TITLE; and consult the authorities referred to under the last-mentioned reference. CLOUDS, THE. The most famous of the comedies of Aristophanes, produced in B.C. 423, when it took the third prize. It is a satire on the Sophists, and unjustly attacks Socrates as their representative. CLOUDY BAY. An inlet of Cook Strait, to the northeast of South Island, New Zealand. Cloudy Harbor, on its north shore, is well known (Map: East India Islands, L 7). The south shore is bold and lofty. The rivers Awatere and Wairan flow into the bay. CLOUET, kloσ ́à'. A French family of painters, originally Flemish. JEHAN, the first Clouet, lived in Brussels about 1475, and does not seem to have left his country. His son, JEHAN, called JEHANNET (c.1485-1541), came to France, and settled at Tours, where he married Jeanne Boucault. Afterwards he went to Paris, where, about 1518, he became Court painter and valetde-chambre to Francis I. Two portraits of the King are attributed to him-one representing him as a young man, in the Louvre, and the other representing him as a middle-aged man, in the Pitti Palace, Florence. This latter was also supposed to be by Holbein, and may possibly be by François, Jehannet's son. Both works have the hall-mark of the Flemish School--a certain dryness and elaboration of detail and great delicacy of treatment.-FRANÇOIS, also called JEHAN or JEHANNET (c.1510-72), was probably born at Tours. He succeeded his father as Court painter and valet-de-chambre to Francis I., and afterwards held the same position under Henry II., Francis II., Charles IX.. and Henry III. There are several allusions to him in the Court documents of the time, and we learn from them that he molded the wax funeral effigies of Francis I. and Henry II. Despite the influence of the Italian artists, whom Francis and his successors patronized, Jehan was considered the first painter of his day. The poets Ronsard and Du Bellay both speak of his portraits. Many of his works have been mistaken for those of Holbein, and only two of his portraits, those of Charles IX. and Elizabeth of Austria, have been positively identified as his. He preserves the Flemish realistic method and love of detail, carried to an extreme, in his treatment of such accessories as jewels and lace, along with precision and delicacy in flesh-painting. Other pictures probably by him are portraits of Francis II. as a child, in the Antwerp Museum, and of the Duke of Anjou, Berlin Museum, and a portrait called Sir Thomas More, in the Brussels Museum. His subjects are usually small full-lengths, with a background of greenish blue. A large number of drawings are also attributed to him. Many portraits in the style of Clouet were produced by copyists and imitators. There is supposed to have been still another Clouet, a brother of François; but of him nothing is known. Consult: Laborde, La renaissance des arts à la cour de France (Paris, 1855); Woltmann und Woermann, Geschichte der Malerei, ii. (Leipzig, 187982); Pattison, The Renaissance of Art in France (London, 1879); Gower, Three Hundred Portraits by Clouet at Castle Howard (London, 1875). CLOUGH, kluf, ARTHUR HUGH (1819-61). An English author. He was born in Liverpool, but when only four years old was taken by his father, a merchant, to Charleston, S. C. He returned to England, however, in 1828, and was at Rugby under Doctor Arnold, whose strenuous appeal to moral responsibility in boys probably had an unhappy effect upon Clough's temperament, naturally high-strung, with a tendency to more or less morbid introspection. His Oxford career had an even more decisive influence on his life. He entered the university at the height of the Tractarian Movement,' with one of whose most brilliant men, William George Ward, he was intimate. For a time he was carried away by the new current. but the reaction took him further in the opposite direction. He held a fellowship at Oriel College from 1843 to 1848, but relinquished it when it became clear to him that he could no longer subscribe to the religious doctrines involved-becoming later an examiner under the Education Department, like Matthew Arnold, with whom he had much in common. His temperament was essentially skeptical-in no mere negative sense, but in that of reverent and anxious seeking for the truth at all costs. It is this characteristic which dominates the whole of his literary work, whether verse