ascend the Columbia to Vancouver, and also the Willamette to Portland. The tide ascends to the cascades about 150 miles from the sea, which are overcome by vessels through a lock constructed by the United States Government. (See JETTY.) The Columbia is famous for its salmon fisheries. This great river was long vaguely believed to exist. Its mouth was discovered only in 1792, by Captain Gray, of Boston, Mass., who gave it the name of his own vessel in place of the name Oregon. It was explored by Lewis and Clark in 1804-05.

COLUMBIA SALMON. See QUINNAT.

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, one of the most important educational institutions in the United States, has, save for a few years during the Revolution, carried on its work in the city of New York since the middle of the Eighteenth Century and has always been identified closely with the development of the city and the State. It was the college of Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, Robert R. Livingston, De Witt Clinton, Hamilton Fish, and Abram S. Hewitt.

Since the beginning of the Eighteenth Century the idea of a college in the Province of New York had been discussed among the citizens, and when, in 1754, a fund of about £3500 had been obtained mainly through public lotteries, a royal charter for King's College was obtained from George II., and in the following year Trinity Church gave a plot of land on what is now Murray Street and West Broadway, upon which the first College building was soon erected. The work of instruction began with the scholarly Dr. Samuel Johnson, as President and sole instructor, and eight students. A Medical Department was founded in 1767 under the successor of President Johnson, Myles Cooper. In 1776 the buildings were seized by the Committee of Safety and exercises were practically suspended until 1784, when the institution re-opened as Columbia College, first under the Regents of the State of New York, and from 1787 on under its own Board of Trustees (see infra). The new President was William Samuel Johnson. He was a son of the first President of King's College, one of the framers of the Constitution, and United States Senator from Connecticut.

Although the professors were many of them men of distinction, including Samuel L. Mitchill, later United States Senator, and Chancellor James Kent, the author of the famous Commentaries, the College was greatly hampered by poverty, and until past the middle of the Nineteenth Century its growth was very slow. Until 1862 the income never was sufficient to pay the running expenses. In 1849, however, came the appointment of the first of a series of four notable Presidents, Charles King, Frederick A. P. Barnard, Seth Low, and Nicholas Murray Butler. Under President King came the moving of the College to Madison Avenue and 49th Street, the establishment of a Law School in 1858, and of a School of Mines and Metallurgy in 1864. In 1860 came a nominal union with the College of Physicians and Surgeons.

Under President Barnard, who succeeded President King in 1864, the institution grew rapidly. The growth of the city had greatly increased the income from the two main endowments of the institution, the gift of land from Trinity Church and the gift from the State Legislature, in 1814,

of the Hosack Botanical Garden, running west from Fifth Avenue, between 47th and 51st Streets. In 1880 came the establishment of the School of Political Science; in 1881, of a Department of Architecture; and during the same decade the development of courses in Civil Engineering, Applied Chemistry, and Electrical Engineering. One of the most important results of Barnard's presidency was the movement to provide for the higher education of women, which began in 1883 and which resulted in the establishment of Barnard College, and the opening of post-graduate studies to women on equal terms with men. President Barnard died in 1889 and his successor was Seth Low, of the Class of 1870, formerly mayor of Brooklyn and after his resignation as president, mayor of the city of New York. During his presidency the several flourishing, but loosely connected, schools were consolidated into a single organism. In 1890 a representative University Council was formed, and in the same year the School of Philosophy was established. The College of Physicians and Surgeons surrendered its charter and became an integral part of Columbia in 1891, and in 1892 the School of Pure Science was established.

In 1896 the Trustees authorized the use of the title, "Columbia University," the term "Columbia College" being reserved for the undergraduate courses for men. In 1897 the institution moved to a new site on Morningside Heights, where the first five of a group of academic buildings had been erected, the central one being a Library Building given by Mr. Low as a memorial of his father. In 1900 Teachers College and Barnard College, while retaining their separate corporate existence, became integral parts of the educational system of the university, and in the same year a Summer Session was established in the university.

