. x., No. 4 (Cambridge, Mass., 1885).

CRAWFORD, FRANCIS MARION (1854-). An American novelist, chiefly resident in Europe. He was born at Bagni di Lucca, Italy, a son of the sculptor Thomas Crawford. Of cosmopolitan education in America, England, and Germany, his first literary venture was as editor of the Allahabad Indian Herald (1879-80). His voluminous fiction was begun by Mr. Isaacs, a story of modern India (1882). The more significant of its frequent successors are Dr. Claudius (1883), A Roman Singer (1884), Zoroaster (1885), A Tale of Lonely a Parish (1886), Saracinesca (1887), Paul Patoff (1887), Greifenstein (1889), Sant' Ilario (1889), A Cigarette Maker's Romance (1890), The Witch of Prague (1891), Don Orsino (1892), Pietro Ghisleri (1893), The Ralstons (1894), Casa Braccio (1895), Corleone (1897), Via Crucis (1899), In the Palace of the King (1900), Marietta, a Maid of Venice (1901); The Heart of Rome (1903); Whosoever Shall Offend (1904); Soprano, a Portrait (1905); and Salve Venetia, 2 vols. (New York, 1906). Historical and deseriptive are Constantinople, Ave Roma Immortalis (1898), and Rulers of the South (1900). In 1893 he published a slight brochure, entitled The Novel: What It Is. The Saracinesca series, stories of modern Rome, is generally regarded as his most important performance. His strictly American fiction is less popular.

CRAWFORD, GEORGE WASHINGTON (17981872). An American lawyer and statesman. He was born in Georgia, graduated at Princeton in 1820, and in 1822 was admitted to the bar. From 1827 to 1831, he was State Attorney-General, and from 1837 to 1842, with the exception of one year, was a member of the State Legislature. In 1843 he was in Congress, in 1843 and 1845 was elected Governor of Georgia, and from 1849 to 1850 was Secretary of War in President Taylor's

Cabinet.

CRAWFORD, ISABELLA VALANCY (1851-87). A Canadian poet. She was born in Dublin, Ireland, went to Ontario as a child, and lived at Peterboro and Toronto. She wrote verse showing marked originality and intense lyrical power, comprised mostly in Old Spookses' Pass, Malcolm's Katie, and Other Poems (1884).

CRAWFORD, LORD. The captain of the Scottish archers, the body-guard of Louis XI., in Scott's Quentin Durward.

CRAWFORD, NATHANIEL MACON (1811-71). An American educator, born in Georgia. He graduated at the University of Georgia in 1829, taught mathematics, and became a Baptist minister. In 1846 he was appointed professor of theology in Mercer University, becoming president of this institution in 1856. He accepted the presidency of Georgetown College, in Kentucky, in 1865, and remained in this position almost to the time of his death. He published Christian Paradoxes.

CRAWFORD, THOMAS (1814-57). An American sculptor, born in New York, March 22, 1814. He was a contemporary of Hiram Powers, and, like him, passed much of his time in Rome, where his studio was the resort of travelers and lovers of art. He studied in Rome under Thorwaldsen. His life was comparatively short, but

he has left many interesting examples of his work. Munich was especially appreciative of his art, and celebrated the casting of two of his large statues by impromptu festivals. His bronze monument to Washington (Richmond, Va.), in Munich, was after his death completed by Randolph Rogers. He died in London, October 16, 1857. Among his principal works are the "Statue of Beethoven," placed in the Boston Music Hall, and "The Indian," to be seen in the New York Historical Society. His "Orpheus," "Adam and Eve After the Expulsion," and a bust of Josiah Quincy, are in the Boston Athenæum. The figure of "Liberty," on the Capitol in Washington, is his, and he designed the pediment and bronze doors of this building. Among his smaller works are "Flora," "Mercury and Psyche," "Daughters of Herodias," and "Aurora." Crawford executed many bas-reliefs, and eighty-seven of his plaster casts were presented by his wife to the Commissioners of Central Park, who arranged them in a building for public exhibition.

