1899). For the United States specifically, consult the various publications of the Weather Bureau, and Waldo, Elementary Meteorology (New York, 1896). Consult also Woeikof, Die Klimate der Erde (Jena, 1887); Hann, Lehrbuch der Meteorologie (Leipzig, 1906); and Solly, Climatology (Philadelphia, 1903).

CLIMATOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, AMERICAN. A society for the study of climatology, balneology, and the diseases of the respiratory and circulatory organs. It was or ganized in New York City in 1884, and is composed of physicians residing in the United States and Canada. It consisted, in 1906, of 143 members.

CLIMATOLOGY, CLIMATOGRAPHY. See

CLIMATE.

CLIMBING FERN, or HARTFORD FERN

(Lygodium palmatum). A species of fern found, rarely, from Massachusetts to Kentucky and southward, remarkable for climbing or twining around weeds and shrubs. The leaves are broadly palmate, and the fertile frondlets form a panicle upon the upper portion of the stem. It is prized for interior decoration of houses. For illustration, see Plate of FERNS.

CLIMBING FISH. One of the small Oriental fishes of the family Anabantidæ, interesting because of the modification of the upper portion of their branchial apparatus into a series of leaflike structures, adapted for retaining small quantities of water. This water is sufficient to keep the gills moist for a considerable time, thus enabling the fish to subsist in mud or out of water. For a special account of this apparatus, consult Dobson, Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1874, p. 312. The numerous species live in fresh water in southeastern Asia and its neighboring islands, and in South Africa. The

a

HEAD OF CLIMBING PERCH.

&, Gills; b, Leaf-like apparatus serving as air-breathing lungs.

best-known and typical species is the climbing perch (Anabas scandens), which is widely distributed in the Orient, and especially abundant in the Ganges valley. It is about six inches in length, somewhat resembles a perch, and has large scales and a spiny dorsal fin. It has been reported to climb palm-trees, but this needs verification. It often, however, leaves pools which are in danger of drying and travels over land in search of water, usually during the night or early morning, while the dew is still on.

CLIMBING HEMPWEED. See MIKANIA. CLIMBING PLANTS. See LIANAS.

CLINCH. See KNOTTING AND SPLICING. A French general, born at Thiaucourt (Meurthe). CLINCHANT, klan'shäN', JUSTIN (1820-81). He studied at the military college of Saint Cyr, entered the infantry service in 1841, and fought in the Crimea, in the Italian campaign of 1859, and in Mexico. As commander of a brigade of the Third Army Corps, he participated in the battles before Metz. Having escaped from imprisonment after the capitulation, he was appointed to the command of the Twentieth Army Corps of the Army of the East, with the rank of a general of division. He succeeded Bourbaki (q.v.) as commander of the Army of the East, and, intercepted by the Germans under Von Manteuffel in an attempt at retreat, was compelled, with his 84,000 troops. to withdraw into Switzerland. He subsequently commanded the Fifth the forces of the Commune, and in 1879 was Army Corps of the Army of Versailles against appointed Military Governor of Paris.

CLINCHER. A 'prentice who apes the manabout-town in Farquhar's comedies, The Constant Lover and Sir Harry Wildair.

CLINCHER-BUILT, or CLINKER-BUILT.

See BOAT.

CLINCH RIVER. A tributary of the Tennessee River, rising in Tazewell County, Virginia, and flowing in a southwestern direction through Virginia and Tennessee (Map: Virginia, B 5), joining the Tennessee River at Kingston. Its length is estimated at over 200 miles.

