for 100 days to clean the irrigating canals; but the obligation was gradually abolished until, in 1887, through the efforts of the British, the corvée was wholly done away with, and the labor performed by contract.

CORVEI, kôr'vî (ML. Corbeia Nova, New Corbeia, as it was first occupied by monks from Corbie). A Benedictine abbey of Germany, on the Weser, near Höxter, the oldest and most famous abbey in Saxony. It was founded by Louis the Pious in the beginning of the ninth century, being a colony from the monastery of the same name in Picardy. It received rich endowments and was the centre of great agricultural improvement and prosperity during the earlier part of the Middle Ages, besides being the seat of a famous school. In 1793 it was made a bishopric by Pius VI. Its territory then embraced about 22 square miles, with 10,000 inhabitants. In 1802 it was secularized and annexed to Nassau, from which it was transferred, in 1807, to Westphalia, and in 1815 to Prussia. The church of the abbey is built in Gothic style, magnificently adorned in the interior, and contains a multitude of monuments of successive dynasties. The library and archives of the cloister,

which contained most valuable records of the

early ages of German history, have all been destroyed, the Chronicon Corbeiense, an alleged record of this abbey from its foundation to the end of the twelfth century, being a forgery. Certain brief Annales Corbeienses from 648 to 1148 are, however, printed in the Monumenta Germania Historica. Consult Wigand, Geschichte der Abtei Korvey (Höxter, 1819).

CORVETTE, kôr-vět' (Fr., from Sp. corveta, corbeta, It. corvetta, corvette, from Lat. corbita, slow ship of burden, from corbis, basket). In the days of sailing men-of-war, a corvette was a ship-rigged vessel (i.e. having three masts, all square rigged), carrying all her broadside guns on one covered deck. The upper deck, above the guns, was flush (i.e. was continuous from stem to stern, without poop or topgallant forecastle). Corvettes occasionally had a bow or stern chaser on the upper deck.

COR/VIDE (Neo-Lat. nom. pl., from corvus, crow). A family of passerine birds which includes the ravens, crows, magpies, jays, etc. See these words, and Plate of JAYS, MAGPIES, ETC. CORVIN-WIERSBITZKI, kôr'vên-vêrs-bit ské, OTTO VON (1812-86). Á German author, born at Gumbinnen. He took part in the revolutionary uprising in Baden in 1848 and 1849, and became chief of the General Staff of the Republican forces at Rastatt. He was condemned to death, but the sentence was commuted to six years' solitary confinement. In 1855 he went to London, whence in 1861 he proceeded to the United States to act as the war correspondent of the Augsburg Allgemeine Zeitung. During the Franco-German War he was the correspondent of the Vienna Neue Freie Presse, and his experiences are admirably described in his well-known book, In France with the Germans (1872). In his earlier years Corvin devised 'Corviniello,' a species of metal-work inlaid with mother-of-pearl, stones, or other materials. His numerous historical and other writings include: Historische Denkmale des christlichen Fanatismus (1845), the second edition of which appeared under the title Pfaffenspiegel

(1869), and was further supplemented by_Die Geissler (3d ed., 1892-93). Consult his Erinnerungen aus meinem Leben (4th ed., Rudolstadt, 1890-92).

CORVINO, kôr-vēnô. A miserly fortunehunter, the husband of Celia, in Jonson's Volpone. He is condemned, in the last act, to be rowed

"Round about Venice, through the Grand Canal Wearing a cap with fair long asses' ears." CORVINUS, MATTHIAS. See MATTHIAS CORVINUS.

the Azores (q.v.). (Map: Portugal, A 4.) COR/VO (Sp., crow). The most northerly of

COR/VUS, MARCUS VALERIUS. A general of the early Roman Republic. He was born about B.C. 370. He was twice dictator and six times consul, and occupied the curule chair twenty-one times. He defeated the Gauls, the Volsci, the Samnites, the Etruscans, and the Marsi. He lived to be one hundred years old.