CRAWFORD, WILLIAM (1732-82). An American soldier, born in Berkeley County, Va. He was for a time assistant surveyor to George Washington, and he served as ensign of Virginia Rifles in the French and Indian War. He accompanied Braddock's luckless expedition against Fort Duquesne in 1755, and in 1776 was appointed lieutenant-colonel of the Fifth Virginia Regiment. In 1781 he resigned from the army with the rank of colonel. At the request of Washington, and of General Irvine, he assumed command in 1782 of an expedition against the Delaware and Wyandot Indians near the Sandusky River, who had long devastated the frontier. On June 4, on the plains northeast of the present site of Sandusky, he encountered a combined force of about three hundred Indians and British soldiers from Detroit. His troops having been discouraged by the accession of reinforcements to the enemy, he ordered a retreat which soon became the main body, captured by a band of Delawares, a confused flight. He was himself separated from

and burned at the stake amid fearful torture. tionary record, his leadership on this occasion Notwithstanding his wholly creditable RevoluButterfield, Expedition Against Sandusky (Cinappears scarcely to have been efficient. Consult: cinnati, 1873); Roosevelt, The Winning_of_the West, vol. ii. (New York, 1896); and Hill, "Crawford's Campaign," in Magazine of Western History (Chicago, 1885).

CRAWFORD, WILLIAM HARRIS (1772-1834). An American politician. He was born in Amherst, Va., February 24, 1772, but removed with his parents to South Carolina in 1779, and to Georgia in 1783, where, in 1798, he was admitted to the bar. In 1802 he was chosen a member of the State Senate, and in 1807 was chosen to fill a vacancy in the United States Senate. During the canvass he fought two duels, in the first of which he killed a man, while in the second he was himself wounded. He was elected to the Senate in 1811, and in 1812 was chosen president pro tempore of that body. He at first opposed, but finally supported, the war with England. In 1813 he was appointed Minister to France, where he became a general favorite, and in particular was an intimate friend of Lafayette. In 1815 he was made Secretary of War, and the next year Secretary of the Treasury, an office which he retained until

1825. Crawford had been a candidate for the Presidential nomination in 1816, and now thought himself entitled to succeed Monroe as President, and was regularly nominated by the Congressional caucus which was then controlled by him; but the caucus system was then temporarily superseded (see CAUCUS), and there were four other candidates against him-Calhoun, John Quincy Adams, Jackson, and Clay. Calhoun was pacified with the Vice-Presidency, to which he was chosen by 182 out of 260 votes. There was no choice for President, the vote being: Jackson, 99; Adams, 84; Crawford, 41; Clay, 37. About the time of the election Crawford was stricken with paralysis, from which he never wholly recovered. His condition rendered it impossible to consider him a candidate when the election came to be decided in the House of Representatives, although, even in such a condition, he received four of the twenty-four votes. From this time Crawford was out of the political field. He served as judge of the northern circuit of Georgia from 1827 until his death, which occurred September 15, 1834.

CRAWFORD, WILLIAM HENRY (1855-). An American educator, born at Wilton Center, Ill. He graduated at the Northwestern University and the Garrett Biblical Institute, and became a minister in the Methodist Episcopal Church. He was appointed professor of historical theology in the Gammon Theological Seminary, Atlanta, Ga., in 1889, and in 1893 became president of Allegheny College (Meadville, Pa.).

CRAWFORD AND BALCAR'RES, ALEXANDER WILLIAM CRAWFORD LINDSAY, Earl of (1812-80). An English author. After graduating at Cambridge, he traveled extensively in Egypt and Asia Minor. He took a considerable interest in astronomical investigations, and the expedition to the island of Mauritius in 1874, to observe the transit of Venus, was organized by him. For some inexplicable reason, his body was stolen shortly after its burial at Dunecht, and was not discovered until about fourteen months

later in the woods near by. Among his principal publications may be mentioned: Letters on Egypt, Edom, and the Holy Land (1838); Sketches of the History of Christian Art (2d ed., 1885); Argo, or the Conquest of the Golden Fleece, an epic in ten books (1876).