On President Low's resignation in 1901, Nicholas Murray Butler, a graduate of the Class of 1882, Professor of Philosophy and Education, and Dean of the Faculty of Philosophy, was elected to succeed him. In 1903, the growth of the university made necessary the purchase of eight additional acres to the south of the original site, and in the same year Mr. Joseph Pulitzer made a gift of $1,000,000 to establish a School of Journalism. The organization of the school, however, has not yet been completed. In 1904 the work in Extension Teaching, which had been developing under the auspices of Teachers College, was formally made a part of the work of the university, and in the same year the New York College of Pharmacy became a professional school with the same relations to the university as those of Barnard College and Teachers College. The 150th anniversary of the founding of King's College was celebrated in October, 1904. The exercises occupied a week and included the laying of the cornerstones of four new academic buildings. In the following year two of these buildings, with accommodations for 500 men, were opened as university residence halls.

During the first years of President Butler's administration, careful consideration had been given to the place of undergraduate collegiate instruction in the university and its relation to professional training, and in 1905 a new programme of studies, based upon a system of free election built about a core of prescribed studies, was adopted in Columbia College and Barnard Col

lege. This programme places the emphasis on the quality of the students' work rather than upon the time spent in residence, and is so arranged as to make it possible for a properly qualified student to complete the requirements both for the bachelor's degree and for that of any of the professional degrees of the university in six years, or in some cases in a shorter period. In 1906 came the formal establishment of the Faculty of Fine Arts, with Schools of Architecture, Music, and Design, and at the same time a close agreement was consummated between the university and the National Academy of Design. During the same year an interchange of professorships was effected with the Prussian Government.

Columbia University at present (1906) comprises the following: Undergraduate colleges: Columbia College with 589 students and Barnard College (q.v.) with 390 students, each offering courses leading to the degrees of bachelor of arts and bachelor of science. Professional courses: School of Law with 286 students, offering courses based upon at least three years of collegiate work and leading to the degree of bachelor of laws; the College of Physicians and Surgeons, with 437 students, offering a four-year course leading to the degree of doctor of medicine; the Schools of Mines, Chemistry, and Engineering, with 580 students, offering courses of four years each leading to the degrees of E.M., Met.E., C.E., E.E., Mech. E., Chemist, and Chem.E.; Teachers College (q.v.) with 789 students, offering courses open to men and women, based upon two years of collegiate work, leading to the degree of B.S. in education and to the several diplomas in teaching; the Faculty of Fine Arts, with 140 students, offering courses leading to degrees and certificates in architecture, music, and design; the New York College of Pharmacy, with 353 students, offering university courses leading to the degrees of pharmaceutical chemist and doctor of pharmacy. The non-professional graduate faculties of Political Science, Philosophy, and Pure Science, with 861 students, offer advanced courses and opportunities for research leading to the degrees of master of arts and doctor of philosophy in philosophy and education, psychology and anthropology; ancient and modern languages and literatures; history, economics and public law; the mathematical, physical, chemical, biological and geological sciences; mining, metallurgy, and engineering (civil, electrical, mechanical, sanitary and chemical). The Summer Session of six weeks' duration, with 976 students in 1905, and the system of Extension Teaching with 2738 students, offers additional opportunities to those who cannot attend the regular courses of instruction.

Women are admitted as undergraduates at Barnard College, as professional students at Teachers College and at the College of Pharmacy, as graduate students, by the Faculties of Philosophy, Political Science, and Pure Science, and to the Summer Session and Extension Courses. They are not admitted to the Schools of Law, Medicine, Applied Science or Architecture. The title to all property in the central Corporation (The Trustees of Columbia College in the City of New York) is vested in a board of 24 trustees whose term of office is for life and who form a self-perpetuating body, appointing all officers of instruction and administration and having general oversight and control of the affairs

of the university. The President has charge of the educational administration and is chairman

of the University Council and of every faculty. The deans, under the general supervision of the President, have immediate charge of the work of the several faculties. The University Council, a representative body consisting of the President and the dean and one elected member from each faculty, has immediate charge of the regulations for the higher degrees, the appointment of University Fellows and Scholars, and the correlation of courses. It has also the power to make recommendations concerning the educational administration of the university and to advise the President upon matters of general policy. The professors and other officers of instruction are divided among 58 departments, grouped into 14 divisions.

The total valuation of the university property (including the four corporations) is about thirtytwo and one-half million dollars, subject to an indebtedness of three and one-half million, incurred for the purchase and development of the new site. The budget of 1906 amounted to $1,776,782.94, and the income for the previous year to $1,586,309.50.

