It is composed of State societies, of which there is one in each of the thirteen original States and in the District of Columbia, together with associated societies in the non-colonial States of California, Illinois, Michigan, Minnesota, Iowa, Ohio, Colorado, Maine, Missouri, Wisconsin, Tennessee, Louisiana, Kansas, Indiana, Alabama, Texas, Arkansas, West Virginia, Mississippi, Oregon, and Vermont. The objects of the society are the collection and preservation of manuscripts and relics of Colonial days; the restoration of historic buildings; the more general diffusion of information concerning the Colonies, and the stimulation of a spirit of true patriotism. Membership in the society is limited to women who are especially invited, and who are descended from some ancestor of worthy life who came to reside in an American colony prior to 1750. The national committee on historic research in the several states has erected memo

rials, pursued investigations, and issued publications such as The Letters of William Pitt, Lord Chatham. The membership in 1906 was over 6000. COLONIAL DAMES OF AMERICA, So

CIETY OF. The first women's patriotic society in America, organized in New York City in 1890, incorporated in 1891, and having for its purposes the collection of manuscripts, traditions, relics, etc., of Colonial and Revolutionary times, and the commemoration of the success of the Revolution. Membership in the society is restricted to

women who are directly descended from some ancestor of distinction who came to reside in an

American colony before 1776. In 1906 it had chapters in New York, Baltimore, Philadelphia, Washington, Paris, and San Francisco. Consult Browning, Some Colonial Dames of Royal Descent (Ardmore, Pa., 1900).

COLONIAL EDUCATION. See EDUCATION, COLONIAL.

up

COLONIAL WARS, SOCIETY OF. A patriotic society, organized in New York City in 1893. It consists of a general society made of general officers and of delegates from the various State societies as follows, in the order of their institution: New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Massachusetts, Connecticut, District of Columbia, New Jersey, Virginia, New Hampshire, Vermont, Illinois, Missouri, Ohio, Nebraska, Minnesota, Kentucky, California, Colorado, Iowa, Georgia, Michigan, Wisconsin, Delaware, Rhode Island, Washington, Maine, and Indiana. The various State societies have, for their general object, to perpetuate the memory of Colonial events, and of the men who, in military, naval, and civil positions of high trust and responsibility, by their acts of counsel assisted in the establishment, defense, and preservation of the American Colonies. With this end in view, they seek to collect and preserve records relating to the Colonial period of American history and to inspire in their members the fraternal and patriotic spirit of those who made American freedom and unity possible. They admit to membership male descendants of those who assisted in the establishment, defense, and preservation of the American Colonies. The publications of the general society include general registers and historical papers and registers by the various local societies. The general society has erected a monument at Louisburg, on Cape Breton Island, and memorial tablets have been placed by the New

York society on the sites of Fort Oswego and Fort Ticonderoga, and an imposing monument at Lake George. The membership in 1906 was about 4000. COLONIES OF PLANTS OR ANIMALS. See CENOBIA and POLYP.

COLONIZATION SOCIETY, THE NATIONAL, OF AMERICA. An association organized in 1816, by Robert Finley (q.v.), "to promote a plan for colonizing (with their consent) the free people of color residing in our country, in Africa, or such other place as Congress may deem most expedient." Branches were established throughout the country and an active propaganda was conducted in almost every State, the official agents of the society speaking frequently in public and soliciting the cooperation of the various State legislatures. The first colonists were sent out to Sherbro Island, Africa, in 1820; and two years later Liberia was founded. Bushrod Washington, Charles Carroll, James Madison, Henry Clay, and J. H. B. Latrobe served successively as presidents of the society, while such men as Bishop Hopkins, Rufus King, Dr. Channing, Benjamin Lundy, Gerrit Smith, and James G. Birney were at one time zealous members. After about 1831, however, when the movement for abolition may be said to have first attracted general attention, the inadequacy and impracticability of the society's aims became increasingly apparent, and many of its more influential members withdrew their support. Its persistent refusal to interfere in any way with slavery, moreover, and its apparent encouragement of the racial prejudices of the whites against the blacks alienated many others who, though strongly opposing the radicalism of Garrison, believed in a policy of gradual abolition, and had faith in the negro's capacity for improvement. The general idea of colonization seems to have originated with the Rev. Samuel Hopkins, of Newport, in 1770. Consult: Wilson, History of the Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America, vol. i. (Boston, 1875); and Alexander, A History of Colonization on the Western Coast of Africa (Philadelphia, 1846).

