(1832), largely on account of his tariff ideas, and his unwise choice, as a party issue, of the defense of the National Bank. When the Nullification controversy came up, Clay's compromise of 1833 prevented a resort to arms by satisfying South Carolina with regard to the reduction of the obnoxious tariff and rendering the Force Bill unnecessary. In the subsequent anti-slavery agitation he occupied a moderate position, but lost few opportunities of opposing the administration of Jackson. Throughout this period of his career Clay shared the honors of the Senate in its time of meridian glory with Daniel Webster, John C. Calhoun, and T. H. Benton.

During Van Buren's Presidency, Clay unsuccessfully opposed the administration measure of an independent treasury system, desiring in its stead the establishment of a national bank; but after Harrison's election he procured its repeal, the apparent victory proving, however, far from permanent. In the election of 1840 he was chagrined at not receiving the Whig nomination, but supported Harrison, and after the latter's death endeavored to carry out the Whig policy, especially with regard to rechartering a national bank. In this attempt he was thwarted by the vacillation and ambition of President Tyler.

After the breach between the "Tyler men' and the 'Clay Whigs' became apparently irreconcilable, Clay resigned his seat in the Senate and retired to private life (1842). He was nominated for President in the campaign of 1844, and defeated by James K. Polk. Clay's defeat was due to his injudicious writing of letters, in which he did not take a stand upon the question of the admission of Texas that satisfied the more extreme opponents of slavery. He was again and for the last time spoken of as an aspirant for Presidential honors in the convention that nominated General Taylor in 1848. Meanwhile he had on the whole lived in retirement, but had watched with anxiety the growth of friction between North and South consequent upon the Mexican War. In 1848 he was reëlected to the United States Senate.

Taking his seat in the Senate in the winter of 1849, and still more alarmed at the fierce display of sectional feeling on the slavery question, Clay interposed in the cause of peace with the series of resolutions subsequently known as the Compromise of 1850 (see COMPROMISE MEASURES); and, in a stirring speech, delivered in spite of his advanced age and increasing infirmity, with all his accustomed energy and fire, he appealed with great effect to the patriotism of his hearers for the restoration of harmony and the preservation of the Union-an effort which was rewarded by the triumph, for a time at least, of his pacific policy. His last speech in the Senate was on the subject of a revision of the tariff of 1846. Unable to occupy his seat

for more than a few days of the session of 185152, owing to his failing health, he continued to the end to manifest an interest in public affairs. The last incident of importance in his career was his interview with Kossuth, when, a short time before his death, he warned the Hungarian patriot of the futility of soliciting the interference of the United States in the internal affairs of Europe, and declared the true policy of this country in dealing with foreign nations to be that set forth by Washington in his Farewell Address. Sinking rapidly after this, he died in

Washington on June 29, 1852, in the seventysixth year of his age.

Clay is one of the most attractive figures in American history. No statesman has possessed more magnetism or been a more gallant party leader. The wisdom of many of his policies may be doubted, but his own zeal, integrity, and brilliancy as an advocate cannot be denied. His oratorical powers have been traditional only, because his speeches, partly on account of his lack of culture. have not held the attention of readers; but both in the Senate and on the platform he yielded in fire and charm of eloquence to none of his great rivals. His patriotism is above suspicion, but he was unfortunate in living in a border State and in occupying a middle position between the irreconcilable extremes of freedom and slavery. This fact made him "The Great Pacificator,' but it probably cost him the Presidency, and has somewhat lowered his standing in history. In private life Clay was not free from some of the vices so prevalent among the men of his comparatively coarse period, but he was essentially of a fine nature and made hosts of loyal friends. Perhaps the impression he made upon his contemporaries cannot be better described than by the statement that Clay was Abraham Lincoln's "beau ideal of a statesman."

For the most complete edition of his speeches and writings, consult: Colton, Life and Times of Henry Clay (revised edition, 6 vols., New York, 1864) and for his biography, Schurz, Henry Clay, "American Statesmen Series" (Boston, 1887; Orth, Five American Politicians (Cleveland, 1906). See also the histories of Schouler and Rhodes.