CRAWFORD NOTCH. A defile in the White Mountains, New Hampshire, at an elevation of 1915 feet, between Mount Webster and Mount Willey, each about 4000 feet high. The Saco River, entering through a narrow passage, traverses the Notch, which is remarkable for its impressive rock scenery.

CRAWFORDSVILLE. A city and the county-seat of Montgomery County, Ind., 43 miles west-northwest of Indianapolis; on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis, the Vandalia, and other railroads (Map: Indiana, C 2). It is the seat of Wabash College, established in 1832, and contains a fine county court-house and a public library. The city has manufactures of matches, paving bricks, burial furnishings, electrical goods, flour, foundry products, barbed wire, etc. Settled in 1822, Crawfordsville was incorporated in 1865, and is governed under a charter of that date, which provides for a mayor, elected every four years, and a city council. Population, 1900, 6649.

CRAWFURD, JOHN (1783-1868). A Scottish Orientalist, born in the island of Islay, Hebrides. He went as a physician to India, and served for five years in the army of the Northwest Provinces. Transferred to Penang, Malay Peninsula, he acquired a knowledge of the Malay language, which proved valuable on the occasion of Lord Minto's conquest of Java (1811). From 1811 to 1817 he held various posts in Java, from 1823 to 1826 administered the government of Singapore, and subsequently was sent on a difficult diplomatic mission to the Court of Ava. He published, in addition to an account of this mission (1829), a valuable Grammar and Dictionary of the Malay Language (1852), and a Descriptive Dictionary of the Indian Islands and Adjacent Countries (1856).

CRAWL-A-BOTTOM. A local name in the

Mississippi Valley for two small fishes: (1) The largest of the darters (Hadropterus nigrofasciatus). See DARTER. (2) The hog-sucker or stone-roller (q.v.).

CRAW'LEY. The family name of several characters in Thackeray's Vanity Fair.

(1) SIR PITT CRAWLEY, the elder, of Queens Crawley, a rich, close-fisted old country squire, who proposed to Becky Sharp, but, as she was already married, contented himself with an intrigue with his butler's daughter, Miss Horrocks. (2) SIR PITT, the younger, his son; a coldhearted prig, immersed in Parliamentary blue books. (3) COLONEL RAWDON, brother of Sir Pitt (the younger), and husband of Becky Sharp. He was a gambler and a roué, but his belief in his wife to the moment when her guilt seemed undeniable, and his love for his boy, cover the multitude of his sins. (4) REVEREND BUTE, brother of old Sir Pitt. A country clergyman of the old, port-drinking, hard-riding school, whose wife wrote his sermons for him. (5) MISS CRAWLEY, sister of Sir Pitt and Mr. Bute, for whose £70,000 all the family scheme.

CRAW'SHAW, WILLIAM HENRY (1861—). An American educator and author, born at New

burgh, N. Y. He graduated in 1887 at Colgate University and in the same year was appointed professor of English literature at that university, of whose faculty he became dean in 1897. He has published an edition of Dryden's Palamon and Arcite (Boston, 1898); and two excellently suggestive little works in criticism: The Interpretation of Literature (1896), and Literary Interpretation of Life (1900).

CRAYER, kri'er, Fr. pron. krâ'ya', GASPAR DE (1584-1669). A Flemish historical and portrait painter, born in Antwerp. He lived for many years in Drussels, and in 1664 went to Ghent, for the churches of which he painted more than twenty altar-pieces. His works are to be found throughout Flanders and Brabant. Their main characteristics are vigor and boldness of design, and care and truthfulness in execution. Among the most important of them are: "Glorification of Saint Catharine" (in Saint Michael's, Ghent); "The Miraculous Draught of Fishes," "Adoration of the Shepherds" (Brussels Museum): "Decapitation of Saint John the Baptist" (Ghent Cathedral); "Judgment of Solomon," and "Martyrdom of Saint Blasius" (1668), his last work, both in the Ghent Museum. He was a contemporary of Rubens, and an admirable portrait painter in his own style, which differs

materially from that of the great colorists, partaking rather of the drier manner of the German School.