The University Library numbers about 380,000 bound volumes, including the Avery Architectural Library and the Phoenix Collection. A number of learned societies make it the depository of their rare collections. The numerous laboratories and museums of the university also are well equipped.

The buildings of the Corporation of Columbia University at Morningside include, besides the central Library, the following: Havemeyer Hall, given by the family of the late Frederick Christian Havemeyer and used for Chemistry and Architecture; Fayerweather, for Physics; Schermerhorn, given by the late William C. Schermerhorn and used for the other natural sciences; Engineering; School of Mines, given by Adolph Lewisohn for Mining and Metallurgy; Hamilton, given by an anonymous donor for Columbia Col lege; Earl, given by the late William E. Dodge as a building for the students; Hartley, a memorial to the late Marcellus Hartley, given by his daughter and grandson; and Livingston, residence halls. St. Paul's Chapel (given anonymously), one of the most beautiful ecclesiastical interiors in New York, with windows by John La Farge; University (unfinished).

The buildings of Barnard College are immediately to the west, and those of Teachers College to the north, of the university site. The Medical School is on 59th Street, between 9th and 10th Avenues, and the College of Pharmacy in West 68th Street. The entire university occupies more than 34 acres of ground in New York City, and has, in addition, a Summer Camp of Surveying and Geodesy in Morris, Conn., covering 500 acres.

The University is intimately connected with the other educational enterprises of the city. The head of the Union Theological Seminary and of the General Theological Seminary are non-voting members of the University Council, and the Directors of the American Museum of Natural History, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and the President of the National Academy of Design are members of Columbia faculties. Columbia professors deliver lectures at these museums and at Cooper Union, and conduct courses in special investigation at the Botanical and Zoological gar

dens. Free tuition is given to students in the local theological seminaries. The University makes annual provision for more than 200 Fellows and Scholars, whose stipends range from $1200 to $1500, and in addition about $100,000 is earned each year by self-supporting students. Under the auspices of the Columbia University Press, established in 1903, has appeared a notable series of scholarly volumes, seventy-two in all. The Columbia University Quarterly, the Political Science Quarterly, and the School of Mines Quarterly, and in addition, 21 departmental series and 13 journals are issued under the editorial direction of University officers, and 20 more with their coöperation. There are also 10 student publications. Consult: A History of Columbia University, 17541904 (New York, 1904); Nelson, Columbiana: A Bibliography (New York, 1904).

COLUMBIAN UNIVERSITY (now called GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY). An institution of higher learning situated at Washington, D. C. Founded in 1821 by members of the Baptist Church, it was known as "Columbian College" until 1873, when, following a gift by W. W. Corcoran with this end in view, the college and professional schools were incorporated as "Columbian University." In 1904, this and other educational institutions were merged under the name of "George Washington University," in order to carry out the wish of George Washington, that a national university be founded at Washington. The graduate and professional work, organized in several departments, each in charge of a dean, is carried on directly by the University Trustees. The undergraduate work in arts, sciences, and technology is carried on by colleges, which, by act of Congress, approved March 3, 1905, the University is allowed to incorporate under its charter. These colleges have independent financial foundations, and separate deans and boards of trustees; their faculties recommend students for baccalaureate degrees only and the degrees are conferred by the University. Under this act the present "Columbian College" was incorporated as an undergraduate college of the University. In 1905 there were incorporated under the University charter, the "Washington College of Engineering," giving courses in civil, mechanical, and electrical engi: neering, and the "National School of Pharmacy." Other departments are: the "Medical School," organized in 1825, "Law School" in 1865, "Dental School" in 1893, and the "Department of Jurisprudence and Diplomacy" in 1898.

The departments and colleges are grouped as follows: (1) Department of Arts and Sciences: (a) Faculty of Graduate Studies, (b) Columbian College, (c) Washington College of Engineering, (d) Division of Architecture; (2) Department of Medicine: (a) Faculty of Medicine, (b) Faculty of Dentistry, (c) Hospital Staff; (3) Department of Law and Jurisprudence; (4) Depart ment of Politics and Diplomacy; (5) National College of Pharmacy. The University has purchased a site for a group of new buildings to cost $1,631,000. From 1821 to 1906 the institution conferred 6392 degrees upon 5028 persons.