CLAY'BORNE, WILLIAM. See CLAIBORNE, WILLIAM.

CLAY CENTER. A city and the countyrect) west-northwest of Topeka; on the Republiseat of Clay County, Kan., about 80 miles (dican River, and on the Union Pacific, the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific, and other railroads (Map: Kansas, E 2). It contains two private hospitals and a fine court-house. The principal industrial establishments are flour-mills, cigarfactories, steel-tank factory, brick-works, broom factory, cement-block factory, etc. The city has good water-power, which is utilized by the electric light and power plant. There are two large greenhouses, which make extensive shipments all over the State. Pop., 1905, 3240.

CLAY IRONSTONE. The name applied to compact, argillaceous varieties of siderite, the carbonate of iron. It frequently occurs in the form of concretions, which may be so close together in some particular layer as to form a continuous band. They are especially abundant in some beds of the Carboniferous, and at times See IRON; serve as a low grade of iron ore. BLACKBAND IRONSTONE.

CLAY-MARL. A calcareous variety of clay, containing from 40 to 60 per cent. of carbonate of lime. It is used as a fertilizer, and also in the manufacture of Portland cement. Claymarls are found in many parts of New York, New Jersey, Michigan, Illinois, Indiana, and other Northern States, and in the West. They grade into true marls. See MARL; SOILS.

CLAY-PLANTS. The early stages of vegetation on clay soil resemble those on rock areas, and are treated under the head of ROCK-PLANTS.

The late stages are Mesophytic (q.v.). See FORESTS; GRASS-LANDS.

CLAY POLE, NOAH. A character in Dickens's Oliver Twist. A fellow-apprentice of Oliver's at Mr. Sowerberry's, the undertaker. He marries Charlotte, robs his master's till, and joins Fagin's company of pickpockets in London. He is the spy on poor Nancy, who causes her murder by Sikes, and afterwards turns King's

evidence.

A

CLAYS, klas, PAUL JEAN (1819-1900). Belgian painter, born at Bruges. He studied in Paris under Gudin, and, like his master, became a painter of marine scenes. After his return to Belgium, he sent pictures to the Salon almost annually. His works are notable for their breadth, luminosity, and sincerity. As an interpreter of water, whether stormy or calm, he had few equals. He was awarded a second-class medal at the Exposition of 1878, and received the decoration of the Legion of Honor in 1875. Among his best paintings are: "A Squall on the Scheldt;" "Canal in Zealand;" "Becalmed Near

Amsterdam;" "Calm in Zealand;" and "Open

Sea" (1889).

CLAY-SLATE. See SHALE,

CLAYTON, AUGUSTINE SMITH (1783-1839). An American jurist, born at Fredericksburg, Va. He graduated at the University of Georgia in 1804, and in 1819 was elected judge of the Superior Court of the Western Circuit in Georgia. While holding that office he supported the State authorities in their occupation of territory of the Cherokee Nation, but the United States Supreme Court decided against the legality of the State's action. For differing with the Legislature on one point of the controversy, however, he was removed from office. He was elected to Congress in 1831, served two terms, took an active part in the opposition to the tariff and to the United States Bank. He was reputed to be the author of Crockett's Life of Van Buren.

CLAYTON, ESTELLE. An American actress and dramatic writer. She was born in New

York. Her family name was Evesson. After the death of her father, she went upon the stage (1878) with a traveling company, and later in that year she attracted notice as Agnes Wickfield, in Wilkins Micawber. She was with Augustin Daly in 1879-80, and later for a time with Dion Boucicault. In 1882-83 she appeared as Nora in Esmeralda, at the Madison Square Theatre; also in Hazel Kirke, and as Constance in Young Mrs. Winthrop. In 1885 she produced her play of Tric-o-trin, at the Madison Square. She became the wife of Charles W. Durant in 1888. The same year she produced a dramatization of The Quick or the Dead, with which she afterwards toured successfully in the South. She is the author also of the texts of the operas Paulita (1890); The Viking (1895); and of A Puritan Romance, a comedy produced at the London Vaudeville, in 1897.