or prose. In his three longer poems, Dipsychus, The Bothie of Tober-na-Vuolich, and Amours de voyage, the analysis of character disturbed by spiritual conflict is the main interest; though he shows a perfect consciousness that the habit of self-analysis and suspense of judgment may be carried too far. After his death, which occurred on a tour in Italy, he was commemorated in one of the noblest elegies in the English language-Arnold's Thyrsis; and Lowell (whom, with Emerson, Longfellow, and other eminent men, he had met on a visit to America) expressed the feeling that he would "be thought a hundred years hence to have been the truest expression in verse of the moral and intellectual tendencies, the doubt and struggle toward settled convictions, of the age in which he lived." His Poems and Prose Remains, with letters and a memoir by F. T. Palgrave, were published the year after his death. CLOUGH-LEIGHTER, kluf'-la'ter, HENRY (1874-). An American organist and composer. He was born in Washington, and was educated at Columbia University (1887-89) and at Trinity University, Toronto, Canada. So rapid was his progress, that at the age of fifteen he received an appointment as organist at Saint Michael and All Angels' Church, Washington, and in 1892 he became organist at the Church of the Epiphany and the Jewish synagogue in that city. In 1899 he removed to Providence, where he was for one year organist of Grace Church. He was professor of musical ethics and theory at the Howe School of Music, Boston, Mass., in 1900-1, and thereafter was associated with a music publishing house in Boston. He composed Festival Service in D major (1896); Te Deum Laudamus, G Major (1898); Ave Vinum (1901); Wassail (1901); Like a Rose Should Be (1901). CLOUS, JOHN WALTER (1837-). A GermanAmerican soldier, born and educated in Germany. He came to the United States in 1855, enlisted in the United States Army in 1857, and served until 1862, when he was appointed second lieutenant of the Sixth Infantry. He fought in the Civil War, and greatly distinguished himself at Gettysburg. for which conduct he received the brevet of first lieutenant and captain. He was made a captain in the Thirty-eighth Infantry in 1867, and from 1868 to 1886 was engaged in frontier service, and became conspicuous for his bravery and skill in engagements with the Indians. In 1886 he became major and judge-advocate in the United States Army, and served until 1890 as assistant to the Judge-Advocate-General. lle subsequently served successively as professor of law at West Point; staff officer to Major-General Merritt (1896-98); staff officer to Lieuten ant-General Miles during the Spanish-American War: brigadier-general of volunteers; secretary and recorder of the Commission for the Evacuation of Cuba; deputy judge-advocate-general on the staff of Major-General Brooke, and judge-advocate-general. He published a series of Lectures on Military and Martial Law. At his own request he was retired, with the rank of brigadiergeneral, May 24, 1901. growing in meadows and pastures. It stands in the front rank of forage plants for good yields, nutritive value, and adaptability to various climates and soils. It is a perennial, but is generally treated as if it were a biennial. Its heads of flowers are oval or nearly globular, very compact, about an inch in diameter, purple, more rarely flesh-colored or white; the tube of the calyx is downy; the stipules run suddenly into a bristly point. The leaflets have very often a whitish horseshoe mark in the centre. It is supposed that clover found its way into England from the Netherlands about the time of Queen Elizabeth; but it was not until the close of the last century that it was introduced into Scotland, where it is now universally prevalent. Perennial red clover (Trifolium pratense perenne) is a somewhat hardier form than the ordinary forms of common red clover and of longer duration, lasting for The zigzag clover (Tritwo years or more. An Elizabethan Tweedledee-and-Tweedledum,' occurring in Jonson's Every Man Out of His Humour; "the Gemini of foppery, that, like a pair of foils, are fit for nothing but to be practiced on." CLOVE AND ORANGE. CLOVE - BARK. The bark of Dicypellium caryophyllatum, a little-known Brazilian tree, also found in the West Indies. As marketed, clove-bark resembles cinnamon cylinders about one-half foot long and about one inch