of a county attached to any other county, and 255 Representatives, elected from the towns, each town being permitted one or two members, according as its population is below or above 5000. But towns which had two Representatives prior to the amendment of 1874 still retain that number without regard to population. Senators and Representatives are elected for a two years' term, and receive for the regular session $300 each and mileage. Only mileage is allowed for extra sessions. The Assembly convenes on the first Wednesday after the first Monday in January of each odd year. Executive. The Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Secretary, Treasurer, and Comptroller are each elected for two years, and have their salaries fixed by law. The Governor's veto may be overcome by a majority vote of each House. The Lieutenant-Governor presides in the Senate.

Judiciary. The judiciary consists of a supreme court of errors, with a chief justice and four associate judges; a superior court of six judges (all the foregoing are nominated by the Governor and appointed by the Assembly for eight years); courts of common pleas for Hartford, New Haven, New London, Fairfield, and Litchfield counties, each with one judge, except in New Haven County, where there are judges respectively for the civil and criminal sides; a district court in Waterbury; various city and borough courts, and justices of the peace.

Local Government.-The counties elect sheriffs who serve for a term of four years. The towns annually elect selectmen and other local officers.

State Laws.-Real estate acquired by a married woman's services, or conveyed to her for a consideration, may be held for her own use. The husband is trustee of a wife's personal estate, which upon his death falls to her or her devisees, legatees, or heirs, as though she had never been married; and married women may convey by devise the same as single persons, except that a husband (if he have not abandoned her) must unite in conveying by deed. Divorce may be had for fraudulent contract, adultery, desertion, and neglect of duty for three years, habitual intemperance, cruelty, for imprisonment for life, and for certain crimes; previous residence required, three years; either party may remarry. The sale of liquor is regulated by each town in accordance with local-option laws. The registration of voters is required in this State. Women may vote in an election for school officers. The legal rate of interest is 6 per cent. Judgments outlaw in seventeen years; notes and open accounts in six years. Militia. There is (1905) a total organized militia of 2814 men-infantry 2461, artillery 224, signal corps 33, hospital corps 36, cavalry 60. The infantry is organized into one brigade, composed of 3 regiments of 12 companies each, and one separate company.

Finances.-The receipts for the civil-list funds during the fiscal year ending September 30, 1906, aggregated $3,611,547 and expenditures, $3,614,062. The largest items of expense were the common schools ($622,799) and humane institutions ($834,133). The largest sources of income were tax on railroads, $1,466,755; tax on savings banks, $498,583; tax on mutual life insurance companies, $344,589; and inheritance tax, $274,258. The total State debt less the civil-list funds was $275,061. The total indebtedness of all towns, cities, boroughs, and counties of the State was

(1900) $27,624,827, much of which was incurred in the support of schools and in the construction of roads.

BANKS. On June 18, 1906, there were 80 national banks within the State in active operation. The capital stock aggregated $20,205,050; circulation outstanding, $12,196,314; loans, $56,785,011; individual deposits, $55,347,364, and the reserve, $11,334,298. On May 29, 1905, there were eight State banks, with resources amounting to $12,073,415; capital, $2,240,000; deposits, $8,508,815; and 20 trust companies doing a banking business, whose total resources aggregated $21,237,154; capital, $2,425,000, and deposits, $16,222,432. There were (1906) 89 savings banks, with 493,883 depositors and $232,848,000 deposited.

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POPULATION. Population, in 1637, 800; 1688, 17,000; in 1755, 133,000-3500 slaves; in 1787, 202,000; in 1800, 251,002; in 1840, 309,978; in 1860, 460,147; in 1890, 746,258; in 1900, 908,420. It will be seen that the absolute increase during the last decade exceeds that of any previous decade. Almost two-thirds of this increase was among native whites of foreignborn parents, which, with the foreign-born (238,210), constituted almost three-fifths of the pop-. ulation. Of the latter class, almost half came from Ireland, the next most important nationalities being Germans, English, and Canadians. For several decades the large emigration of the male population to the West resulted in an excess of females; but the 1900 census shows that the sexes are almost equal in number. The Federal estimate of population in 1905 was 989,500.