The shortcomings of the society's aims, judged from an abolitionist standpoint, are admirably set forth in Garrison, Thoughts on Colonization (Boston, 1832); Birney, Letter on Colonization (New York, 1834); and Jay, An Inquiry into the Character and Tendency of the American Colonization and Anti-Slavery Societies (New York, 1834).

COLON'NA. A celebrated Italian family, prominent in the history of Rome from the twelfth century to the sixteenth. They were hereditary enemies of the Orsini (q.v.), and their numerous strongholds around Rome made them at all times formidable enemies to the Papacy, and on occasion its masters. To Rome, the Colonnas gave a pope, thirty cardinals, and a great number of senators and military commanders. The name of the family was probably derived from Colonna, a small settlement near the fortress of Palestrina; and Pietro of the Column, lord of Palestrina in 1100, is commonly regarded as the ancestor of all the princely branches of Colonna, comprising at present the houses of Colonna-Paliano, Colonna di Sciarra, and Colonna-Stigliano.-EGIDIO COLONNA was born at Rome about 1247. He entered the Augustine Order and pursued the study of theology at Paris, where he

was preceptor to Philip the Fair. He became general of the Order in 1292, and in 1296 was made Archbishop of Bourges. He was the author of a political treatise entitled De Regimine Principum, dedicated to Philip the Fair, and noteworthy for its systematic treatment of the art of war. He died in Avignon in 1316 and was buried at Paris. Of his works, which are marked by a good deal of dull erudition, part have remained unpublished.-LANDOLFO COLONNA was a canon of Chartres in the first half of the fourteenth century. There are attributed to him a manual of history from the creation to the pontificate of John XXII., a history of the Popes, and a Latin work, De Statu et Mutatione Romani Imperii.-SCIARRA COLONNA was a bitter enemy of Pope Boniface VIII. War broke out between the two in 1297 over the possession of Palestrina. Sciarra was excommunicated and deprived of all his honors, and after the destruction of Palestrina by the Papal forces in 1298 was compelled to flee to France. He gained the favor of Philip the Fair, and, returning in the company of the French Chancellor Nogaret in 1303, resumed hostilities with the Pope, and on September 7th took the aged pontiff prisoner at Anagni. (See BONIFACE VIII.). He became Senator of Rome in 1313. He embraced the cause of Louis the Bavarian, whom he crowned Emperor in Saint Peter's in 1328, but on the latter's departure was forced to flee from Rome. He died in exile in 1329.STEFANO COLONNA, brother of Sciarra, was made Governor of Bologna in 1289. Involved in the struggle against Boniface VIII., he fled to France at about the same time as his brother. He returned after the death of Boniface and assumed

a leading part in Roman politics, acting in opposition to Rienzi (q.v.), who drove him from the city in 1347. Stefano was a friend of Petrarch, who speaks of him in the Trionfo della fama and in his sonnets.-GIOVANNI COLONNA led an insurrection against Boniface IX. in 1404, and after the election of Innocent VII. joined forces with Ladislaus of Naples, driving Pope John XXIII. from the city in 1413. He was killed in 1417.OTTONE OF ODDONE COLONNA was Pope from 1417 to 1431. See MARTIN V.-FABRIZIO COLONNA joined Charles VIII. of France in the invasion of Naples in 1494, but soon went over to the enemy and was made Grand Constable of Naples. He defended Capua against the forces of Louis XII. and took part in the battle of the Garigliano (1503). In the Holy League against France he was commander of the Papal forces, and, with his Spanish allies, was defeated by Gaston de Foix at Ravenna in 1512. He died in 1520. His military talents are lauded by Machiavelli in his Arte della guerra and by Ariosto in the Orlando. His daughter was Vittoria Colonna. (See COLONNA, VITTORIA.)—POMPEO COLONNA, one of the ablest generals of his time, fought under Gonsalvo de Cordova against the French. In 1513 he defeated the Venetian General Alviano in the neighborhood of Vicenza. He took Milan from the French in 1521, and in the following year gained the victory of La Bicocca over Marshal Lautrec, and captured Genoa. In 1523 he held Milan against the French, but was struck down by disease, and died toward the end of the year of fast living. Another POMPEO fought in the wars of the great Cordova, distinguishing himself at Cerignola (1502) and the Garigliano (1503). He entered the Church after the death of Alexander