in diameter, consisting of several pieces telescoped together. The bark is usually dark brown, smooth or slightly wrinkled, with a mucilaginous, aromatic, pungent taste, which suggests a mixture of cloves and cinnamon. In medicine it is known as Cassia caryophyllata, and is used like, but considered inferior to. cloves. A similar bark is said to be obtained from the Myrtis caryophyllata of Linnæus, which grows in Ceylon. The culilawan (sometimes culilawang) of the MoJuccas, which is sometimes confounded with clove-bark, is derived from Cinnamomum or Laurus culilawan. CLOVER (AS. clafre, trefoil, of unknown origin), or TREFOIL (Trifolium). A genus of plants of the natural order Leguminose, suborder Papilionacea, containing a great number of species, natives chiefly of temperate climates, abounding most of all in Europe, although about sixty species are indigenous to the United States; some of them very important, in agri culture, as affording pasturage and fodder for cattle and as a means for improving cultivated soil. The name 'clover' is also popularly applied to certain plants. which have compound leaves with three leaflets like the clovers, and also belong to the order Leguminosae, but which are not included in the genus Trifolium-such as sweet or Bokhara clover (Melilotus), bur clover (Medicago), prairie clover (Petalostemon), bird's-foot clover (Lotus), and a number of others. The true clovers (Trifolium) have herbaceous, not twining stems; roundish heads or oblong spikes of small flowers the corolla remaining in a withered state till the ripening of the seed; the pod inclosed in the calyx, and containing one or two, rarely three or four seeds. About seventeen species belong to the flora of Great Britain. The species of most importance to the farmer is the common red clover (Trifolium pratense). (For illustration, see Plates of DICOTYLEDONS and of BLOODROOT.) This is a native of America and of most parts of Europe. folium medium), also called meadow clover, into Great Britain from the south of Sweden in Clovers are of great value to agriculture, on account of the many different ways in which they may be utilized. Clover is fed as hay, as green fodder, and as silage, and it is used for pasturage, for green-manuring, and as a covercrop. It is chiefly valuable as a means of enriching the soil, being capable of appropriating free nitrogen from the air by means of its roots. It has long been recognized that clovergrowing has a beneficial effect on the soil; but this phenomenon was not understood until about 1888, when scientists discovered that leguminous plants, through the agency of bacteria living in the characteristic tubercles or nodules on the roots, take up free atmospheric nitrogen. In the soil this nitrogen is oxidized to nitric acid, which forms nitrates, and in this form the nitrogen is assimilated by growing plants. In addition to their power of taking up free nitrogen, clovers are very valuable because of the large and deep development of their root systems, which effects a marked improvement in the physical condition of the soil, and thus indirectly increases its fertility. Plowing clover under for green manure is a most effective method of adding humus to the soil. During recent years crimson clover is recommended in the United States as a cover-crop for orchards, to be sown late in summer when the soil is no longer cultivated, and to be plowed under the following spring. In this way the soil is kept moist, its surface is kept from hardening, and much available plant-food is afforded the trees for the following season's growth. In general, the common red clover is the most important in the United States. Feeding Value.-On an average red clover (green crop) has the following percentage composition: Water, 70.8; protein, 4.4; fat, 1.1; nitrogen-free extract, 13.5; crude fibre, 8.1; mineral matter 2.1. Red-clover silage contains water, 72.0; protein, 4.2; fat. 1.2; nitrogen-free extract, 11.6; crude fibre, 8.4; ash, 2.6 per cent. Red-clover hay contains-water, 15.3; protein, 12.3; fat, 3.3; nitrogen-free extract, 38.1; crude fibre, 24.8; and ash, 6.2 per cent. Other clovers and their cured products resemble the above quite closely. Clover forage is relatively highly nitrogenous, is relished by all farm animals, and is capable of replacing in part more expensive concentrated feeding-stuffs-such as bran, linseed