In 1900, 53 per cent. of the population was in cities of over 8000 population. According to the census of 1900, New Haven had 108,027 inhabitants; Hartford, the capital, 79,850; Bridgeport, 70,996; Waterbury, 45,859, and New Britain, 25,998. According to local estimates, populations in 1905 were: New Haven, 123,000; Hartford, 93,000, and Bridgeport, $5,000. Connecticut has five representatives in the Lower House of Congress.

EDUCATION. Connecticut has always been one of the leading States in educational matters. From the earliest colonial period primary education was provided for at the public expense, and the establishment of Yale University in 1701 afforded opportunities for higher instruction. For the year 1905-6 the average length of the school term was 187.13 days, although the average for the whole country is only 134 days. Almost five-sixths of the school population attend the public schools, and in 1905-6 78.45 per cent. of all children between the ages of four and sixteen were registered in some school. The expense of education per registered student was $20.74. For the thirty year period 1875-1905 the school expenditure was drawn from the following sources: Permanent funds, 7.8 per cent.; State taxation, 14 per cent.; local taxation, 67.7 per cent.; and other sources, 10.5 per cent. There were 4729 public-school teachers in 1905-6, of which but 7.5 per cent. were males. There were 77 public high schools and four normal schools. School districts not having high schools must pay the tuition for such students as may wish to attend the high school of some other school district. The administration is vested in a board of education, or town committee, or board of school visitors, while the general educational supervision of the State is in the hands of a State Board of Education.

There is no State university. The chief higher educational institutions are Yale University, non-sectarian, though historically affiliated with the Congregationalists; Wesleyan University (Methodist Episcopal), at Middletown, for both sexes; Trinity College (Protestant Episcopal), at Hartford. Schools of science, law, art, and medicine form departments of Yale University. The Congregationalists have divinity schools at New Haven and Hartford; the Protestant Episcopalians, one at Middletown; and the Baptists, a literary institute at Suffield. There are an agricultural college at Mansfield and training schools for nurses at Hartford, New Haven, Danbury, Bridgeport, Meriden, New London, Norwalk, and Norwich.

CHARITABLE AND PENAL INSTITUTIONS. The State has a large number of charitable and penal institutions. The humane institutions alone cost in 1906 $834,133, and the correctional institutions and soldiers' homes, over $380,000, the combined amounts being much greater than the amount which the State government annually expends upon the public schools. There were (1906) a State prison at Wethersfield; an industrial school for girls at Middletown; a school for boys at Meriden; hospitals for the insane at Middletown and Norwich; a school for imbeciles at Lakeville; a retreat for the insane at Hartford; and Fitch's home for soldiers at Noroton. Besides these, there are 11 private sanatoriums for nervous and mental diseases; 2 institutions for the deaf; 1 institution for the blind; 23 hospitals, 8 county temporary homes, 19 homes for the aged and infirm, and 17 children's homes. In general, Connecticut has assumed an enlightened and progressive policy in the administration of her charitable and correctional affairs. There is a State Board of Charities, consisting of five members, appointed by the Governor for a term of four years. Its powers are largely advisory, being authorized to visit and inspect all institutions, public or private. It embodies some of the functions of a prison commission and of a lunacy commission, and may correct any abuses, providing that this is done in such a manner as not to conflict with any personal, corporate, or statutory rights. The members of the board receive no remuneration; their actual expenses are paid. The policy has been adopted of placing in private families children committed to the reformatory schools, as well as orphans.

RELIGION. Connecticut was in its early days

a refuge for the English Nonconformists. For a long time the Congregational Church had almost the entire field to itself. The Unitarian movement made less progress in Connecticut than in other New England States. With the emigration to Western States of large numbers of the descendants of the original Colonial stock and the incoming of large numbers of foreigners-especially Irish and French-Canadian-a still greater religious change has taken place, and the Catholic Church in 1900 numbered more than half of the church-membership of the State.