COR/WIN, EDWARD TANJORE (1834-). An American writer, and historian of the Reformed Dutch Church. He was born in New York City, July 12, 1834; graduated at the present College of the City of New York in 1853, and at the Theological Seminary in New Brunswick, N. J., in 1856. He has held various pastorates, but his reputation rests upon his literary work, which has made him the recognized historian of his denomination. He has published in book form: Manual and Record of the Church of Paramus, N. J. (New York, 1858; 2d ed. 1859); Manual of the Reformed Protestant Dutch Church in North America (1859; 4th ed. 1902); Millstone Centennial (1866); Corwin Genealogy (1872); A History of the Reformed Church, Dutch (1895). He has for many years been engaged upon a translation and elaborate annotation of the socalled Amsterdam Correspondence, or the letters which passed between the Classis of Amsterdam and the churches in the New Netherlands and Province of New York, and so are an important historical source. He discovered much of this correspondence himself. Its publication by the State of New York was authorized in 1900.

CORWIN, THOMAS (1794-1865). An American lawyer and statesman, born in Bourbon He studied and practiced County, Kentucky. law in Ohio, where his eloquence soon won him He was a member of the State prominence. Legislature from 1822 to 1829, and of Congress from 1830 to 1840, when he was chosen Governor of Ohio. From 1844 to 1850 he was a member of the United States Senate, and in the latter year became Secretary of the Treasury in PresiHe was again in Condent Fillmore's Cabinet. gress (1858-60) and was Minister to Mexico As an orator he won his from 1861 to 1864. greatest distinction, his speeches both on the stump and in debate being examples of remarkable eloquence. His arraignment of the adminis tration for the war with Mexico was a notable

effort, which made him many enemies and damaged his political career.

Consult: Strohn (editor), Life and Speeches of Thomas Corwin (Dayton, 1859); and Russell, Thomas Corwin (Cincinnati, 1882).

CO'RY, CHARLES BARNEY (1857-) An American ornithologist, professor and honorary

curator in the ornithological department of the Field Columbian Museum in Chicago. His publications include Birds of the Bahama Islands, Birds of Haiti and San Domingo, Catalogue of West Indian Birds and The Birds of the West Indies.

CORY, WILLIAM JOHNSON (1823-92). An English poet, son of Charles Johnson, of Torring ton, Devonshire; his mother was a grandniece of Sir Joshua Reynolds. He was educated at Eton, and at King's College, Cambridge; was graduated B.A. in 1845, and in the same year became fellow of his college. He was at once appointed assistant master of Eton, where he won great distinction as a tutor. In 1872 he retired from Eton and changed his name to Cory. His subsequent home was Hampstead, where he died, June 11, 1892. Cory is mainly known for a volume of verse entitled Ionica (1858), containing "Mimnermus in Church" and other poems of great tenderness and beauty. The volume was reissued, with additions, in 1891. He is also author of an agreeable Guide to Modern English History (1880-82), and of several graceful Latin lyrics in Lucretilis, a treatise on writing Latin verse (1871). After his death appeared his Letters and Journals (Oxford, 1897).

CORYAT, kôr'yat, or CORYATE, THOMAS (1577-1617). An English traveler and author, born at Odcombe and educated at Oxford. He made an extensive tour of Europe, traveling mostly on foot, and published his experiences in a volume entitled Coryat's Crudities (1611). It was the first manual of Continental travel, and was illustrated with engravings. Coryat made other voyages through Greece, Asia Minor, North Africa, and India, where he died.

CORYBANTES, kōr'i-băn'tēz (Gk. Kopiẞavres, Korybantes). Mythical beings, attendant upon the Phrygian Cybele, as the Curetes belong to the Cretan cult of Zeus and Rhea. Unlike the Curetes, with whom they were sometimes confused, the Corybantes were not believed to dance in armor, but rather to perform wild and orgiastic dances which frequently ended in ecstasy. The name does not properly denote priests or human beings at all; but, as the priests of Cybele imitated these dances, like modern Dervishes, the name is sometimes extended to them.