CRAYON (Fr. crayon, from craie, chalk, from Lat. creta, chak). A term usually applied to pencils made of charcoal, pipe-clay, or chalk, colored with various pigments and used for drawing on paper, wood, or other materials. Blackboard crayons are made largely of chalk, while black crayons are composed of pipe-clay and lampblack. Those used for drawing on lithographic limestone are commonly made of a mixture of wax, lampblack, soap, and resin. Pastel is a mixture of chalk and coloring materials, worked into a paste with gum water. The vegetable colors used are turmeric, litmus, saffron, and sap-green, but should in every case be free from acid, as the latter reacts on the chalk. Vienna white, used by artists, is simply purified chalk. Red chalk is made from an ochery clay, that is, one containing much iron oxide. Briançon chalk and French chalk are popular names for soapstone, which is very different from chalk in its composition, being a silicate of magnesia. See CHALK; PENCILS. CRAYON, GEOFFREY. The nom-de-plume adopted by Washington Irving, in The SketchBook, etc.

CRAZY CASTLE, THE. The nickname of Skelton Castle, the house of John Hall Stevenson, a kinsman of Sterne and the Eugenius of Tristram Shandy. He wrote a series of broad stories, called Crazy Tales, whence the name given to his house. For further information, consult Bagehot, Literary Studies, ii. (London, 1879).

CREAKLE, krē'k'l, Mr. The bullying master of Salem House, in Dickens's David Copperfield, the school to which David was sent.

CREAM (OF. cresme, Fr. crême, from Lat. cremor, thick juice). The thick, light yellow substance, rich in fat, which rises to the surface of milk on standing. The methods of creaming milks, by setting and by the separator, are described under BUTTER-MAKING. The composition of cream is influenced by the method and condition of creaming, and varies within wide limits. Cream contains the same constituents as milk, but in very different proportions. The fat may vary from 10 to 70 per cent.; good cream for buttermaking, or for household use, contains from 18 to 25 per cent. of fat, and very rich cream from 35 to 40 per cent. The richness of cream raised by the separator can be regulated at will. Cream is sometimes thickened artificially by adding gelatin, isinglass, etc. Cream which has been pasteurized, or heated to prevent souring, loses some of its thickness or viscosity, and the addition of sucrate of lime has been proposed to make it whip better. The famous clotted or clouted' cream of Devonshire, England, is prepared by heating milk which has stood for twenty-four hours in a shallow pan over a slow charcoal fire for a half to three-quarters of an hour, without boiling, allowing it to stand for twenty-four hours, and then skimming off the cream, which is sprinkled with sugar.

CREAMERY. A factory where butter is made from milk or cream, furnished by the farmers of the neighborhood. It is an American institution, and originated in New York about 1864, being suggested by the success of the cheesefactory (q.v.), which had been in operation for

several years. Within the past fifteen or twenty years the growth of the creamery system has been very rapid, and creameries are now thickly distributed over the principal dairy regions. They differ in their form of organization, and also in the method of operation. Cooperative factories are owned by the farmers ('patrons'), who supply the milk, and who choose from their own number a managing committee, or board. The cost of running the factory, and the proceeds of sales, are divided pro rata according to the milk, cream, or butter-fat contributed. This is the oldest and in many respects the most desirable form of organization. In the joint-stock and proprietary creameries the milk or cream is bought of the farmers under a contract, or the factory may make butter and dispose of it for its patrons for a fixed charge per pound. The milk may be delivered at the creamery, where the cream is separated by power, the farmers receiving the skim milk for feeding; or the cream may be raised or separated by the farmers themselves and sent to the factory every two or three days. The latter are called 'gathered-cream creameries.' The cream-gathering plan originated in Wisconsin, and was the basis upon which creameries were established in New England, where it continues popular. The cream is raised by gravity usually, in deep cans, and is paid for by the 'space. This measure has been shown to be an unreliable one, as the value of a space of cream for butter-making varies widely; and payment on the basis of the fat furnished, as determined by test, is beginning to be adopted.