CLINEDINST, BENJAMIN WEST (1860 — ). An American illustrator, born at Woodstock, Va. He studied at the Virginia Military Institute (Lexington), and became known as an artist for periodicals and books. In oils and water-colors he has executed several portraits and genre pictures. He was awarded the Evans Prize of the American Water-Color Society in 1900

CLING'MAN, THOMAS LANIER (1812-97). An American politician and soldier, born at Huntsville, N. C. He graduated at the University of North Carolina in 1832, and was elected to the State Legislature. From 1843 to 1858, with the exception of one term, he was a Whig member of Congress, where he became known as a brilliant debater. In 1858 he was selected by the Governor of his State to fill a vacancy existing in the United States Senate, whence, in 1861, he withdrew to become a colonel in the Confederate Army. He was promoted to be brigadiergeneral, served throughout the war, and in 1868 was a delegate to the National Democratic Convention. The existence in North Carolina of diamonds, rubies, corundum, platinum, and mica was first made known by him. He published Follies of the Positive Philosophers (1878) and a volume of speeches (1878).

CLINGMAN'S DOME. One of the two highest peaks of the Great Smoky Mountains, situated in Tennessee, just across the border from North Carolina (Map: North Carolina, A 4). It is 6619 feet above the sea-level. It was named after Thomas L. Clingman.

CLINIC (Lat. clinicus, Gk. kλvós, klinikos, pertaining to a bed, from Xiv, klině, from KXL

vev, klinein, to incline). An institution or a department of a medical college, which is devoted to the examination and free treatment of patients. Notwithstanding the derivation of the

term, 'clinical' lectures have for many years been delivered, not at the bedside, but in lecturerooms, to which patients are able to come from their homes. The term 'clinic' is often applied also to institutions where free medical treatment is furnished to patients who are able to walk in and return to their homes, but where there are no beds, as in a hospital. (See DISPENSARY.) The term clinical medicine is applied to the branch of medicine occupied with the investigation of diseases at the bedside.

CLINIC BAPTISM. In the ancient Church, baptism administered to a person on a sick-bed or death-bed. As such a baptism was irregular and the usual rites could not be observed, the question was discussed whether it was valid. In the third century Novatian declared that such baptized persons should not be ordained, and in 314 the Synod of Neo-Cæsarea so ordered, and this prohibition was renewed by the sixth Synod of Paris in 829. Saint Cyprian insisted strongly on the validity of such baptism.

CLINK, THE (Ger. Klinke, Dan. klink, Swed. klinka, bolt, latch, from Ger. klingen, OHG. chlingan, Dan. klinge, Swed. klinga, to clink, to jingle). An old prison at Bankside, London, in the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Winchester, used for criminals of that part of the Manor of Southwark which was known as The Liberty of Clink,' and not embraced in the original grant to the city of London (about 1327). later grant was made expressly for the purpose of securing jurisdiction over the malefactors of the city of London who fled to Southwark. The name has come to mean the 'guard-house,' in the modern parlance of Tommy Atkins.'

The

CLINKER, HUMPHREY. The hero of Smollett's novel of the same name. He is brought up in a workhouse, and then enters the service of Mr. Bramble, his natural father.

CLINKER-BUILT. See BOAT.

CLINKERS (from clink, Ger. klingen, to jingle). The scales or globules of black oxide of iron, obtained from red-hot iron under the blows of a hammer. The same term is applied to the slag of iron-furnaces, to the calcined products of cement kilns, and. generally, to the slag-like

refuse of furnaces of all kinds. The cinder-like masses which form the crust of some lavastreams are called clinkers by geologists.

CLINKSTONE. See PHONOLITE. CLINOM ETER (from Gk. «λível, klinein, to incline μéтpov, metron, measure; cf. Fr. clinometre). An instrument used by geologists for ascertaining the dip or inclination from the horizontal of bedded rocks or veins. It consists of a graduated arc, with a pendulum or plumbline hung at the centre. When the instrument is placed on a horizontal surface, the pendulum points to 0°, while on an inclined surface the pendulum assumes a position corresponding to the angle of inclination. The clinometer is sometimes attached to a compass, which latter is required for determining the direction of outcrop or strike of rocks.

CLINOSTAT (from Gk. «λvev, klinein, to incline+orarós, statos, placed, from lorával, histanai, to stand). An apparatus for rotating plants, periodically or constantly, in any desired plane, for the purpose of eliminating or equalizing the effect of any directive stimulus, such as

light or gravity. (See IRRITABILITY.) It consists essentially of a strong clockwork, driven by a spring or weight, with vanes or other device for controlling the speed of the mechanism, which may usually be adjusted to make one rotation in 10 to 30 minutes. Suitable tables and clamps for holding the vessel containing the plants are provided. The intermittent clinostat is so arranged that at given intervals the mechanism is released, and permitted to impart a quarter or a half rotation to the plant.