CLAYTON, JOHN (1693-1773). An American botanist. He was born in Fulham, England, but in 1705 emigrated to Virginia, where for fifty-one years he was clerk of Gloucester County. Two great volumes and a hortus siccus of Virginia plants were left by him; but the manuscripts were destroyed by fire, together with the records of Gloucester, at the beginning of the Revolution.

VOL. V.-2.

CLAYTON, JOHN MIDDLETON (1796-1856). An American jurist and politician, born in Dagsboro, Del. He graduated at Yale in 1815, was admitted to the bar in 1818, and became a He was for many leading lawyer in his State. years (1829-37, 1845-49, and 1851-56) a prominent member of the United States Senate, and in 1849 became Secretary of State in the Cabinet of President Taylor. In 1850 he negotiated with the British Government the famous ClaytonBulwer Treaty (q.v.), which guaranteed the strict neutrality of any interoceanic canal that might be built across the American Isthmus.

He

CLAYTON, POWELL (1833-). An American soldier and politician, born in Bethel, Pa. followed his profession of civil engineering at Leavenworth, Kan., and at the outbreak of the Civil War became captain in the First Kansas Infantry, in the Federal Army. He rose to the rank of brigadier-general during the struggle, and at its close became a planter in Arkansas, becoming Governor of the State in 1868. He was

a member of the United States Senate from 1871 to 1877, and was a member of every National Re

publican Convention from 1872 to 1896. In 1897

1905 he was minister and ambassador to Mexico.

CLAYTON-BULWER TREATY. A treaty between the United States and Great Britain, signed, after prolonged negotiations between Secretary of State John M. Clayton (q.v.), on bassador of Great Britain, on the other, on April the one side, and Sir Henry Bulwer, special Am19, 1850, the ratifications being exchanged on July 4. Its aim was, mainly, to facilitate the construction of an interoceanic canal across the American Isthmus, and incidentally to prevent the encroachment of either contracting power States; and its main provisions were as follows: upon the territory of the Central American (1) Neither power was ever to "obtain or maintain for itself any exclusive control over the said ship-canal," or to "occupy, or fortify, or colonize, or assume or exercise any dominion over Nicaragua, or any part of Central America." (2) The two powers formally agreed to guarantee the protection and neutrality of the canal. (3) They further agreed to invite friendly powers "to enter into stipulations with them similar to those they had entered into with each other," and also to enter into treaties with the Central American States "for the purpose of more effectually carrying out the great design of this convention." (4) Vessels of the two powers were, while traversing the canal in time of war, to be exempt from detention, blockade, or capture. (5). The protection of the two powers was extended to any other practicable communications across the Isthmus, whether by railroad or canal, the intention being "to establish a general principle," as well as to settle one particular object. At the time the ratifications were exchanged, both powers issued explanatory declarations, Great Britain announcing that "her Majesty's Government do not understand the engagements of that convention as applying to her Majesty's settlement at Honduras, or its dependencies;" the United States, that the treaty was not understood "to include the British settlement in Honduras, commonly called 'British Honduras,' as distinct from the State of Honduras, nor the small islands in the neighborhood of that settlement, which may be known as its dependencies." Disputes arose over the terri.