VI., and in 1517 was made Cardinal. He took. an especially active part in political affairs during the pontificate of Clement VII., whose enemy he was. He was made Viceroy of Naples in 1530, and died suddenly June 23, 1532.-ASCANIO COLONNA, the son of Fabrizio, shared the family hatred for Clement VII. With the support of the Spaniards he stormed Rome September 20, 1526, and sacked Saint Peter's and the Vatican. Entering the service of Charles V. he was made Grand Constable of Naples, but toward the end of his life fell into disgrace. He died in prison in 1557.-MARC ANTONIO COLONNA was exiled from Rome by Pius IV. and entered the military service of Spain, whose forces he successfully commanded against the Papal States in 1556. He was thereupon recalled and commanded the Papal galleys in the battle of Lepanto, October 7, 1571. He was made Viceroy of Sicily, and died in 1584.-FABIO COLONNA, born at Naples in 1567, was a botanist of some eminence. He was the author of Storia naturale del Messico, a work based on that of Hernandez. He died in 1651. Consult: Cirocco, Vite de alcuni cardinali de casa Colonna (Foligno, 1635); Agostino, Storia de casa Colonna (Foligno, 1608); Coppi, Memorie Colonnesi (Rome, 1855); Gregorovius, The History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages (London, 1895-1900).

An

COLONNA, GIOVANNI PAOLO (1637-95). eminent Italian composer. He was a pupil, in Rome, of Carissimi, Benevoli, and Abbatini, became chapel-master of San Petronio in Bologna, and was repeatedly president of the Accademia Filarmonica there. One of the most distin

guished Church composers of the seventeenth century, he is remembered as the head of the Bolognese School, which produced many famous musicians. His best works for the Church, including masses, psalms, litanies, motets, etc., for from three to eight voices, were published He also proin twelve collections (1681-94). duced eleven oratorios and three operas. Many other works are preserved in manuscript.

COLONNA, VITTORIA (1490-1547). An Italian poet. She was the daughter of Fabrizio Colonna, the Grand Constable of Naples, and was born in the Castle of Marino near Rome. Her youth was passed among the greatest literary spirits of Italy, and from them she gathered a love of learning, and in that atmosphere composed her first poems. At seventeen she married Francesco Ferrante d'Avalos, Marquis of Pescara, to whom she had been betrothed since childhood. He became a favorite general of Charles V., and her verses until his death, which occurred from wounds received at the battle of Pavia (1525), are concerned with his repeated absences, and finally with her grief at his loss. The beginning of her friendship with Michelangelo probably came about this time; certainly it was not until her widowhood that their relations became such as to have immortalized her in Angelo's unpolished, powerful sonnets. Just what the relationship was is a debated question. Only a few of her letters to him remain, and those are never lover-like. "Magnificent master," she calls him in one of them, and in another, thanking him for a picture of the Descent from the Cross, she says: "I rejoice greatly that the angel on the right is so beautiful, because it seems to me that it is

in some way a promise that Saint Michael will on the last day place you, Michelangelo, on the right hand of Our Lord." Such is the strain in which they are couched. She spent about ten years in Naples and Ischia, often visiting Rome, where she constantly saw the sculptor. In 1541 she went to Orvieto, and then to Viterbo. During her last visit to Rome she was taken ill, and died in the Colonna Palace. Reginald Pole, the cardinals Contarini and Bembo, and Castiglione and Bernardo Tasso, were among her friends, and Charles V. came to visit her. Her influence was felt throughout the first half of the sixteenth century, but she is better remembered for a kind of grace she gave that brilliant but brutal and coarse age than for the quality of her poetry. The second series of her poems, known as the Rime Spirituali, is better than the earlier one; all of them have been collected under the title Rime della divina Vittoria Colonna, and published a number of times. The best edition is that by Ercole Visconti (1840). Her letters have also been collected as Lettere inedite ed altri documenti relativi ai Colonnesi (1875); Alcune lettere inedite (1884); and Carteggio (1888). Consult: Saltini, Rime e lettere di Vittoria Colonna (Florence, 1860); Reumont, Vittoria Colonna: Leben, Dichten, Glauben im sechzehnten Jahrhundert (Freiburg, 1881); Lawley, Vittoria Colonna: A Study with Translations (London, 1889); Roscoe, Vittoria Colonna: Her Life and Poems (London, 1868).

COLONNA, CAPE. See CAPE COLONNA. COLONNADE' (Fr., from It. colonnato, row of columns, from colonna, Lat. columna, column). The name given to a series of columns placed at certain regular intervals in a row. according to the style and order of architecture employed. The term includes not merely the columns, but their superstructure, which must be a straight architrave. Where a row of columns similarly arranged supports a series of arches it is called an arcade (q.v.).