CLINT, ALFRED (1807-83). An English artist. He was born in London, and was the son of the well-known painter and engraver, George Clint. His work consists of portraits, and particularly studies of the scenery in Guernsey and Jersey, which have furnished the subjects for many charming landscapes. In 1869 he was made president of the Society of British Artists.

CLIN'TON. A town in Huron County, Ontario, Canada, 30 miles northwest of Stratford, on a branch of the Grand Trunk Railroad (Map: Ontario, B 4). It has a collegiate institute and model school, and a customs office, and is the residence of a United States consular agent. The industrial establishments include a piano and organ factory, threshing-machine and engine factory, hosiery and clothing factories, and flour mills. Grain and live stock are shipped. Near the town are valuable salt wells. Population, in 1891, 2635; in 1901, 2547.

CLINTON. A city and the county-seat of Dewitt County, Ill., 22 miles south of Bloomington, on the Illinois Central Railroad (Map: Illinois, D 3). It is in a fertile agricultural region Clinton is governed, and has railroad shops. under a State law, by a mayor, elected for two The city owns and years, and a city council. operates its water-works. Population, 1900, 4452; 1906 (local est.), 6000.

CLINTON.

A city and the county-seat of Clinton County, Iowa, 138 miles by rail west of Chicago, Ill.; on the Mississippi River, and on the Chicago and Northwestern; the Chicago, MilWaukee and Saint Paul; the Chicago, Burlington 3). The Mississippi is crossed at Clinton by and Quincy, and other railroads (Map: Iowa, one railway and two wagon bridges, one of the latter being a mile long. The city contains two academies and Wartburg College (Lutheran), founded in 1894. Its manufactures are extensive, including machinery, boilers, wagons, furniture, locks, boxes, wire, cloth, brick, paper, etc. The Chicago and Northwestern Railroad has large stock yards in Clinton. Lyons, which in 1890 had 5799 inhabitants, was annexed to Clinton in 1895. Population, in 1890, 13,619; in 1900, 22,698; in 1905, 22,756.

CLINTON. A town in Worcester County, Mass., 12 miles (direct) north by east of Worcester; on the Nashua River, and on the Boston and Maine and New York, New Haven and Hartford railroads (Map: Massachusetts, D 3). lt manufactures ginghams and plaids, machinery, wirework, worsteds, Brussels and Wilton carpets, etc. The town owns and operates its water-works, and has a public library of 25,000 volumes, and a park. The Wachusett Dam and Reservoir, which supplies water to Boston and the metropolitan district, is at Clinton. Clinton was a part of Lancaster until 1850, when it was separately

incorporated. Its government is administered by town-meetings. The board of selectmen, who are elected for three years, appoint the chief of police, engineers, etc. Pop., 1900, 13,667; 1905, 13,105. CLINTON. A town in Hinds County, Miss., nine miles west-northwest of Jackson; on the Queen and Crescent Railroad. It is the seat of Mississippi College (Baptist), and of Hillman College. Population, in 1900, 354.

CLINTON. A city and the county-seat of Henry County, Mo., about 70 miles (direct) southeast of Kansas City; on the Missouri, Kansas and Texas, the Saint Louis and San Francisco, and the Kansas City, Clinton and Springfield railroads (Map: Missouri, C3). It has a steam pottery and large flour-mills, and exports hogs, cattle, coal, flour, and agricultural products.

There are four artesian wells which have a considerable flow of white sulphur. Baird College is at Clinton. Settled in 1835, Clinton was incorporated as a village in 1840, and at present is governed under a general law, revised in 1899, which provides for a mayor, who holds office for two years, and a city council. Population, in 1890, 4737; in 1900, 5061.