.

torial claims of Great Britain in Central America, and her assumption of a protectorate over the Mosquito Indians, conflicting interpretations being placed on various provisions of the treaty by the two powers. Another treaty, the Dallas-Clarendon treaty, designed to settle the pending disputes, was signed in October, 1856, and was ratified by the Senate soon afterwards, with the addition of various amendments, which, however, the British Government refused to accept. Disputes continued almost up to the time of the Civil War; but in 1860 Great Britain concluded treaties with Honduras and Nicaragua, which provided for the cession to the former of the Bay Islands, and the relinquishment of the British protectorate over the Mosquito Indians. President Buchanan thereupon announced, in his message for 1860, that "the discordant constructions of the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty between the two Governments have resulted in a final settlement, entirely satisfactory to this Government." Nevertheless, after the close of the war, controversies again arose, and in 1881 the treaty was the subject of a compromise between Lord Granville and Secretary of State Blaine, the latter contending that any interoceanic canal across the American Isthmus should be under the political control of the United States; that the United States would view with grave concern the interference of European powers; and that the treaty should be so modified as to make it conform to conditions which had materially changed since 1850. Secretary of State Frelinghuysen, who succeeded Blaine, in December, 1881, went further. and contended that the treaty had become obsolete, and was in reality no longer binding on either power; while, on the other hand, Lord Granville asserted that the treaty had never been abrogated, and was still in force. Finally, by the HayPauncefote Treaty, which was ratified by the United States Senate in December, 1901, the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty was formally annulled. Consult Travis, The History of the ClaytonBulwer Treaty (Ann Arbor, Mich., 1900)—vol. iii. of the "Publications of the Michigan Political Science Association."

CLAYTOʻNIA (after John Clayton, a Virginian botanist), or SPRING BEAUTY. One of the most beautiful of the early spring flowers of the United States. The plants are low, succulent herbs, growing in rich ground of bottom-lands. The delicate, rose-colored flowers are striped with pink veins, and the leaves are linear or oblong. Two species, Claytonia Virginica and Caroliniana, are common in the United States. Claytonia perfoliata is found on the Pacific Coast, and in Mexico and Cuba. Other species of this genus are known in Europe and Asia, one of them, Claytonia tuberosa, affording tubers which are eaten by the peasants of Siberia.

CLAZOMENE, klå-zom'ê-nê (Lat., from Gk. Κλαζομεναί, lazomenai). One of the twelve cities of Ionia, on the west coast of Asia Minor. It was situated on the south shore of the Hermæan Gulf, west of Smyrna. Apparently about the time of the formation of the League of Delos, a part of the inhabitants seem to have moved to an island near the coast. Alexander the Great connected the island with the mainland by a dike, and the city subsequently extended over the peninsula thus formed. The city was famous as the birthplace of the philosopher Anaxagoras

(q.v.). The site has furnished a number of terracotta sarcophagi, which illustrate in their painted decoration the black-figured vase technique. CLÉANTE, klä'änt'. Molière's Malade imaginaire, in love with An(1) A character in gélique. (2) In Molière's Tartufe, the highlière's L'Avare, the son of the miser Harpagon. minded brother-in-law of Orgon. (3) In MoBoth father and son desire to marry Mariane; but the miser prefers the recovery of his gold to the lady, who becomes the wife of Cléante.

CLEAN THE. In Fletcher's Mad Lover, the sister of Siphax of Paphos.

CLEANTHES, klê-ǎn'thez (Lat., from Gk. Keávons, Kleanthes) (c.300-220 B.C). A Stoic philosopher. He was born at Assos, in Troas. His poverty was such that he had to work all night at drawing water, in order to obtain money for his support, and to pay his class fee while attending the lectures of Zeno, whom he succeeded as head of the Stoic School about B.C. 263. He died of voluntary starvation when about eighty years old.

None of his writings are extant, except a Hymn to Zeus, much admired, preserved by Stobæus (Ecl. i. 2, 12). It is an admirable union of religious feeling and philosophic thought. The fragments have been collected by Wachsmuth, Commentatio de Zenone et Cleanthe (1874). Consult: Ritter and Preller, Historia Philosophiæ Græca (Gotha, 1888); Zeller, Philosophie der Griechen (Leipzig, 1869-82).

CLEANTHES. (1) In Dryden's Cleomenes, the friend of Cleomenes. (2) In Massinger, Middleton, and Rowley's play, The Old Law, the son of Leonides, who shows his filial piety by preserving his aged father from the operation of a law condemning to death all men over eighty years

of age.