meal, etc. Clover is very important for soiling, as it is available early in the season, and is relished. Pigs do well on clover pasture, building good bone and framework, and fatten rapidly later on when given concentrated feed. Clover is very succulent in the green, uncured state, and therefore, like all such feeds, liable to cause bloat, if too much is eaten. Animals should not be turned on clover pasture when very hungry, or while the dew is on the clover. Some dry fodder should be placed in racks in the pasture, as this is said to relieve bloat. Clover hay is not usually considered a satisfactory coarse fodder for horses, as the dust it carries proves detrimental. A limited amount may, however, be fed to all kinds of horses, with favorable results. It is a very satisfactory coarse fodder for milch cows. It furnishes the protein essential for milk, and is relished by the By feeding clover hay as one-half to two-thirds of the coarse fodder of a ration, the amount of concentrated feed required may be animals. diminished, and thus the cost of the ration lowered. For calves and young stock, clover hay is very important. No other coarse fodder is superior for sheep. As shown by experiments with ruminants, the following percentages of the nutrients in redclover forage are digestible: Dry matter, 66.1; protein, 67.0; fat, 64.5; nitrogen-free extract, 77.6; crude fibre, 52.6; and ash, 55.0 per cent. Red-clover hay has the following digestibility: Dry matter, 57.4; protein, 58.0; fat, 55.2; nitrogen-free extract, 64.4; crude fibre, 54.2; and ash, 29.1 per cent. In this respect it compares favorably with other coarse-fodder crops, both green and dry. Clover Diseases.-There are two important fungus diseases of clover-a 'rust,' and what has been designated as the 'clover-rot.' The rust (Uromyces trifolii) is said to have first been noticed in South America, and to have come to the United States by way of Europe, where it is quite destructive. It infests the leaves, leafstalks, and stems, producing definite brown spots. The fungus passes through three phases -the first on the white clover, upon which minute cups are formed, filled with orange-colored spores; the other two phases, red and black (so called from the color of the spores occurring on red clover), are quite destructive. When a portion of a field is found affected, it is best to cover the clover with straw and burn it to prevent further spread. The 'clover-rot' (Sclerotinia trifoliorum) occurs on crimson clover in the United States, although common on red and other clovers in Europe. It also occurs on alfalfa, sainfoin, fenugreek, Bokhara clover, etc. presence may usually be noted by all plants being killed in patches a foot or more in diameter. Small black bodies will be seen at the base of the wilted stems in the autumn, followed by the appearance of small mushroom-like bodies in the spring. Burning, as mentioned above, and rotation of crops, are recommended for its suppression. A leaf-spot disease (Pseudopeziza trifolii) is sometimes quite destructive to clover and alfalfa. The diseased leaves show on their upper surfaces small black specks, which enlarge and extend through the leaf, destroying it. When present, this disease is liable to become epidemic, causing considerable loss. Burning over fields in autumn and frequent cutting prevent serious loss to the crop. Another destructive parasite of clovers, although not a fungus, is the dodder (q.v.). Its CLOVER-INSECTS. Various insects injuriously affect cultivated clover, of which the following are prominent: The roots are attacked by borers, and the stems by a gall-making beetle (Languria Mozardi); also by a cutworm, the larva of the zebra-moth (q.v.). Weevils do great injury to clover in various parts of the plant; the worst species (Hylesinus trifolii) is an importation from Europe. These minute beetles pair in early spring, and then the female gnaws a cavity in a root of two-year-old clover and places it in four to six eggs. The larvæ, as soon as hatched, bore along the axes of the roots of the clover, causing the plants to weaken and often to die. Another beetle (Phytonomus punctatus), called the clover leaf-beetle, sometimes appears in swarms, coiling about the tips of the leaves. The leaves are also attacked by a midge or gallgnat and the seeds by another (Cecidomyia legu minicola), the latter of which is very