CLINTON. A village in Oneida County, N. Y., nine miles southwest of Utica, on the New York, Ontario and Western Railroad, and on Oriskany Creek (Map: New York, E 2). It is the seat of Hamilton College (q.v.) and of the Clinton Preparatory School. Plush and canned goods are manufactured. There are iron ore mines and blast furnaces in the vicinity, also mineral springs. Pop., 1900, 1340; 1905, 1315. CLINTON, DE WITT (1769-1828). An American statesman. He was born at Little Britain, Orange County, N. Y., March 2, 1769, the son of James Clinton, and was educated at Columbia College, graduating with high honors in 1786. Choosing the law for his vocation, he studied under Samuel Jones, and was admitted to the bar in 1788. He entered immediately into political life, opposing the adoption of the Federal Constitution, and becoming an ardent supporter of his uncle, George Clinton (q.v.), who was then Governor of the State, and a leader of the AntiFederalist Party. In 1797 he was elected to the State Assembly as a representative of New York City, where he made his residence, and the next year was chosen State Senator for four years. He also became a member of the Council of Appointment. Up to this time the Governor had exercised the exclusive right to make nominations; but Clinton vigorously attacked the system, succeeded in 1801 in procuring an amendment to the Constitution giving the members of the Council of Appointment equal rights of nomination with the Governor, and by this means introduced the 'spoils system' into New York polities. During this period he found time to devote himself to scientific and social questions-especially the use of steam in navigation, and the abolition of slavery and its kindred barbarism, imprisonment for debt. In 1802, when but thirty-three years of age, he became a member of the United States Senate, but soon resigned to accept the office of Mayor of New York-an appointment made by his uncle, the Governor, and the Council of Appointment; and this position he held, with two short intermissions, until 1815. While Mayor, he was also at various times State Senator, a member of the Council of Appointment, a

commissioner on the Erie Canal route, and from 1811 to 1813 Lieutenant-Governor of the State. After the retirement of his uncle from active participation in State politics in 1804, he speedily became the leader of the Republican Party in New York, and in 1812 was chosen as its candidate for President. Madison was nominated by the Republican Congressional Caucus; but the New York section of the party, tired of Virginian control, insisted on running Clinton, and made a coalition with the Federalists for that purpose. Clinton, however, received only 89 electoral votes to 128 for Madison. The canvass had been hardly creditable to Clinton, and he was not henceforth an important figure in national politics; but as a great benefactor of his State in his later years, he won fame and success. He took a leading part in establishing the freeschool system of New York City, and in the establishment and promotion of various institutions of science; in the improvement and modification of criminal laws; in the extension of agriculture and manufactures; in the relief of the poor, and the improvement of morals. But his greatest service was his promotion of the Erie Canal project. As citizen and commissioner, his zeal, energy, and optimism in planning and urging on the completion of this great waterway inseparably connected his name with the enterprise, both in the minds of its friends and in the minds of those who sneered at 'Clinton's Folly.' The canal became a political question, and on this issue Clinton was elected Governor in 1817. One of his first duties as Governor was to break ground for the canal at Rome. He was reelected in 1820, but declined a hopeless nomination in 1822. His political opponents, led by Martin Van Buren and the Albany Regency (q.v.), sought to end his political career, and in 1824 removed him from the office of canal com

missioner. This partisan act provoked a storm of public indignation, which elected Clinton Governor in that year-an office which he held until his death. The next year he opened the Erie Canal.

He wrote: Discourse Before the New York Historical Society; Memoir on the Antiquitics of Western New York; Letters on the Natu ral History and Internal Resources of New York; Consult: Lives, Speeches to the Legislature. Hosack (New York, 1829) and Renwick (New York, 1840); Campbell, Life and Writings of De Witt Clinton (New York, 1849); Alexander, Po

litical History of the State of New York, vol. i.

(New York, 1906); Orth, Five American Politicians (Cleveland, 1906).