CORYCIA, kô-rish'ĩ-å (Lat., from Gk. Kwpvxia, Kōrykia). The mother of Lycoris, by Apollo. She was a nymph, whose name is preserved in the Corycian Cave on Mount Parnassus, and in the appellation Corycides applied to the nymphs of the cave and to the muses.

CORYD'ALIS. See FUMARIACEÆ. CORYDALIS (Neo-Lat., from Gk. kopvda22íç, korydallis, koрvdbe, korydos, crested lark, from Kópνç, korys, helmet) or DOBSON. A genus of large, net-veined insects (true Neuroptera), representing the family Sialidar, and peculiar to America, where its larva, used for bait under the names 'crawler,' 'dobson,' 'hell devil,' and many others, is the largest of our aquatic insects. The single species (Corydalis cornuta), often called 'hellgrammite,' is brownish-green in color, about two inches in length, and expands its four nearly equal wings fully six inches. “In the female the jaws are very large, flat, and toothed at the extremity, but in the male they are remarkably long and slender, not toothed, and the sharp tips

crossing each other; their only use is evidently for seizing the soft, somewhat yielding body of the female during the act of pairing; hence, during its short life the male, at least, takes no food." The female lays her eggs in midsummer, in white, chalky masses almost an inch wide, on tree-leaves, rocks, timbers, etc., overhanging water, into which the young drop as soon as hatched. These sink to the bottom and grow rapidly into large, slate-gray, tough, predatory larvæ, which hide under stones, etc., in the rapid streams where they most abound, clinging firmly to some support with their anal hooks, while they seize in their jaws such living creatures as come within their reach. They remain in the water two years and eleven months, then creep out upon land, where they wander about at night for a few days, then pupate in some retreat and speedily emerge as adults. The larvæ (dobsons) are regarded as the most satisfactory bait known for still-fishing, and are captured with nets, after overturning stones, etc., and frightening them out into the open water. For the many interesting peculiarities of the structure and economy of this and other species of the Sialidæ (called 'adder-flies' in England), consult: Howard, The Insect Book (New York, 1901); Packard, Standard Natural History, vol. ii. (Boston, 1884); Miall, The Natural History of Aquatic Insects (London, 1895).

CORYDON. A town and the county-seat of Harrison County, Ind., 108 miles (direct) south of Indianapolis, on Indian Creek and on the Louisville, New Albany and Corydon Railroad (Map: Indiana, C 4). It is known as a summer resort, one of its attractions being a sulphur spring. Corydon was the capital of the Territory of Indiana from 1813 to 1816, and of the State of Indiana from 1816 to 1825, when the seat of government was removed to Indianapolis. The

Constitutional Convention of 1816 met here. In 1863 the town was the scene of a sharp skirmish between a small force of State militia and a superior force of Confederate raiders under John Morgan. Population, in 1890, 880; in 1900, 1610.

CORYDON. A town and the county-seat of Wayne County, Iowa, 60 miles (direct) south by east of Des Moines, on the Keokuk and Western Railroad. The electric-light plant is under municipal control. Population, 1900,1477; 1905, 1680.

CORYDON. (1) A shepherd in the Seventh Eclogue of Vergil, and in the Idyls of Theocritus, and hence a name conventionally used in literature to designate a country swain, as in Spenser's Faerie Queene and Colin Clout. (2) A shoemaker in Scott's Count Robert of Paris. (3) A musical countryman in Walton's Compleat Angler, who fraternizes with Piscator.

COR'YLUS. See HAZELNUT.

COR/YMB (from Lat. corymbus, from Gk. Kópvμẞoç, korymbos, cluster, from Kópvc, korys, helmet). A flat-topped flower-cluster, in which the pedicels arise at different levels upon an elongated axis, and the outermost flowers bloom first. See INFLORESCENCE.