HISTORY. In 1614 Adriaen Block, a native of Holland, discovered and explored the Connecticut River, but it was not till 1633 that the Dutch of New Amsterdam began a trading post at Suckiaug (Hartford). Two years earlier the soil from Narragansett Bay to the Pacific Ocean was granted by the Earl of Warwick to Lord Say and

Sele, and others, but the transfer apparently had no legal basis. In 1633 traders from Plymouth visited the site of Windsor. Wethersfield in 1634, and Windsor and Hartford in the following year, were settled by emigrants from Massachusetts Bay. In 1635 the Say and Sele patentees sent over John Winthrop, Jr., to act as Governor. He built a fort at Saybrook, preventing the Dutch from getting control of the Connecticut, and gave the settlers in the upper valley a conditional permission to remain. Desire for a more democratic government caused a new exodus from Massachusetts, and in 1636 Hartford, Windsor, and Wethersfield received their chief bodies of immigrants. In 1638-39 the three towns united in an independent commonwealth and adopted a thoroughly democratic constitution. The Massachusetts system of town government, transplanted to Connecticut, attained its fullest development in the three upper settlements, with which Springfield (Agawam)__ remained nominally associated till 1641. War with the Pequots, the most powerful of the Indian tribes, in 1637, led to their extermination, and the progress of colonization was never again hindered by the enmity of the natives. In 1638 New Haven was founded by a Puritan colony under the Rev. John Davenport, and from 1638 to 1640 Milford, Guilford, and Stamford on the mainland and Southold on Long Island were settled. Together with Branford these towns were united, between 1643 and 1651, into one ‘jurisdiction,' known subsequently as the New Haven Colony, as opposed to the upper settlements, which constituted the Connecticut Colony. The laws of the Old Testament were made the rule for all courts. A somewhat similar code of laws in Connecticut gave rise in after years to the nickname 'blue laws' (q.v.), although Connecticut, unlike New Haven, did not restrict the franchise and the holding of office to church members. In 1644 Connecticut bought the colony of Saybrook from Say and Sele, and gradually (1644-62), by purchase and colonization, acquired the greater part of the present State and a considerable portion of Long Island. In 1657 John Winthrop, Jr., was chosen Governor of Connecticut, and by his skill in diplomacy procured, in 1662, a charter from Charles II. granting absolute autonomy to that Colony. By this charter New Haven was incorporated with Connecticut, in spite of the most

vehement opposition on the part of the former.

New Haven, nevertheless, was forced to submit (1664). In October, 1687, Sir Edmund Andros came to Hartford and demanded the charter from the General Assembly, but it was carried away From 1687 to 1689, however, the Colony was suband secreted till 1689. (See CHARTER OAK.) ject to the despotic rule of Andros. In 1708 the by the adoption of the Saybrook platform, and Congregational Church system was established this was supplemented by the Act of 1742. Though other denominations were tolerated, Church and State for a long time remained closely connected, and secular and religious affairs were under the control of the same authorities. In 1754 Connecticut bought from the Indians a large tract of land in the Wyoming Valley in Pennsylvania and proceeded to settle it, but was compelled in 1782 to surrender it to Pennsylvania. In 1786 the Colony relinquished its charter rights to the territory west of its present

one mile wide, and 1882 feet above the sea. The Third' Lake, about seven miles farther north and one-half mile from the Canadian boundary, is 2038 feet above the sea. 'Fourth' Lake, a mere pond, the last of the chain and the source of the Connecticut River (q.v.), is northwest of the "Third' Lake, near the Canadian boundary line, and about 2550 feet above the sea.

CONNECTICUT RIVER. A river of the United States, rising in the beautiful Connecticut Lakes (q.v.), in northern New Hampshire, 2551 feet above the sea (Map: Connecticut, F 4). It flows southwest and south, forming the boundary between New Hampshire and Vermont, and enters Massachusetts near South Vernon, Vt. From this point it continues nearly due south across the State and enters Connecticut, where at Middletown it turns toward the southeast, and, completing its course across the State, empties into Long Island Sound. The Connecticut River, the longest in New England, is 375 miles long and drains an area estimated at 11,269 square miles; in the lower part of its course it is over 1000 feet wide. Its mean discharge at Hartford is about 19,000 cubic feet per second. It is navigable to Hartford, 49.5 miles, for large steamers, and by means of the Windsor locks small boats may ascend to Holyoke; the tide ascends to a point a few miles above Hartford. The river falls rapidly at places and furnishes extensive water-power. The principal falls and their heights are: Holyoke, 59 feet; Turner's 41 feet; Bellows Falls, 54.5 feet; Olcott, 36 feet; and the Fifteen-Mile Falls. The principal tributaries from the west are the Nulhegan, Passumpsic, Wells, White, Black, West, Deerfield, Westfield, Farmington, and Little River, and those from the east are the Upper Ammonoosac, Lower Ammonoosac, Ashuelot, Millers, Chicopee, Scantic, and Salmon rivers. The chief towns on its course are Wells River, Bellows Falls, Walpole, Brattleboro, Greenfield, Northampton, Holyoke, Chicopee, Springfield, Hartford, and Middletown.