CLINTON, GEORGE (1739-1812). An American statesman, born in Little Britain, N. Y. In the French and Indian War he served as a lieutenant in the expedition against Fort Frontenac, and after the war entered law and politics. He was chosen to the Colonial Assembly and to the Continental Congress, was made brigadier-general in the Revolutionary Army, and in 1777 was elected first Governor of New York. He was reëlected and occupied the executive chair for eighteen years, and in 1801 was chosen for one more term. From 1805 until his death he was Vice-President of the United States. While Governor, his discretion in civil affairs and his military services were of great value to the State. He opposed the ratification of the Federal Constitution in the belief that it granted too great powers to the national officers, and while presid

ing officer of the Senate, during his term as Vice-President, defeated by his deciding vote the rechartering of the United States Bank (1811). CLINTON, Sir HENRY (c.1738-95). A British general in the American Revolution. He was the son of Admiral George Clinton (Governor of Newfoundland from 1732 to 1741, and of New York from 1741 to 1751), and the grandson of Francis, sixth Earl of Lincoln. He was a member of Parliament for Boroughbridge and Newark from 1772 to 1784, during which time he was also in the army in America. He served as major-general at the battle of Bunker Hill, and took possession of New York after the defeat of Washington's forces in the battle of Long Island (August 27, 1776). For his part in that battle he was promoted lieutenant-general and knighted. In 1778 he succeeded Sir William Howe as commander-in-chief, and, on his march from Philadelphia to New York, fought with Washington the unsuccessful battle of Monmouth (q.v.). In December, 1779, he led an expedition to South Carolina, and on May 12, 1780, cap tured Charleston, with General Lincoln's army of 6000 men. Replaced in command by Sir Guy Carleton in 1782, Clinton returned to England. Soon afterwards he published his Narrative of the Campaign of 1781 in North America (1783), in answer to an account which Cornwallis had published of that campaign. He was again in Parliament (1790), and from 1793 until his

death was Governor of Gibraltar.

CLINTON, HENRY FYNES (1781-1852). An English classical scholar, born at Gamston, in Nottinghamshire. He graduated at Oxford in 1805, and was a member of Parliament from 1806 to 1826. His two great works are the Fasti Hellenici (1824-34), and Fasti Romani (184550), the civil and literary chronologies of Greece, Rome, and Constantinople, which set classical chronology upon a solid and scientific basis. Consult The Literary Remains of Henry Fynes Clinton, by his brother (London, 1854).

CLINTON, JAMES (1736-1812). An American soldier, born in Ulster County, N. Y. He was a brother of George Clinton (1739-1812), and the father of De Witt Clinton. He early entered the English Army; served as a captain in the French and Indian War, and distinguished himself at the capture of Fort Frontenac. On the outbreak of the Revolution, he took the side of the Colonies and was made a colonel. He accompanied Montgomery to Quebec as brigadiergeneral, and in 1777 was in command of Fort Clinton when it was captured by the British, after a brilliant defense, in which he received a bayonet wound. He was engaged against the Indians in General Sullivan's Iroquois expedition (1779), and was present at the siege of Yorktown. He was delegate to the New York Convention which ratified the Federal Constitution, and was afterwards a commissioner to adjust the boundary line between Pennsylvania and New York.

CLINTON STAGE. A name given to a subdivision of the Silurian system. The Clinton stage takes its name from the type locality at Clinton, N. Y.; but the strata are widely distributed in the eastern part of the United States, occurring along the Appalachians from New York to Alabama, and also in Ohio, Indiana, and Wisconsin. The prevailing rocks are sand

stones, limestones, and shales, which attain a maximum thickness in the aggregate of about 1000 feet. A noteworthy feature of the Clinton stage is a persistent bed of oölitic iron ore that is the basis of an active mining industry in New York and Alabama. See article SILURIAN SYSTEM.

CLINTON STATE PRISON. A prison located in Dannemora, Clinton County, N. Y. It was begun in 1844, and comprises a number of buildings inclosed in a stockade which surrounds thirty-seven acres of land. This location was chosen for the purpose of employing convicts in the mining and manufacture of iron, there being abundance of that ore on the tract belonging to the prison or to the State. It is also in a densely wooded region, and the timber furnishes the charcoal used in the furnaces.