COLON NA PALACE. The palace of the Colonna family at Rome. It contains an important gallery of pictures, and has a beautiful garden containing remains of the Baths of Constantine, which occupied the site.

a

COLONNE, ko'lon', JULES JUDE, called EDOUARD (1838-). A French orchestra leader and violinist, born at Bordeaux. He was pupil, while at the Conservatory in Paris, of Sauzai, Elwart, and Ambroise Thomas. After taking the prize in harmony, and the first prix de violon at the Conservatory, M. Colonne became first violin at the opera house, but gave that up in order to establish a series of Sunday concerts at the Odéon, known later as the Association Artistique. He gave Paris its first hearing of works by Tschaikowsky, Grieg, Wagner, and Raff, and did much for the cause of Berlioz. He is in great demand as a "guest-conductor." In 1904 he visited the United States.

COLONNE DE LA GRANDE ARMÉE, de lå grån där'må'. A Doric column near Boulogne, France, commemorating Napoleon's project of invading England and founding a republic there. It is 172 feet in height, and surmounted by a bronze statue of Napoleon. It was begun in 1804, but was not finished until 1841.

COL'ONNETTE' (Fr., dim. of colonne, column). In architecture, a small column used

more for decorative than constructive purposes. It is seldom found in ancient monuments, being a characteristic feature of the Middle Ages. The façades and apses of Tuscan churches (Pisa, Lucca), and the interior galleries of French Gothic cathedrals, show how rich an effect can be obtained by long lines of such colonettes, connected by arches and either free-standing or placed against a wall.

COL'ONSAY. One of the Inner Hebrides, or Western Isles of Scotland, off the southwest mainland of Argyllshire, in the Firth of Lorne, between the isles of Islay and Mull, with the small isle of Oronsay, of the southern end, sepa(Map: Scotland, B 3). Colonsay and Oronsay rated by a narrow sound, dry at low water are together 12 miles long from northeast to southwest, and one to three miles broad. The surface is irregular, and composed of mica-slate. Half the surface is cultivated. Next to Iona,

Colonsay contains the most extensive remains of religious edifices in the Western Isles. On Oronsay stands a large stone cross and the ruins of a monastery founded in the fourteenth century. Population, 500.

COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a husbandman, colonist, from colere, to till). In its proper sense, colony denotes a body of immigrants living in a foreign land under the laws and protection of the mother country; but the term has been used loosely to describe all classes of distant territories dependent in any form on a ruling power, from mere military posts like Gibraltar or Port Arthur to practically autonomous States like Canada or Australia. The Greeks were preeminently a colonizing people. They established communities in Asia Minor, in Thrace and the Crimea, on the coast of Africa, in Italy and Sicily, and in Gaul. Marseilles was a Greek town, founded by the inhabitants of Phocæa about six centuries before the Christian Era. The first great colonization movement of the Greeks followed as a conse

quence of the so-called Dorian migration, when the conquered peoples were driven from their lands and compelled to find new homes. The second movement, which took place in the period between the eighth and the sixth centuries B.C., was due to political disturbances at home, the necessity of drawing off the surplus of population, and military and commercial interests. When it had been determined to send out a colony, the oracle was consulted, and a leader, called oikist, oikoтýs, was duly appointed; fire was taken from the sacred fire that burned in the Prytaneum, and the new society, though politically independent, patterned itself after the mother city. The relation between the two communities was one of mutual affection

only; but, if the new colony undertook itself to found a colony, it went, through custom, for its oikist to the mother city. Differing from the colony as thus described was the cleruchy (kλnpovila, allotment or apportionment, from κλžρos, lot, and exev, have), the memhers of which remained in close connection with the mother city and did not form an independent community. The Athenian cleruchies, the only ones of which we have any detailed knowledge, possessed a certain measure of autonomy, but only in internal affairs. The citizens were still citizens of Athens, with the rights and duties of

the position. In the case of a cleruchy, the conquered territory was divided into parcels and assigned to the poorer citizens by lot. The original inhabitants, though, according to circumstances, differently treated, were generally made dependents of the settlers. The first Athe nian cleruchy was sent to the land of Chaleis in Eubœa, about B.C. 506.