COLUMBINE (Fr., It. Columbina, from Lat. columbinus, dove-like, from columba, dove). (1) A conventional character in old Italian comedy and the pantomime, first appearing about 1560. She was the daughter of Pantaloon and the object of Harlequin's adoration, and so ap

pears in English pantomime. See PANTOMIME. (2) A wild flower, emblematic of forsaken lovers, in old English verse.

"The columbine in tawny often taken,

Is then ascribed to such as are forsaken." (Browne's British Pastorals. 1613). COLUM BITE. A mineral columbate containing some manganese and crystallizing in the orthorhombic system. It has a bluish iridescence, and is of an iron-black, grayish, or brownish color. This mineral occurs in granitic and feldspathic veins in the form of crystals, crystalline granules, and cleavable masses. It is found at various localities in Bavaria, Italy, Finland, Greenland, and in the Ural region; in the United States it is found in greater or less abundance in nearly all of the States bordering along the Appalachian Mountain system, in the Black Hills of South Dakota, and in California and Colorado. It has some slight economic value for the preparation of salts of columbium and tantalum, but as only small quantities of these salts are used, the mineral is in but little demand. It is interesting to mention that the first occurrence of columbite in America was made known from a specimen sent by Governor Winthrop of Connecticut to Sir Hans Sloane, then President of the Royal Society of Great Britain.

COLUM'BIUM (Neo-Lat., from Columbia, United States of America) or NIOBIUM. A metallic element discovered by Rose in 1846. It is found in the minerals columbite, from Haddam and Middletown, Conn., and tantalite, from near Falun and elsewhere in Sweden; also in small quantities in other minerals. In order to obtain the element the mineral is fused with acid potassium sulphate; the resulting mass, which is washed and boiled with concentrated hydrochloric acid, yields the hydroxide, which is then reduced. Columbium (symbol Cb or Nb, atomic weight 94) is a steel-gray powder with a specific gravity of 7.06. It forms three oxides with oxygen, of which the pentoxide, Cb2Os, forms salts called columbates or niobates.

COLUM'BUS.

Muscogee County, Georgia, 95 miles (direct) A city and county-seat of south-southwest of Atlanta, at the head of navigation on the Chattahoochee River and on the Central of Georgia, the Southern, and the Seaboard Air Line railroads (Map: Georgia, B 3). Steamboats ply between Columbus and Apalachicola, Fla. The city, from its important manufactures called the "Lowell of the South," is the centre of a fertile agricultural region, and has vast water-power, the river having at that place a fall of 120 feet in three miles. The trade with adjoining States is extensive. Columbus receives annually 150,000 bales of cotton, and its manufactures of cotton goods are correspondingly large. It has also foundries and machine-shops, cottonseed-oil mills, refineries, barrel-factories, etc. There is a public library. The government is administered under a charter of 1890 by a mayor, elected for two years, and a city council whose members are elected on a general ticket. The executive has the power of appointment only in standing committees; all other officials are chosen by the council. Population, 1890, 17,303; 1900, 17,604; 1905 (local est.), 24,000. Columbus was laid out in 1828 and incorporated in 1829. During the Civil War it was

an important Confederate depot of supplies, and was only surpassed by Richmond in the quantity of manufactured articles furnished to the Confederate Army. It was captured by Federal forces April 16, 1865.

COLUMBUS. A city and county-seat of Bartholomew County, Indiana, 41 miles south by east of Indianapolis, on the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago, and St. Louis and the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis railroads, and on the east fork of the White River (Map: Indiana, D 3). It has extensive manufactures of pulleys, tanned leather, threshing and sawmill machinery, tools, starch, flour, furniture, etc. Settled in 1821, Columbus was chartered as a city in 1864. The government is vested in a mayor, elected quadrennially, and a city council. The water-works and electric-light plant are owned and operated by the municipality. Popu

lation, in 1890, 6719; in 1900, 8130.

COLUMBUS. A city and the county-seat of Cherokee County, Kan., 53 miles by rail south of Fort Scott; on the Saint Louis and San Francisco and the Missouri, Kansas and Texas railroads (Map: Kansas, H 4). It is the centre of a farming and a mining region, has a considerable trade in agricultural products, and contains machine shops, canning factory, and an extensive brick-making plant. Natural gas occurs in the vicinity. The water-works are the property of the municipality. Population, 1900, 2310; 1905,

3135.