CORYM'BUS (Lat., cluster). That mode of dressing the hair which prevailed among the Greek women and which may be seen in examples of the antique, particularly in the statues representing Venus. This arrangement of the hair was also adopted by the Romans. It con

sisted in gathering it upward upon the crown and back of the head in one knot. It may be seen in its simplest form in the statue of the Venus de' Medici, in the Uffizi Gallery, Florence.

COR/YPHA. See FAN PALM; GEBANG PALM. COR/YPHENE (Lat. coryphaena, from Gk. Kopúpava, koryphaina, a sort of fish, from Koρvýń, koryphe, summit), or DOLPHIN. One of a genus of fishes (Coryphaena) of the family Coryphænidæ, to which the name 'dolphin,' properly belonging to the Cetacea, has been popularly transferred. The coryphenes are allied to the opahs, and are remarkable for the beauty and metallic brilliancy of their colors, which delight the spectator as the graceful fish are seen gliding with extreme rapidity near the surface of the water, gleaming in the light; and the changes the colors undergo while the fish is dying have acquired a poetic celebrity. They have an elongated compressed body covered with small scales, the head rising in a sharp crest, the mouth large. They are large fishes, attaining a length of six feet, and are inhabitants of the high seas of warm climates, where they chase the flying-fishes and other surface prey with great speed and voracity. The common, almost cosmopolitan coryphene (Coryphana hippurus) occurs on the coast of the United States as far north as Cape Cod. "They are often caught by sailors at sea, and are considered most excellent food. It is an almost universal custom before eating them to test the flesh by put ting a piece of silver into the vessel in which they have been cooked, it being a common belief that if the flesh is poisonous the silver will turn dark" (Goode). See Plate of HORSE-Mackerels, ETC. CORYPH'ODON (Neo-Lat., from Gk. Koρvoń, koryphě, summit +ódovs, odous, tooth). A fossil amblypod mammal of the Lower Eocene beds (Wasatch) of western America, related to Tinoceras and the uintatheria. A complete skeleton of Coryphodon radians has been found, and is mounted in the American Museum of Natural History in New York City. It shows an animal between five and six feet in length, with large skull, formidable teeth, short neck, rather long body, and short, strong, bowed legs with spreading toes. The brain-cavity is remarkably small. The skeleton indicates a heavy, clumsy animal that lived in the bordering marshes of the Wasatch lakes, feeding on succulent water plants. Coryphodon remains have also been found in the Eocene beds of Europe. Consult Osborn, "A Complete Skeleton of Coryphodon Radians," Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. x (New York, 1898). See TERTIARY SYSTEM; TINOCERAS; UINTATHERIUM.

CORY'ZA. An inflammation of the nasal and ocular mucous membrane, with discharge of thin mucus. Preceded by a chilly feeling and a slight rise of temperature, it constitutes the invasion of measles, whooping-cough, la grippe, and certain fevers, and is constant during hay-fever (q.v.). Constipation or urie acid diathesis is often responsible for its appearance; very frequently it is caused by bacterial infection. Relief in the simple forms follows the use of alkaline laxatives, nasal spraying with alkalies, menthol, borates, and suprarenal extract. If neglected, the mucous membrane affords inviting fields for the germs of grippe, pneumonia, etc. See ÖZENA.

COS (Gk. Küs, Kōs, It. Stanchio, Turk. Istanköi). One of the Dorian Sporades, off the