It was one of the triumphs of the organizing genius of the Romans to develop the colony to its most perfect form. It was a principle of Roman policy that not only every conquered territory, but every district where Roman citizens settled, should be an integral part of the Empire. The colonia was one of the municipal institutions of the Empire, having its own governing corporation dependent on Rome. There were various grades of colonies-some where there was the high privilege of Roman citizenship, and others where the citizenship was of a humbler grade. Corresponding with the consuls in Rome, there were municipal officers in the colonies (duumviri, quatuorviri), in whom were preserved, after the Empire was formed, the old republican institutions. The Romans appointed men of very high rank to the government of their provinces or colonies-men who had held such offices as the consulship or pretorship at home. It was a feature of the Roman system to limit their period of government, lest they should become independent of the Empire and establish separate States.

After the fall of Rome, centuries passed before colonization recommenced; for the various tribes who broke into the Empire were not connected with any parent State, and the Normans who spread themselves over Europe at a later period were utterly unconnected. in the countries where they settled, with the government of the northern States whence they migrated. When Venice and Genoa were at the height of their power, they sought to advance their commercial interests by the establishment of colonies in the islands of the Mediterranean and on the shores of the Hellespont and the Black Sea. At the close of the Middle Ages the Portuguese and Spaniards became the great colonizing nations of Europe. Portugal was first in the field, establishing settlements along the western coast of Africa in the fifteenth century. After the rounding of the Cape of Good Hope by Bartholomeu Dias in 1488, which was followed ten years later by the voyage of Vasco da Gama, she extended her settlements along the eastern coast and into India, finally penetrating to the islands of the Pacific. The Emperor Charles V., who ruled Spain when at the height of her power, aimed not only at the restoration of the Roman Empire in Europe, but at the creation of a new empire in America. Neither Spain nor Portugal followed the policy of developing the agricultural resources of the regions which they occupied, but merely used the colonies as a basis of profitable trade with the home country and as an asylum for high-salaried officials. Portugal established mere trading factories. The Spanish colonies were chiefly concerned with mining. They were governed by an official hierarchy, under the general direction of an executive department in Spain. The other governments of Europe Great Britain, France, Holland, and the minor States-subsequently colonized in America, the East Indies, and Africa.

Be

The earlier British colonies arose in the reverse order to those of Spain-the colonists went first, the dignitaries followed. This was especially true of the New England colonies. fore 1630 the British race had gained a firm foothold in America. The settlers were organized as privileged companies with royal letters patent, which in practice made them virtually independent of the Government at home; and as they were, for the most part, dissenters seeking a place of refuge from what they considered the grievances of the Established Church and the Government, they took care not to convey the grievance with them. The northern colonists, indeed, acted as if they were a sort of private corporation. The policy of Great Britain toward her American colonies was the result of the accepted economic philosophy of the times (see POLITICAL ECONOMY), according to which it was thought that the trade with colonies must be strictly confined to the home country. The idea was that the colonies should supply raw materials to the mother country, and in return should purchase from the latter its manufactured products. Shipping was to be in the hands of the home country. This policy was no more characteristic of England than of other European States, and the reason why it encountered such vigorous opposition in the Anglo-American colonies was that the latter were settled by men who deliberately planned to establish homes in the New World, whereas those who made up the colonies of Spain, Portugal, or France were seeking wealth and prestige with which to reëstablish their position in Europe.

During the eighteenth century Great Britain rose to a foremost position among colonial powers, and in the nineteenth century she firmly es tablished her primacy. Rich compensation for the loss of the Thirteen Colonies-a loss which for a time seemed to threaten the dissolution of her empire was found in the vast realm built up in India and in the flourishing colonies of Canada and Australia. In Africa, which became the principal scene of colonial activity for the European powers in the last quarter of the nineteenth century, Great Britain holds possession of Cape Colony and the former Boer republics, and of immense tracts of territory in Central and Eastern Africa. Coupled with her predominance in Egypt, this would seem to assure to England a splendid colonial development in the Dark Continent. Spain's colonial empire attained its fullest development in the seventeenth century, declined in the eighteenth, and disappeared in the nineteenth. The Treaty of Paris, in 1763, deprived France of her possessions in America, and put a quietus on French colonization, Algeria excepted, for more than one hundred years, until the statesmen of the Third Republic initiated a new policy of expansion in Africa and the Far East. The Dutch establishments in the East were founded in great part upon the ruins of the colonial power of Portugal. At the time of the French Revolutionary wars, Holland was shorn of some of her possessions (Ceylon, Cape Colony), which went to increase the colonial domain of Britain. The annals of Dutch dominion in the East Indies have until recent times been the history of a nation seeking to enrich itself at the expense of downtrodden peoples. With the loss of Brazil in 1822, the importance of Portugal as a world