destructive. It lays its eggs in the blossoms of red clover in May and June, and these hatch into small reddish or yellowish maggots, which destroy the forming seed. Upon reaching full growth, they wriggle out from the floret and fall te the ground, transforming to pupa within delicate, spherical cocoons, from which the adults issue the following spring. The larvæ leave the florets just before the time of cutting the first crop of clover for hay, so that if the time of cutting for this crop be advanced two weeks, the insect will be destroyed. Another enemy to the seeds is the greenish caterpillar of a moth (Grapholitha interstinctana), which devours florets and seed-vessels. The clover-hay worms, caterpillars of pyralid moths, especially Asopia costalis, affect particularly stored hay in which clover is mixed. CLOVES (from Fr. clou, from Lat. clavus, nail, so called from the shape). The dried flower-buds of the clove-tree, Caryophyllus aromaticus, of the natural order Myrtacea. The clove-tree is from 15 to 40 feet high, evergreen, with a beautiful pyramidal head. The flowers are small, but produced in great profusion in cymes. The leaves, flowers, and bark have an aromatic odor. The ripe fruit resembles an olive in shape, but is not quite so large; it is of a dark-red color; it sometimes appears in commerce in a dried state, under the curious name of 'mother cloves'; it has an odor and flavor sim ilar to cloves, but much weaker; the broken fruit-stalks are sometimes also used for the same purposes as cloves, but the flower-buds themselves are the principal product of the tree. They are gathered, and are dried by exposure to the smoke of wood-fires, and afterwards to the rays of the sun, or by the latter alone. When first gathered they are reddish, but become of a deeper-brown color. The unexpanded corolla forms a little round head at the end of the calyxtube, which is about half an inch long, and thus the appearance is not unlike that of a little nail, whence the name. The clove-tree is a native of the Spice 1slands, but is now cultivated in Sumatra, Bourbon, Mauritius, some parts of the West Indies, and elsewhere. For illustration, see Plate of FLAVORING-PLANTS. The wild clove-tree of the West Indies is Pimenta acris. See MYR TACE.E. The properties of cloves depend chiefly on an essential oil-oil of cloves -which forms onefifth or one-sixth of the whole weight, and is used for flavoring dessert dishes and articles of confectionery. The oil of cloves is obtained by repeatedly distilling cloves with water, when two oils pass over, one of which is lighter and the CLOVES, OIL OF. See CLOVES. CLOVIO, klō'vê-ō, GIULIO, called MACEDO (1498-1578). A miniature painter, born in Croatia. He went to Italy as a youth, and rapidly won favor by his paintings and by engravings on medals and seals. He received some instruction from Giulio Romano in Rome, and Girolamo de Libri in Verona. About 1527 he became a monk, and afterwards lived principally in Mantua and Perugia. His works were executed for the princes of the day; and, despite the many figures and exquisite finish of the illuminations, he produced a great number of them. The most famous is a breviary, with twenty-six scenes, done for Cardinal Farnese, and now in the Naples Museum. A marvelous production is the life of Frederick of Urbino. in the Vatican Library. This work shows Clovio's qualities as an historical painter and portraitist, the genre in which he is most successful. Consult: Sakeinski, Das Leben des Giulio Clovio (Agram, 1852); and Bertolloti, Don Giulio Clovio, principe dei miniatori (Modena, 1882). CLO VIS, CHLODWIG, or CHLODOVECH (c.466511). A king of the Franks, of the line of the Merovingians. By the death of his father, in 481, he became King of the Salian Franks, whose capital was at Tournai, in what is now the Belgian Province of Hainault. His first achievement was the overthrow, in 486, of the GalloRomans under Syagrius, near Soissons, after Clovis did not dispossess the inhabitants, as the which he extended his conquests to the Loire. Franks were only few in numbers, and the public lands were sufficient for them. About 493 Clovis married Clotilda, daughter of a Burgundian prince. Clotilda was a Christian, and who, like most of the Franks, was still a heathen. earnestly desired the conversion of her husband, In a great battle with the Alemanni, in 496, Clovis was