The

Where the whole milk is furnished to the creamery, it is delivered daily, which involves a great deal of labor in hauling. In almost all cases the hauling devolves upon the milk-producer; often the farmers living near together cooperate in this, or contract with some person who makes a business of doing the hauling. milk was formerly paid for by the pound, this being a convenient means of measurement; but the injustice of this to the producers of rich milk, and the introduction of the Babcock milk test, have led to payment on the basis of the butter-fat. The milk of each patron is weighed as it is received and a sample taken for testing; usually the samples for a week or so are combined into a composite, to reduce the labor of testing. From the amount of milk delivered, and the fat content, the amount of butter-fat furnished by each patron is calculated at the end of the month. In most of the leading creamery districts the separator factory is now the favorite system. In many places these creameries have located 'skimming stations' at points convenient for the patrons, where the milk is run through the separator, and the cream then taken to the creamery. This reduces the labor of hauling to a minimum. The system of making butter at creameries is, in many respects, a vast improvement over the ordinary farm dairy practice. The use of machinery reduces the cost of butter-making, and the milk and cream are handled by experienced butter-makers according to the most approved methods. The result is a uniform product, equal to the best of the single dairies, and a great improvement over the average, which sells for a high price. Furthermore, there is less loss of fat in making than at farm dairies, and hence a larger quantity of butter is produced from the same cows. The labor and expense of making

and marketing the butter are removed from the farms and households. Creameries have been of great advantage to the farmers where they are located, and the payment for milk on its fat content has stimulated the farmers to keep better and more profitable cows. Some of the more modern creameries have a very large capacity. The Franklin County Creamery, at Saint Albans, Vt., was formerly the largest in the country, having a capacity of five or six tons of butter a day. There are now a considerable number equally as large, and several much larger, running up to fifteen tons of butter a day in some cases. A large creamery in Nebraska has over 100 skimming stations connected with it. In the Elgin district in Illinois creameries using 10,000 pounds of milk a day are quite common. BUTTER-MAKING.

CREAM-NUT. See BRAZIL-NUT.

See

CREAM OF TARTAR (OF. tartre, from ML. tartarum. MGk. Tápтapov, tartaron, tartar, probably from Lat. Tartarus, Gk. Táprapos, Tartaros; hardly a corruption of Ar. durd, dregs, from darida, to lose the teeth). A potassium bitartrate that is contained in argol (q.v.), and is prepared by dissolving the argol in hot water and removing any coloring matter by means of clay or egg-albumen; the cream of tartar is then separated from the filtered solution by crystallization, and may be purified by crystallization. Cream of tartar is a white crystalline compound that is soluble in water, and is used in medicine as a refrigerant and purgative. With sodium bicarbonate it is used as a substitute for yeast in raising bread. It is also the source of tartaric acid and of tartrates.

re

CREASY, krēʼsi, Sir EDWARD SHEPHERD (181278). An English historian, born at Bexley, Kent. He became fellow of King's College, Cambridge, in 1834, and in 1837 was called to the bar. In 1840 he was appointed professor of modern and ancient history in the University of London, and in 1860 Chief Justice of Ceylon. He is most widely known for his Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World (1852), a work which has been very favorably received alike by the critic and the general reader. His other works, less known, but in many cases of almost equal merit, include an Historical and Critical Account of the Several Invasions of England (1852); History of the Ottoman Turks (1854-56); and Imperial and Colonial Constitutions of the British Empire (1872).

CREATIN. See KREATIN.

CREATININ, krê-ǎt'î-nin. See KREATININ. CREATION (Lat. creatio, from creare, to create; connected with crescere, to grow, Gk. κόρος, koros, youth, Goth. hairda, Ger. Herde, Eng. herd, OIr. carn, heap, Arm. ser, species, Skt. sardha, Ar. sarāda, species), THE. The act of the Supreme Being in bringing the universe into existence, and specifically the account of the divine activity contained in the Book of Genesis. According to this account God created the heavens and the earth' by successive acts throughout a period of six days. On the first day light was produced and day and night divided; on the second day the firmament (q.v.) was created and the waters separated; on the third day the dry land appeared and plant life began; on the fourth day the heavenly luminaries were made; on the fifth