CLEAR, CAPE. See CAPE CLEAR.

CLEARANCE. In the mercantile marine, a permission from the custom-house officers, or the emigration officers, or both, for the departure of a ship from a port, showing that all the formalities have been observed, and all dues, etc., paid. If a foreign vessel, she must also be certified by the consul of the nation to which she belongs. Hence the expression 'cleared out' orig inally used in reference to the departure of a particular ship.

CLEARCHUS, klé-är'kús (Lat., from Gk. Kλéapxos, Klearchos). A Spartan commander of the fifth century B.C., the son of Ramphias. After serving in the Hellespont and at the battle of Cyzicus, he became Governor of Byzantium, where he ruled with tyrannical harshness. During his absence in Asia, the town was surrendered to the Athenians, and Clearchus was punished by a fine.

He was afterwards sent to Thrace to protect the Greek colonies there; but, being recalled by the ephors, he proceeded to the Hellespont in defiance of their orders, and was condemned to death. He joined the younger Cyrus, for whom he levied an army of Greek mercenaries, and whom he accompanied on the famous March of the Ten Thousand.' He alone, of the Greeks, knew the real intentions of Cyrus; but it was not until they had proceeded too far to retire with safety that he disclosed them. At the battle of Cunaxa (B.C. 401) he commanded the right wing of the Greeks, and was tacitly recog

nized as commander-in-chief when the retreat had begun. He was, however, treacherously seized by the Persian general, Tissaphernes, and put to death.

CLEAR/FIELD. A borough and the countyseat of Clearfield County, Pa., about 90 miles (direct) east-northeast of Pittsburg; on the west branch of the Susquehanna River, and on the Pennsylvania and other railroads (Map: Pennsylvania, C 2); It is situated in a region containing deposits of coal and fire-clay, and has several novelty works, lumber-mills, flouring steel mills, planing-mills, brick-yards, and a plant, and ships out foundry products, tanned leather, etc. Clearfield was settled in 1805, and in 1840 was incorporated as a borough. Population, 1900, 5081; 1906 (local est.), 11,000.

CLEARING-HOUSE. Clearing-house associations are unions of banks, for the purpose of securing a speedy settlement of the claims of banks against one another. The oldest of these is the London Clearing-House, which appears to have been established about 1775. The most important clearing-house in the United States is that of the city of New York, which was established in 1853. Before the establishment of clearing-houses, the process of settling the mutual claims of banks upon one another was cumbersome and tardy. Each bank was forced to send out runners, carrying to every other bank the checks and claims that it had upon them. As each bank settled periodically its bills with every other bank, there was a continual interchange of money between them. All this has been obviated by the establishment of clearinghouses, in which representatives of the several banks meet daily, for the purpose of adjusting the claims of the banks upon one another.

An insight into the workings of clearinghouses can best be obtained by a brief description of the methods pursued in the New York Clearing-House, which may be taken as typical of all the rest. The banks represented send daily to the clearing-house at least two clerksa delivery-clerk and a settling-clerk. At the clearing-house, each bank has a desk at which the settling-clerk or clerks are seated. They bring to the clearing-house in bundles the checks, drafts, and other obligations due them from other banks, each bank being represented by a separate package. They bring also a list of the amounts due them from each of the banks in question. Before clearing begins, transcriptions of these lists are handed to the inspector. The sum total represents the aggregate amount to be settled for the day. Promptly at 10 o'clock, the delivery-clerks begin passing from one desk to another, delivering to each the package of claims of all sorts that their banks have against other banks. These claims are accepted in bulk, without examination of the items. As soon as all of the packages have been delivered, they are carried back to the banks, where an examination of the items takes place; and if there are any that are not valid, the adjustment takes place between the bank which has received them and that which presented them, without intervention of the clearing-house or rectification of the accounts drawn up there. When all of the packages have been received by the set tling-clerks at the clearing-house, the latter draw up a statement of the demands made upon them. As these never balance the claims made

by their banks, it is obvious that at the close of each day's business some of the banks will be entitled to receive money and others obliged to make payments, to settle the accounts. When each clerk has made up his account, he forwards a statement of the aggregates, with the amount of the balance to be paid or to be received. When all have forwarded their accounts to the manager, and the accounts are proved by the equality of the debit and credit aggregates and balances, the manager certifies the amounts which each bank owes to the associated banks, or

is entitled to receive from them.