CLIO (Lat., from Gk. Kλew, Kleiō, from kλeïv, klein, to celebrate, from kλéos, kleos, glory). In Grecian mythology, one of the Nine Muses (q.v.); When the individual muses were assigned specific functions, Clio was at first called muse of epic poetry. but later, and more commonly, attribute is a partly opened roll. muse of history. In ancient art her common

CLIO. A prominent genus of pteropod mollusks. See PTEROPODA.

CLIO. A pen-name of Addison, suggested by the letters 'C,' 'L,' 'I,' 'O,' with which, re spectively, he signed his articles in the Spectator, according as he wrote at Chelsea, London, Islington, or 'The Office.'

CLIP HOOKS. Two hooks, with points lying in opposite directions, made in such a manner that they overlap and fit closely so as to form a single eye when the necks are lashed together; the eyes of the separate hooks are in the same thimble or on the same pivot, and also fit closely to each other when the necks are brought together.

CLIP OR SISTER

HOOK.

CLIPPER (probably connected with Dutch klepper, fast horse, from kleppen, to run swiftly, and thus with Eng. clap). A sailing vessel built with very sharp lines, more or less raking masts, and great spread of canvas, with a view to speed; a development of a model for the mercantile marine, first built in this country at Baltimore, and called the Baltimore Clipper. The clippers. becoming famous for quick runs, and occasionally making better time than the steamers, were especially employed in the South American trade, in the China trade (for tea and opium). and in the early California trade, via Cape Horn. For many years the fruit clippers' were celebrated for their rapid passages; and the ‘opium clippers' and 'slavers' attained an unenviable notoriety for speed. A 'clipper ship,' as compared with the ordinary sailing ship, is longer, and generally of less beam in proportion to her length; very sharp at the bows, which are hollowed more or less below the water-line; gracefully fined away toward the stern, which is almost always

elliptical; and, in fact, the comparison of the race-horse to the beast of burden holds good in comparing the clipper to the ordinary sailing ship. The first American clipper was the Rainbow, a vessel of 750 tons, built in 1843 for the China trade. The largest of these craft was the Great Republic, 325 feet in length, 53 feet beam, and 37 feet depth of hold, of 4000 tons capacity. The Aberdeen builders and Mr. Scott Russell, in England, built some of the most magnificent clipper ships that have sailed the ocean. Among the fastest passages are those made by the Fly ing Cloud in 1851, New York to San Francisco in 89 days and 18 hours, making 374 miles in one day. This record, however, was reduced by the Comet, which made the same trip in 83 days; in 1854, by the Lightning, Boston to Liverpool, 2827 miles, in 13 days, and Melbourne to Liverpool, 12,190 miles, in 64 days; in 1865, by the Nightin gale from Melbourne to New York, 12,720 miles, in 73 days; the Thornton, Sandy Hook to Liverpool, 3000 miles, in 13 days, 9 hours; this record was equaled by the Dreadnaught in 1859; 1869, the Golden Gate, an iron clipper ship, from Liverpool to San Francisco, 13,800 miles in 100 days. The clipper, which was at its prime during the period from 1840 to 1855, at the advent of the steamship underwent numerous transformations as the ends of commerce demanded a greater cargo-carrying capacity at the expense of speed, and as a type gradually passed away; changes were made in the lines and rig, and smaller crews were carried, with the object of increasing tonnage capacity and competing with steamships by lower freight-rates. The effect of the model, however, was shown in many subsequent ships and yachts.

CLIPPER-BOW. The overhanging bow, with short bowsprit (chiefly ornamental), which is found in some wooden steamers. The bow of most steamers has a vertical stem. The clipperbow differs from the old sailing-ship bow in rising in a smooth curve from the cutwater to the scroll-head, while the latter had a reverse curve as it approached the bowsprit.