COLUMBUS. A city and the county-seat of Lowndes County, Miss., 95 miles (direct) west of Birmingham, Ala.; on the Tombigbee River, which is navigable six months of the year, and on the Mobile and Ohio and the Southern railroads (Map: Mississippi, J 3). It has a public library, and is the seat of the State Industrial Institute and College for young women, Franklin Academy, for white, and Union Academy, for negro children. Columbus has cotton and oil mills, foundries and machine-shops, stave-works, lumber-mills, and manufactories of plows, underwear, hosiery, comforts, yarn and stoves. To the east there are coal and iron in abundance. Columbus was settled in 1830, incorporated in 1832, and is governed at present under a charter of 1884, which provides for a mayor, elected every two years, and a council, elected on a general ticket. The water-works are owned and operated by the city. Population, 1900, 6484; 1906 (local census), 11,789.

COLUMBUS. A city and the county-seat of Platte County, Neb., 92 miles by rail west by north of Omaha; on the Loup River a short distance above its confluence with the Platte, and on the Union Pacific and the Burlington and Missouri River railroads (Map: Nebraska, G 2). It is of importance as a railroad junction, and has flour-mills, foundry, brewery, shoe-factory, etc. Population, 1900, 3522; 1905 (local est.), 4000.

COLUMBUS. The capital of Ohio, county-seat of Franklin County, and the fourth city of the State in population, situated on both sides of the Scioto River, 100 miles (direct) northeast of Cincinnati and 125 miles southwest of Cleveland, near the geographical centre of the State (Map: Ohio, D 6).

The city is built on generally level ground at an altitude of 750 feet, and has broad, wellVOL. V.-13.

paved streets. Among public buildings the most prominent is the State Capitol, a large stone structure fronting on a public square near the centre of the city. The Ohio penintentiary is situated here. Columbus, well known for the number of its charitable and educational institutions, is the seat of the Ohio State University, founded in 1870 (q.v.); Capital University (Lutheran), established in 1850; Ohio Medical University; Starling Medical College; Columbus Law School, and Columbus Art Institute; and contains the Emergency Hospital, State Hospital for the Insane, Ohio Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb, State School for the Blind, Ohio Institution for Feeble-minded Youth, and the County Infirmary. In addition to those of the several institutions of learning, there are in the city the State Library and State Law Library, City Library, Public School Library, and Engineers' Institute and Library. features of interest may be found in the State fair grounds, which adjoin the city, and in the public parks, bridges, and monuments. There are five parks, including from 10 to 100 acres each, and numerous smaller ones; several street and railway bridges span the Scioto; and monuments have been erected in honor of Salmon P. Chase, William T. Sherman, Edwin M. Stanton, James A. Garfield, Philip H. Sheridan, Ulysses S. Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes, and William McKinley.

Other

Columbus is an important commercial and manufacturing centre. It has excellent transportation facilities, more than a dozen railroads entering the city, including great trunk lines: the Baltimore and Ohio, the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and Saint Louis, and roads of the Pennsylvania system. In the vicinity are the coal and iron fields of the State, an advantage which has contributed largely to the development of manufacturing industries. There is considerable trade in bituminous coal, and the city is an important distributing centre with large wholesale interests. It exports its principal manufactured products, among which are vehicles of various kinds, wheelbarrows, scrapers, agricultural implements, mining machinery, shoes, uniforms, and regalia. There are also many smaller industries.

The government is administered, under the provisions of the Ohio Municipal Code (1902), by a mayor, chosen every two years, a unicameral city council, elected by wards and at large, and a board of public service of three members, who are elected biennially. This board manages and supervises all public works and certain public institutions. The president of the council who is elected biennially is acting mayor in case of the mayor's absence or disability. Officials of other departments are chosen by the people, or are appointed by the mayor. The annual budget of the city approximates $3,000,000.

Population, in 1830, 2435; in 1850, 17,882; in 1870, 31,274; in 1880, 51,647; in 1890, 88,150; in 1900, 125,560, including 12,300 persons of foreign birth and 8200 of negro descent; in 1906 (local est.), 175,000.

Columbus was laid out in 1812, and in 1816 it was incorporated and supplanted Chillicothe as capital of the State. It became the county-seat of Franklin County in 1824. In 1833, and again in 1849-50, it suffered greatly from ravages of cholera. Consult Howe, Historical Collections of Ohio (Columbus, 1889-91).