The

day aquatic life and birds appeared; on the sixth day land animals and man were created; and on the seventh day God rested from His work and instituted the Sabbath. This narrative has been regarded as veritable history, as a primitive and crude attempt to construct a scientific theory, as poetry, and as pure myth. It is significant that at the present time attempts to harmonize the narrative with the teachings of science are not in favor even with the more conservative, while the most radical critics recog nize its value as a medium for teaching moral and religious truth. According to the compilatory hypothesis of the origin of the Hexateuch, Genesis contains two creation narratives. first, beginning with chap. i. and extending through the first clause of chap. ii. 4, belongs to the Priestly Writer and was written by him to emphasize the importance of the Sabbath. The other, chap. ii. 4b-7, is from JE (see ELOHIST AND YAHWIST), is given only partially, and is not in all its details consistent with the account of the Priestly Writer. Nevertheless, the narratives may have a common source, and the discrepancies be due to different workings-over which they have undergone before reaching their present form. In 1875 portions of a Babylonian creation myth, previously known only in fragmentary quotations from Berosus (q.v.), were found in cuneiform character among the material brought from the palace of Asshurbanipal, and were deciphered by George Smith. Since that time other fragments have been discovered and the myth is now quite well known. It has striking points of resemblance with the narrative of Genesis, which have been explained by two hypotheses: (1) that both accounts are independent developments of an original Semitic myth; and (2) that the Hebrew account is borrowed from the Babylonian. If the latter hypothesis is correct, the borrowing may have taken place at any one of several periods when relations between the Babylonians and Israel were specially close. It may be that the Hebrews first learned the story on their entrance into Palestine, since the Tell-el-Amarna tablets have proven that Babylonian influence prevailed there as early as B.C. 1500. Traces of Phoenician, Egyptian, and Persian influence have also been found by some scholars, and there are undeniable resemblances to cosmogonies of other peoples, even the more primitive, for it should be noted that the differences are marked, even where comparison is made with the Babylonian account. Consult the commentaries on Genesis (see GENESIS, BOOK OF); Jensen, Die Kosmologie der Babylonier (Strassburg, 1890); Gunkel, Schöpfung und Chaos in Urzeit und Endzeit (Göttingen, 1895); Smith, The Chaldean Account of Genesis (New York, 1876).

CREATION, THE. (1) A philosophical poem by Sir Richard Blackmore (1712), which was highly commended by Addison and Johnson. (2) A celebrated oratorio by Haydn, first produced in Vienna in 1798.

CREATIONISM. A term recently applied to the theory of the origin of man which is opposed to evolutionism. (See ANTHROPOLOGY; EVOLUTION.) As a theological term, it has long been in use to designate the theory of the origin of man's soul by the special creative act of God in the case of each individual. It is opposed to 'traducianism,' which is the theory that the soul

of the individual is derived by generation from the souls of his parents as truly as is his body. It is to be distinctly affirmed that the Scriptures give no decision upon this question. Creationists have sometimes quoted the account of the creation in Genesis ii. as favoring their view. But at most that would declare the mode of the original creation of the soul, not the method of its subsequent individual appearance in the world. The body, which is derived from that of the parents, is no less a creature of God than the soul, though this originates by special creation. Again, creationism is sometimes said to be alone consistent with the immateriality of the soul, since this does not admit of its composition or its division into parts and consequently of its derivation from other souls, which must be by the division of these souls. But it is now known that bodies, even, are not derived from those of their parents in such a way as to give much point to this argument. The developing body builds itself in accordance with the law of heredity. It is indisputable that mental traits are inherited, so that, as a matter of fact, the souls of children are built upon the pattern of their parents. If this is traducianism for the body, it is the same for the soul. Theories of original sin have also been brought to bear upon this subject, and it has been said that if Christ derived His soul by traduction from Mary, then He acquired also the taint of original sin, and so could not be sinless. Hence His soul must have been a new creation. But this argument presupposes for ordinary men a derivation of original sin, and so a traducian origin. The drift of modern thinking is in favor of traducianism, because it emphasizes as never before the law of heredity. With the body is inseparably associated life, and with life the soul, since all living forms manifest some of the qualities of the soul. In respect to both body and soul there are laws of inheritance, which are none the less real because they are very intricate and obscure. Although the soul is immaterial and hence indivisible, it has a structure, a plan, an organization. It is this that is repeated in following generations. There is, of course, no division of the soul that some particles of it may make the soul of the child, or contribute to this. Modern traducianism is therefore simply this, that the soul as well as the body of a human individual is formed by the indivisible working of its own immanent powers under the law of heredity upon the pattern of its race, specially embodied in its own parents. Many theologians, however, perhaps with the highest wisdom, still refrain from adopting either theory, but emphasize the mystery enveloping the whole subject of life, and say with Augustine, "When I wrote my former book I did not know how the soul derives its being, and I do not know now." See TRADUCIANISM; ORIGINAL SIN.