hard pressed, and, as a last resource, invoked the God of Clotilda, vowing that he would become a Christian if he obtained the victory. The Alemanni were routed, and on Christmas day of the same year Clovis and 3000 of his army were baptized by Remigius, Bishop of Rheims. Love of conquest concurring with zeal for the Orthodox faith, Clovis marched to the Southwest of Gaul against the heretic Visigoth, Alaric II., whom he defeated and slew at Vouillé, taking possession of the whole country as far as Bordeaux and Toulouse (507-10). Clovis now took up his residence in Paris, where he died in all the Frankish princes and the union of the 511. His great aim had been the subjugation of whole Frankish people into a single powerful kingdom. The means he employed to secure this end were cruel and unscrupulous; but the end itself would have been beneficial, if he had not frustrated it at his death by redividing the newly other is heavier than water. The oil has a hot, acrid taste, is light-yellow when pure, and brownred when not so carefully prepared. It has a characteristic odor, and is soluble in ether, alco-organized realm among his four sons, and expos hol, and the fixed oils. When taken internally in small quantities, it has the effect of aiding digestion and of stimulating the appetite. It is sometimes used in medicine as a stomachic, carminative, and antispasmodic, and is often added to scammony and castor-oil to prevent the griping that is likely to be caused by those substances. Oil of cloves is further employed in scenting soaps, and by the distiller. The chief constituents of the oil are eugenol, or eugenic acid, C10H12O2 and a terpene, C1H24. ing it to the very perils from which he himself had rescued it. An account of the deeds of Clovis may be found in Gregory of Tours, His toria Francorum, Book II., edited by Guadet and Turanne (Paris, 1836-38). Consult, also, Junghaus, Geschichte der fränkischen Könige Childerich und Chlodwig (Göttingen, 1857). CLOWES, klouz, WILLIAM LAIRD (1856-1905). An English naval critic, who wrote under the name of "Nauticus." He was born at Hampstead, and was educated at King's College, London, and at Lincoln's Inn for the law, which he abandoned for journalism. He served on the Standard (1885), Daily News (1887-90), and Times (1890-95), and contributed largely to English and foreign magazines. His articles on needs of the navy, battle-ships, torpedo-boats, etc., became widely known. He was editor and part author of The Royal Navy: A History from the Earliest Times to the Present (7 vols.. 1897-1901). Among his numerous works are: The Naval Pocket-Book (an annual); Confessions of an English Hachish-Eater (1883); Black America: A Study of the ex-Slave and His Late Master (1892); Blood is Thicker than Water (1894); a volume of poems entitled Eclogues (1899). CLOWN. See JESTER; PANTOMIME. CLUB. A word said to be derived from the Saxon cleofan, to divide a club being an association, the expenses of which are shared among the members. Societies of somewhat the same nature existed in ancient Greece and Rome, and mention of them is made in Aristotle, Cicero, Plutarch, and other ancient writers. The mod ern club, however, had its origin in the London taverns and coffee-houses. Thomas Oceleve, who wrote in the reign of Henry IV., mentions ‘La Court de Bonne Compagnie, of which he was a member; but the first celebrated club in London is that to which belonged Shakespeare, Fletcher, Raleigh, Beaumont, and other brilliant men of letters who met at the Mermaid Tavern in Bread Street. Ben Jonson founded a club which met at the Devil Tavern, for which he is supposed to have written his Leges Conviviales. The Calves' Head, so named in allusion to Charles I., was a famous London club, which existed in the latter part of the seventeenth century and the early part of the eighteenth century, and whose members banqueted on January 31 on a calf's head. In 1659 the first political club, the Rota, was established and met at the Turk's Head in New Palace Yard. The famous 'October ale' served at the October Club was another political institution of which Swift became the leading spirit after his conversion to Toryism. The Literary Club, established in 1764 by Sir Joshua Reynolds ⚫ and Dr. Johnson, of which Goldsmith, Gibbon, Garrick, Burke, and other celebrated men of letters were members, afforded a meeting-place for