CONNECTIVE TISSUE. The most widely distributed tissue of the body. It originates in the middle or mesoblastic layer of the embryo, and the differentiation which occurs and which distinguishes the different forms of connective tissue takes place mainly in the intercellular substance. Thus the intercellular substance may be soft and gelatinous, as in mucous connective tissue, or dense and firm, as in fascia and tendon, or hard, as in bone. The cells of connective tissue begin as small round mesoblastic cells. Either directly from these cells or under their influence, there is formed between the cells an intercellular substance, which, as stated, varies in character, and during the formation of which various changes take place in the cells themselves.

The principal types of connective tissue are as follows: (1) White fibrous connective tissue. (2) Yellow elastic connective tissue. (3) Developmental forms of connective tissue, (a) mucous and (b) embryonal. (4) Cartilage. (5) Bone and dentine. (6) Adipose tissue or fat. (7) Neuroglia, the connective tissue of the nervous system. Of these forms of connective tissue, fat, cartilage, bone, and neuroglia (see NERVOUS SYSTEM) represent the more highly specialized types and will be found described in articles under

Some

their respective names. The remaining represent those forms of connective tissue to which the term usually refers. White Fibrous Connective Tissue.-This constitutes the subcutaneous connective tissue and intermuscular septa, where it is known as areolar tissue; it also forms the ligaments, tendons, and the framework of all the organs. Its cellular elements consist of fixed connective-tissue cells and the so-called wandering cells. The fixed cells are mainly irregular or fusiform in shape, with very little cell-body. Much less numerous are the so-called plasma cells of Waldeyer and the granule cells. connective-tissue cells, such as many of those found in the choroid coat of the eye, are densely pigmented. The wandering connective-tissue cells are probably identical with the white blood-corpuscles. (See BLOOD.) In the intercellular substance two kinds of fibres are found, white fibres The former occur in and yellow elastic fibres. broad wavy bundles composed of minute fibrils; the elastic fibres are narrow, glistening, apparently homogeneous bands which branch and anastomose. There is much variation in the relative number of cells and fibres, the softer tissues being more cellular, the more dense tissues. such as tendon, being almost entirely composed of fibres. Yellow Elastic Tissue.-This may occur almost pure in some parts of the body, as in the ligamentum nucha. (See NECK.) In such tissue, instead of the fine delicate fibres described above, the fibres are large and coarse. The Developmental Forms of Connective Tissue.-The mu cous tissue constitutes the Wharton's jelly of the umbilical cord, the embryonal connective tissue In mucous tissue the found in fetal life. cells are stellate, with long branching processes which anastomose with those of other cells. The intercellular substance is gelatinous, with only a few fibres.

CON'NELLEY, WILLIAM ELSEY (1855-). An American author, born in Johnson County, Ky. He became the director of the Kansas State Historical Society and published several works on the early history of Kansas, Indian traditions, and folk-lore. Among these are: Wyandot Folk-Lore (1899); Kansas Territorial Governors (1900); John Brown-the Story of the Last of the Puritans (1900); Life of John J. Ingalls (1904). He was greatly assisted in his researches by his knowledge of the Indian languages, as exemplified in his publication of a vocabulary of the Wyandot tongue.

CON'NELLSVILLE. A borough in Fayette County, Pa., 57 miles southeast of Pittsburg; on the Baltimore and Ohio and the Pennsylvania railroads, and on the Youghiogheny River (Map: Pennsylvania, B 3). It has a park, fine municipal and public library buildings, and is the seat of a State hospital (miners). The borough is the centre of the Connellsville coke region, the most important seat of coke production in the United States. Up until 1903 the coke output of this region was from 40 to 50 per cent. of the total output of the United States. In 1904 the production was 8,883,000 short tons, valued at $13,990,000. These figures represent a considerable decrease as compared with the period 1899-1902. The borough contains also machine-shops, tinplate and automobile works, steam-pump factory, etc. Settled in 1770, Connellsville was erected into a township and named (in honor of Zachariah Connell, the founder) in 1793, and