In the London Clearing-House, for the settlement of balances a different rule prevails. Debit balances are settled by checks on the Bank of England in favor of the associated banks, and credit balances by similar checks drawn by the associated banks in favor of the creditor banks. In New York the amounts due by debtor banks are paid in cash to the clearing-house manager, who in turn pays the creditor banks. For this purpose gold certificates issued by the United States Government are used, and also clearinghouse gold certificates, which represent gold coin deposited with the clearing-house, and which are valid only in the settlement of clearing-house balances.

By the aid of the clearing-house, each bank can settle all of its relations to the banks of the

city by a single payment, instead of adjusting its relations with each bank separately. Furthermore, settlements are effected by the transfer of a much smaller quantity of cash than would be otherwise required. Thus, in the first year of the New York Clearing-House, average daily were effected by clearings of $19,104,594.94 average daily payments of $988,078.06-but 5.17 per cent. In some years the percentage of balances paid in money has fallen as low as 3 per cent., and during the entire history of the New York Clearing-House has never reached so much as 7 per cent. The aggregate New York clearings were $5,750,455,987 in 1854, and $91,879,318,369 in 1905-the year of maximum changes. The aggregate exchanges reflect not only the growth of the city in importance as a commercial centre, but also the business conditions throughout the country-rising in times of notable prosperity and sinking in eras of depression. Thus, we may contrast the clearings of $35,461,052,826 in 1873, $48,565,818,212 in 1881, and $37,660,686,572 in 1890, with clearings of $22,000,000,000 in 1874, $25,250,791,440 in 1885, and $24,230,145,368 in 1894.

ex

The New York Clearing-House is by far the most important in the United States. The excellence of the system embodied in it and the facilities which it affords to banks have been so generally appreciated that the institution has been widely copied, even in some of the smaller cities. On September 30, 1905, there were in the United States no fewer than 103 elearing-house organizations, which had, in the year ending on that date, transacted clearings to the extent of $140,501,841,957. It must be said, however, that two-thirds of the aggregate belonged to New York City. Abroad, the London ClearingHouse transacted business in 1905 to the amount of $59,072,000,000. Clearing-houses exist on the Continent of Europe, though the use of checks in daily life is far less frequent there than in England and in the United States, and the clear

ings are not so important. On the other hand, the institution is widely known in Canada, Australia, and other English colonies.

In

In the United States, the clearing-house associations not only furnish the facilities for settlements among banks which have been described, but also enable the banks to act as units in matters of banking policy. They establish rules of banking practice in the interest of the banks, as a whole, which individual banks would not be strong enough to maintain. Thus, many associations fix the rates to be charged for the collection of out-of-town checks. Certain associations prohibit the issue of certified checks by the members. Many details of practice are thus regulated by clearing-house rules. These associations, too, foster among the banks a feeling of solidarity of interest, and furnish an organ through which this can find expression. times of financial distress, it may be a matter of supreme importance to all the banks that none go to the wall; for such an occurrence may cause a run upon all the banks and a general catastrophe. The stronger banks, under such circumstances, come to the aid of their weaker brethren. Nowhere is the function of the clearing-house in sustaining the interests of the banks, and the general credit of the community, more apparent than in the issue of clearing-house loan certificates. The ordinary clearing-house gold certificate differs from a Government gold certificate only in the fact that the clearing-house, and not the Government, is the custodian of the gold. It is preferred over the Government certificate because it can be issued in denominations better suited to the needs of the banks. With these certificates the loan certificates have nothing in common. They are issued only in times of panic, to meet temporary emergencies, and are called in and canceled as soon as their work is done.