congenial spirits, where they could freely discuss the merits of the contemporary literary productions and their authors. Its membership was limited, and Garrick found it difficult to gain admission. This club still exists in London. It is usually called the Literary Club, but its members have always claimed for it simply the title of The Club.' The King's Head Club, founded by the unscrupulous Shaftesbury, and the Mug House Club, so called on account of the ale-mugs used by its members, were noted political clubs of the early part of the eighteenth century. The Kit-Kat, established about 1700, was named after Christopher Katt, a noted mutton-pie man. Its members toasted some celebrated beauty, whose name was inscribed on the toasting-glass in verse. The Dukes of Marlborough and Devonshire, Sir Robert Walpole, Congreve, Granville, and Addison were members of the Kit-Kat. About the same time existed the Tattler's Club in Shire Lane, and the famous Beefsteak Society, whose members wore badges inscribed with the motto. 'Beef and Liberty.' Its members were called 'Steaks.' Hogarth, Fox, Sheridan, and the Duke of Clarence were among its noted members. As already said, these clubs had their origin in the taverns and coffee-houses of London. To this class belonged Almack's, established in 1764, and White's, established in 1698, as White's Chocolate House, and removed in 1755 to Saint James Street. Brooks's was established in 1764, and Boodle's, a famous resort for country squires and hunting-men, in 1762. It is, of course, very easy to understand the genesis of clubs such as White's and Brooks's. In those days men's personal associations depended chiefly on party affiliation. Tories lived with Tories, and Whigs with Whigs. Intermarriages between persons of different political families were not common. Hence, men flocked to those taverns and public-houses where they would meet members of their own party. The next step was easy and obvious. The proprietor would agree, of course for a consideration, to exclude persons whose company would not be agreeable to the habitués of the place. It was thus that White's and Brooks's were formed, White's being a Tory and Brooks's a Whig club. These clubs are known as 'proprietary clubs,' to distinguish them from those of which the members were the owners. The latter class of clubs is, of course, the more recent. About 1815, after the termination of the Napoleonic wars, the restaurant or dining-room was introduced into the clubs. Many army and navy officers, being no longer needed in active service, were placed on half pay, and were thus compelled to observe a strict economy. By combin ing their resources, they could live well and much more cheaply than when having their meals alone. From that time on, the number of clubs in England increased, until at the present day there are more than one hundred prominent clubs in London. These may be roughly divided into the following classes: Purely social clubs, to which belong Arthur's (established in 1765), with a membership of 600; the Bachelors' Club (established in 1881), with a membership of 920, admitting ladies as visitors; the Grosvenor (established in 1883), with a membership of 3000; the Junior Athenæum (established in 1864), with a membership of 500; the Piccadilly (established in 1893), with a membership of 1500, admitting ladies as visitors; the Union (established in 1822), with a membership of 1000; the Wellington (established in 1885), with a membership of 1400; the Travellers' Club (established in 1819), with 800 members. To this last club no one may belong who has not traveled for 500 miles in a direct line from London. This rule was made just after the cessation of the Napoleonic wars, during which traveling on the Continent was difficult. Among the clubs whose main purpose is political is the Carlton (established in 1832), which has a membership of 1800, and is Conservative; the Conservative (established in 1840), with a membership of 1300; the Constitutional (established in 1883), with a membership of 6500; the Junior Carlton (established in 1864), with a membership of 2100, and strictly Conservative. The Junior Conservative and the Junior Constitutional have each a membership of 5500, and are Conservative: the Primrose, established in 1886, has a membership of 5000, and is Conservative; the Reform, established in 1837, has a membership |