southwest coast of Asia Minor, now belonging to Turkey. Cos is about 23 miles long. On the southern side of the island, a range of hills extends along the coast; the western half of the island is also mountainous, but the eastern portion north of the jagged ridge of Mount Prion is a fertile plain, producing the grapes which furnish the chief modern exports. In ancient times the island was famous for its perfumes, wines, and silk (probably produced from an inferior variety of worm), from which were woven the transparent Coän garments worn by the courtesans of Greece and Rome. There are many mineral springs on the island, which early became an important seat of the worship of Asclepius, the god of healing. Cos was the birthplace of the great physician Hippocrates (q.v.). The chief town, Cos, is situated on the northeast coast, on the site of the ancient city. In the centre of the main street is a gigantic palm-tree, said to have stood there before the Christian Era. To the northwest is an old fortress of the Knights of Saint John. The harbor is small, and so filled with mud as to be available only for small boats. The inhabitants are employed chiefly in agriculture. Cos is mentioned in the Iliad among the allies of the Greeks, and the island seems to have been early colonized. Later it was the seat of a Dorian colony, apparently from Epidaurus, and became a part of the Dorian Hexapolis. It was a member of the Athenian League, and in the fourth century B.C. enjoyed a prosperity which increased under Alexander and his successors. It was the birthplace of Ptolemy II. Philadelphus, and the home of Philetas, the bucolic poet, who founded on the island a school of which Theocritus (q.v.) was the most distinguished member. From the Latin conquest of Constantinople (A.D. 1204) till its capture by the Turks in 1523, Cos shared the vicissitudes of Rhodes and the neighboring islands. Consult: Rayet, Mémoire sur l'île de Cos (1876); Paton and Hicks, Inscriptions of Cos (Oxford, 1891); Herzog, Koische Forschungen (Leipzig, 1899).

CO'SA, JUAN DE LA. See LA COSA, Juan de. COSCIN'OMANCY (from Gk. Kóσkov, koskinon, sieve + pavreía, manteia, divination). A species of divination, practiced from the earliest times by means of a sieve and a pair of shears or forceps. Tylor (Primitive Culture, I. 116) says: "The sieve was held hanging by a thread or by the points of a pair of shears stuck into its rim, and it would turn or swing or fall at the mention of a thief's name and give similar signs for other purposes." The ordeal of the Bible and key is a survival of the old custom. The fiftieth Psalm is read, and when the verse beginning "When thou sawest a thief" is reached, the apparatus is expected to turn toward the culprit. See SUPERSTITION.

COSE CANT. See TRIGONOMETRY.

COSEGÜINA, kō'så-gwē'nå, or COSIGÜINA, kō'sê-gwē'nå. A volcano in the extreme western corner of Nicaragua, Central America (Map: Central America, D 4). It is situated on a small peninsula which partly separates the Gulf of Fonseca from the Pacific; it has an altitude of over 3000 feet. During its latest eruption, on January 20, 1835, a shower of ashes fell for three days, and the explosion was heard as far as Mexico.

CO'SEL or KOSEL. The capital of a district of Silesia, Prussia, on the river Oder, at the confluence of the Klodnitz, 25 miles southeast of Oppeln. It is a garrison town, has a castle, and was formerly surrounded by walls, the site of which has been converted into boulevards. A fine pyramidal monument commemorates the unsuccessful siege by the French in 1807. The town has considerable trade and numerous domestic industries. It was the capital of a duchy in the fourteenth century. Population, in 1905, 7499. COSELEY, kōz'li. A manufacturing town in Staffordshire, England, a suburb of Wolverhampton, with which its industries and public works are identified. Population, in 1891, 21,900; in 1901, 22,200.

COSENZ, ko'sânz, ENRICO (1820-98). An Italian soldier, born at Gaeta. He entered the military service of Naples in 1840, participated in the campaign in Upper Italy (1848), and afterwards was prominent in the defense of Venice against the Austrians. In 1859 he became a col

onel in the 'Hunters of the Alps,' Garibaldi's corps, and in 1860 took part in the expedition to Sicily. Upon Garibaldi's assumption of the Dictatorship of Naples, he was appointed Minister of War. He commanded a division in the attack on Rome in 1870, and from 1881 until his retirement in 1893 was chief of the General Staff of the Italian Army. He also held civil office as a Deputy from 1860, and Senator from 1872.