In times of panic there is an unusual demand for means of payment. Under the national banking system of reserves, which permits the country banks to deposit a portion of their legal reserves in the commercial centres, this strain is felt quite severely in the money centres. It is only to a limited extent that such emergencies can be met by restricting discounts. In preparation for a demand which can be foreseen, this usually takes place; but at the moment of the crisis, credits must be expanded and loans discounted freely, if the storm is to be weathered. Where free banking exists, this is usually done through increased note issues; but the banking system of the United States does not admit of such an increase. The clearing-house loan certificate relieves the situation by substituting certificates based, not on cash, but on securities for the cash ordinarily used in clearing-house operations-thereby placing this cash at the disposal

of the banks for the use of their customers.

The clearing-house requires a deposit of securities with a committee, and issues certificates bearing a relatively high interest-in New York City, six per cent., up to a certain per cent. of the securities deposited, generally 75 per cent. It generally provides that any loss arising from the issue of the certificates shall be assessed pro rata, either upon the capital and surplus or upon the average clearings of the banks. Thus the entire credit of the associated banks is pledged for the redemption of the certificates. The interest charge makes it to the advantage of the

banks to redeem as soon as possible the certifi cates issued to them, and they rarely last more than a few months. This expedient was first tried by the New York Clearing-House in 1860, and has been repeated in 1862, 1863, 1873, 1884, 1890, and 1893. In the latter year the issue began June 21 and ceased September 6. The issue, the largest in the history of the clearinghouse, was $41,490,000. The last certificate was redeemed November 1, a little more than four months after the first issue. While, since 1860, these issues in New York have amounted to over $168,000,000, there has been no loss upon them. The example set by New York was pretty generally followed by other clearing-houses in 1873,and such issues have since been authorized by other associations to meet a general financial stringency or a local emergency.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. Cannon, Clearing Houses (New York, 1900); White, Money and Banking (New York, 1902); Jevons, Money and Mechanism of Exchange (London, 1875); Report of the Comptroller of the Currency (1896).

CLEAR LAKE. A body of water in Lake County, Cal., about 90 miles north of San Francisco (Map: California, B 2). It is about 25 miles long by from two to six miles wide; there is a contraction in its southern part, which is known as 'Lower Lake.' It is situated: in an elevated and picturesque region, which is a popular resort for field and water sportsmen. Lakeport is on the west shore, and Lower Lake at the southeastern end.

The

CLEARSTORY, or CLERESTORY. upper part of any building lighted by a row of windows; or, more strictly, the upper part of the central nave of a church, in which windows were cut above the roof of the side-aisles. The object of the clearstory is to give direct light to the nave. Clearstories appear in all early Christian basilicas, and in a different form in Byzantine churches-as, e.g. that around the base of the dome of Saint Sophia. They are lacking in a certain class of early Romanesque churches with tunnel vaults and early groin vaults, especially in the south of France, Burgundy, and Lombardy, because the builders, who were then experimenting with vaulting, were afraid of its thrust, and did not dare to raise the spring of the main vault sufficiently above the supporting side-vaults to allow of the insertion of a line of windows below the spring. Such were San Ambrogio at Milan (groin vaults), Saint Etienne at Nevers, and Saint Sernin at Toulouse (tunnel vaults). After the twelfth century clearstories were again the rule.

CLEARWING. Any of the small moths of the family Egeriidæ, with transparent wings, the caterpillars of which bore into the stems of trees or plants, and hibernate there. Many of the clearwings are so small, brilliantly colored, and unlike moths, that they are easily mistaken for wasps or flies. The most common is the currant-borer (Egeria tipuliformis), imported to America from Europe, and sometimes highly destructive to currant and gooseberry bushes. The peach-borer (Sanina exitiosa) is a pest in peach orchards.