CRÉBILLON, krâ'be'yôn', CLAUDE PROSPER JOLYOT DE (1707-77). A noted French story-teller and wit. He was born in Paris, February 14, 1707, the son of the dramatist Prosper Jolyot Crébillon. Except for a five years' exile for political and theological allusions in his novels, especially concerning the Papal bull Unigenitus, which led also to a brief imprisonment in the Bastille, he passed his life in Paris. Though he occupied at one time the office of literary censor, his fiction is a byword for its licentious suggestive

ness. It shows a graceful talent, however. His best known tales are L'écumoire ou Tanzai et Néadarné (1734), followed in 1736 by the notorious Les égarements du cœur et de l'esprit, and in 1745 by Le sopha, than which it has not been possible to descend further in the refinements of immorality: not a gross word and not a decent thought. The conversation is witty, the manners refined after their kind. This smirking voluptuousness is only the completest literary expression of the spirit of the time, that was sapping the foundation of national strength and character and preparing the way for the Revolution. He died in Paris, April 12, 1777.

Later

CRÉBILLON, PROSPER JOLYOT DE (16741762). A noted French tragic poet, born in Dijon, January 13, 1674. He abandoned the law for the stage on the success of Idoménée (1705), and with Atrée et Thyeste (1707) took first rank among the tragic poets of his time. Among the more noteworthy of his subsequent tragedies are Electre (1708); Rhadamiste et Zénobie (1711), his best work; Pyrrhus (1726); and Catiline (1748). Crébillon became an Academician in 1731 and held several minor public offices, among them that of stage censor. he became indigent, but died in comfort through the profits of an edition of his Works (1750), made at the royal order and charge. He died in Paris, June 17, 1762. Crébillon suffered, as did his fame, from the envy and enmity of Voltaire, himself a tragic poet of greater polish, though less rugged power. He is apt to mistake the horrible for the grandiose, and inflation for energy in diction, as did Corneille, whom among French dramatists he most resembles both in his qualities and his defects. Crébillon's Works have been often edited, best perhaps by Didot (1812). There is a Life by the Abbé de la Porte, and a discriminating critical essay on Crébillon's place in the development of French drama in Brunetière's Epoques du théâtre français. See also Dutrait, Etude sur Crébillon (1895).

CRÈCHE, krash (Fr., manger, crib.) A public nursery where children can be left by their mothers and cared for while the mothers are at work. The children are fed, provided for, and instructed according to their capacity, for a merely nominal fee. Day nurseries in American cities perform similar services, usually free of charge.

CRÉCY, kra'së'. A small town of France, in the Department of Somme, on the Maye, about 12 miles north of Abbeville (Map: France, II 1). It is celebrated as the scene of a brilliant victory gained August 26, 1346, by Edward III., with 35,000 English soldiers, over a French army amounting to about 75,000 men under the command of Philip VI. In this great battle vast numbers of the French nobility perished as well as King Johr. of Bohemia and eleven other princes, who were fighting on the side of France. Altogether about 30,000 of the French army fell. At Crécy the Black Prince greatly distinguished himself and gained his spurs; and the crest of the slain Bohemian King, consisting of three ostrich-feathers, with the motto Ich dien ('I serve'), was adopted by him in memory of the victory, and still continues to be borne by the

Prince of Wales.

CREDÉ, krâ-da', KARL SIGISMUND FRANZ (1819-92). A German gynecologist, born in