COSENZA, kô-sānʼzå (Lat. Cosentia). The capital of the Province of Cosenza (Calabria Citeriore), in South Italy, situated 120 miles southwest of Taranto (Map: Italy, L 8). It is commanded by a castle, whose walls, nine feet thick, were shattered in the earthquakes of 1783, 1854, and 1870. The older and lower part of the town is very malarious in summer. The cathedral, now being restored according to the discovered ancient plans, contains the tomb of Louis III. of Anjou, who died here in 1435. In the attractive public gardens, near the prefecture and the new theatre, are a figure of Liberty by Giuseppe Pacchioni, erected in 1879 to the brothers Bandiera and others who took part in the Calabrian rebellion of 1844, and busts of Garibaldi, Cavour, and Mazzini. There are a seminary, a royal college, a technical school, two academies of science and fine arts,

and a chamber of commerce.

Cosenza markets

silk, oil, wine, manna, hemp, grain, and honey, and manufactures faïence and hardware. Alaric, King of the Visigoths, died here in 410 while on his way to Sicily after the spoliation of Rome. Tradition has it that he and his treasures were bur

ied just below the town in the Busento (ancient Buxentius) where the Crati joins it-a spot now marked by the Ponte Alerico. Population (commune) in 1881, 16,253; in 1901, 21,545.

COSETTE, ko'zet'. The adopted daughter of Jean Valjean in Hugo's Les Misérables. She is the child of Fantine, and gives her name to the second part of the novel.

COSHOCTON, ko-shōk'ton. A city and the county-seat of Coshocton County, Ohio, 69 miles east-northeast of Columbus, on the Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago and Saint Louis, and the Wheeling and Lake Erie railroads, and on the Muskingum River (Map: Ohio, G 5). It contains a public library (Carnegie). The city has

An Eng

COSIN, kuz'n, JOHN (1594-1672). lish prelate. He was born at Norwich and was educated at Cambridge. After holding rectorates at Elwick, Brancepeth, and elsewhere, he assumed charge of Saint Peter's College, Cambridge, in 1635. Three years afterwards he was made vice-chancellor of the university, and in 1640 was appointed Dean of Peterborough. He joined the royal family in Paris, where for was chaplain to Charles I. and subsequently nearly twenty years he conducted religious services in the household of Queen Henrietta. In though by no means inclined toward Puritanism, 1660 he was appointed Bishop of Durham. Alhe was an inveterate antagonist of Romanism, and during his long residence in France was regarded as the champion of the Protestant cause in that country. Many of the finest prayers in the English Church were written by him, while his other numerous writings are imbued with the force and brilliancy of his interesting personality. He was celebrated for the remarkable frankness with which he defended his views, even under the most unfavorable conditions, and by his splendid administrative ability in the Church. His works include: Collection of Private Devotions, prepared at the request of King Charles I. and first published in 1627; Scholastical History of the Canon of Holy Scripture (1657); History of Popish Transubstantiation (1675); and Note on the Work of Common Prayers (1710).

CO'SINE. See TRIGONOMETRY.

COS'MAS (Lat., from Gk. Koopac, Kosmas), surnamed INDICOPLEUSTES (i.e. Indian navigator). A merchant of Alexandria, in which city he was probably born, who, after having traveled lon, returned to Egypt and ended his days in much in Eastern Asia, including India and Ceymonastic retirement about the middle of the sixth century. While a monk he wrote a Christian Topography in 12 volumes, in the Greek language, containing much information about many countries, and particularly about India. An attempt to reconcile everything to his notions of the meaning of the Bible led him into many errors; but though deficient, and even absurd scientifically, as a record of travel and geographical information, the eleventh book, which gives a description of the animals of India and of the Island of Ceylon, takes high rank. His other works have perished. The work (which, among other things, gives the first account of the Monumentum Adulitanum—see ADULE) was edited by Montfauçon in the Nova Collectio Patrum Græcorum, vol. ii. (Paris, 1707), reprinted by Migne, Patrol. Græca, lxxxviii., and translated by Charton in his Voyageurs (Paris, 1854).