CLIS'THENES, klis'the-nez (Lat., from Gk. Kλelo 0évηs, Kleisthenes). An Athenian statesman. He was a member of the celebrated family of the Alemæonidæ, and grandson of the Sicyonian Clisthenes. He took a prominent part in the expulsion of Hippias in B.C. 510. He made important changes in the Athenian Constitution, which he rendered more democratic. The basis of his reform was a redistribution of the people; instead of four tribes, or phylæ, which had previously existed, he made the number ten, and distributed among these the demes into which the Attic territory was divided. He also instituted ostracism, and was the first to suffer therefrom. When Isagoras, the head of the oligarchical party at Athens, called in Cleomenes, King of Sparta, Clisthenes, with 700 heads of families, was forced to retire from the city, but was after

wards recalled.

CLITANDRE, klê'tän'dr'. A favorite name with Molière, who calls four different characters by it: (1) The sensible lover of Henriette in Les femmes savantes. (2) The lover of Angélique in Georges Dandin. (3) A titled lover of Célimène in Le misanthrope. (4) The lover of Lucinde in L'amour médecin, who pretends to be a physician in order to cure her.

CLITH'EROE (Welsh Cled-dwyr, cliff near the waters). A town of Lancashire, England, on the Ribble, and at the foot of the Pendle Hills, about 28 miles north of Manchester (Map: Eng land, D 3). Its notable buildings include the Church of Saint Michael's, the ancient grammarschool founded by Queen Mary in 1554, and the ruins of an old castle built by one of the De Lacy family in the twelfth century. The town maintains a free public library, and expends a considerable sum on technical education. Its industries consist of cotton and paper mills, and in the neighborhood are extensive limestone-quar ries. Near Clitheroe is the Jesuit College of Stonyhurst. Population, in 1891, 10,800; in 1901, 11,400. Clitheroe and Pontefract were the two seats of the De Lacy family in Norman times.

CLITOM'ACHUS (Gk. Khetróμaxos, Kleitomachos, or possibly Keurópaxos, Kleistomachos) (c.190-c.110 B.C.). A Greek philosopher of the New Academy, the most important among the pupils of Carneades, whose spoken philosophy he put in writing, and whom he succeeded as leader of the school. He was a Carthaginian by birth; was called Hasdrubal in his own tongue; came to Athens about 147, and became head of the New Academy in 129. Of his many works none remain save in translations given by Cicero, who praises Clitomachus highly. He was well known at Rome, if we are to believe Cicero's statement that Crassus heard him lecture at Athens in 111, and that he dedicated one cius Censorinus, consul in 149 B.C. of his books to the poet Lucilius and one to Lu

CLITUS (Lat., from Gk. Kleiros, Kleitos) (?-B.C. 328). The foster-brother of Alexander the Great. He was the dearest friend of the King, whose life he saved at the battle of the Granicus. He held high positions in the Macedonian armies, and in 328 was made satrap of Bactria. At a banquet given by Alexander in honor of the Dioscuri, the King, goaded to madness by the censures of Clitus, who reproached Alexander with slothfulness, seized a spear, and in his drunken rage slew him. Alexander bitterly repented his death, and showed his grief in the most extravagant manner.

CLITUS. In Shakespeare's Julius Cæsar, the servant of Brutus, who appears only in Act v. Scene 5, and who refuses to hold the sword for his master to fall upon.

CLIVE, CATHERINE (1711-85). A noted English actress, familiarly called 'Kitty Clive.' She was a daughter of William Raftor, an Irish gentleman of reduced circumstances, living in London. There is a doubtful story about her having been overheard singing while scrubbing a doorstep where there were some members of the Beefsteak Club, and so securing a chance to begin her

career.

management of Drury Lane, she made her apAt any rate, during Colley Cibber's pearance there as a page, with a song, in Lee's tragedy of Mithridates, probably in 1728. She made a great hit, which she repeated in 1729 as Phillida in Cibber's Love in a Riddle. About 1732 she was married to George Clive, second cousin of the famous Lord Clive. In 1742 she sang the part of Delilah in Handel's Samson, then first produced. She left Drury Lane in 1743, during Fleetwood's management, but resumed her connection with that theatre when Garrick took its direction, three years later. Her