Lincolnshire, England; came to Plymouth Colony in 1630 with a commission as magistrate, landed at Salem, and was for some time a trader in Boston. He undertook the defense of Anne Hutchinson, and opposed similar persecution in other cases, but without success. In 1638, with eighteen others, he removed to the island of Aquidnek (later Rhode Island), and founded a colony which was to be "judged and guided by the laws of Christ." Coddington was elected Governor in 1640, and held the office until the Colony was incorporated in the charter with Providence Plantations in 1647. He went to England in 1649, and two years later obtained a commission to govern Aquidnek and Conanicut for life. His opponents in the Colony, through Roger Williams and John Clark, succeeded in having this revoked (1652); but Coddington did not finally submit until 1655. He became a Quaker in 1666, and from 1674 until his death was again in office as Governor. He left a work entitled, Demonstration of True Love unto the Rulers of Massachusetts (1674). Consult "William Coddington in Rhode Island Colonial Affairs," No. 4 of the Rhode Island Historical Tracts (Providence, 1898).

CODE (from Lat. cauder or codex, trunk of a tree, tablet for writing). The word code is often loosely employed to describe: (1) A set of rules of any sort, as when we speak of the moral code or of the code of honor. (2) Any compilation of legal rules, from a collection of early customs like the Salic law down to the building laws of a modern municipality.

or

As a modern legal term, the word code (Fr. code, It. codice, Sp. código, Ger. Gesetzbuch) may be defined as an orderly presentation, in statutory form, of some distinct branch fairly extensive portion of the law. On the Continent of Europe and in Latin America there are regularly in each State: (1) A civil code, setting forth the law of persons, domestic relations, property, obligations, and succession; (2) a commercial code; (3) a penal, or criminal, code; (4) a code of civil procedure; and (5) a code of criminal procedure. Systematic arrangements of other and less extensive portions of the law, resembling the English Consolidation Acts, are sometimes termed codes, but more commonly laws. For European and Latin-American civil codes, see paragraph VIII. of the subtitle History, in the article CIVIL LAW.

In Great Britain, the statutes of the realm have been revised by eliminating obsolete and repealed enactments (Revised Statutes, 1870, 1885); and statutes relating to certain subjects have been brought together in consolidation acts, of which, perhaps, the most important are the statute-law revision and civil-procedure acts of 1881 and 1883; but the only important acts in which the statutory and common-law rules relating to a given subject have been combined are: The Bills of Exchange Act (1882); the Partnership Act (1890); and the Sale-of-Goods Act (1893). In British India codification has been carried much further. Not only have the general and provincial statutes been revised, but there are codes of civil and criminal procedure (1859 and 1861, new codes 1882 and 1898), a penal code (1860), and acts nearly equivalent to codes governing contracts (1872), and transfers of property, easements, and trusts (1882). Ceylon and the Straits Settlements have adopted

VOL. V.-8.

or adapted some of the Indian codes. Canada, New South Wales, Victoria, New Zealand, and Queensland have criminal codes.

In the United States the general or public statutes of the Federal Government, and those of a great majority of the States, are periodically revised, and these revisions are sometimes called codes. When (as is usually the case) the revision is passed by the Legislature, it replaces the original acts. The Revised Statutes are grouped according to the subjects with which they deal, and the arrangement of subjects is sometimes systematic, but more often alphabetical. Under either arrangement these compilations ordinarily contain more or less complete codes of criminal law and procedure, and sometimes codes of civil procedure. Nearly onefourth of the States have separate codes of procedure; a small number have separate penal codes. The Revised Statutes rarely include anything approaching a complete civil code, and only four States (California, Louisiana, North Dakota, and South Dakota) have separate codes of this character; for in most of the States the substantive private law, especially the law of personal property and of contracts, is still in the main common law. In Louisiana, where the common law has never obtained, there has been a civil code since 1808; but no State has yet passed a civil code which completely supersedes the common law. The first attempt to combine common and statutory law in a civil code was made in Georgia in 1860, in connection with a general revision of the law; but this code was not meant to be a complete enactment of the common law. Iowa, Ohio, and Texas have gone further than most of the other States in enacting common-law rules, but not so far as Georgia. The nearest approach to a complete enactment of the common law is found in a civil code which was drafted in New York, but which was not adopted in that State. It was adopted in the Territory of Dakota, 1865, and in California, 1872; and many of its provisions have passed into the laws of Montana, Utah, and Wyoming. This code, although frequently revised, has not completely superseded the common law. Consult Estate of Apple, 66 Cal. 432.

The question of codification, in England and in the. United States, is practically a question of the advisability of transforming common law into statutory law. The conditions are different from those which have prevailed on the Continent of Europe. There the earlier modern codifications were provincial; and they were made partly to protect existing customs against the Romanizing tendencies of the courts, and partly to substitute, for the Roman laws, civil and canon laws written in the vernacular. The great codes now in force in France, Italy, and Germany were constructed to replace the earlier local provincial and State codes and to establish uniform national law. The codification movement in Switzerland has the same purpose; it proposes to substitute federal law for cantonal law. (See CIVIL LAW, History, VIII.) In England the existing common law is national, and codification by act of Parliament will simply change its form and the mode of its future development. In the United States, also, the common law is national; but inasmuch as the United States Congress cannot codify the common law for the States, codification is possible only in the form of State codes;

and even if the State codes were uniform at the outset, it would be impossible to keep them uniform. Codification in the United States accordingly means the deliberate creation of a diversity of laws similar to that which has made national codification necessary in Europe. An opposite movement, toward uniformity, is represented in the United States by the Negotiable Instruments Act, drafted in 1896 by commissioners from the several States and already enacted in a considerable number of States and Territories.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. Bentham's works, especially his View of a Complete Code of Law (Edinburgh, 1843); Savigny, The Vocation of Our Age for Legislation and Jurisprudence (1814; trans. by Hayward, London, 1831); Field, Speeches, Arguments, and Miscellaneous Papers (New York, 1884-90); Carter, Proposed Codification of Our Common Law (New York, 1884); Provinces of the Written and Unwritten Law (New York, 1889); Dillon, Our Legal Chaos (New York); F. J. Stimson and Munroe Smith, "Statute and Common Law," Political Science Quarterly, vols. ii. and iii. (New York, 1888-89); Ilbert, Legislative Methods and Forms (London, 1901).

CODE NAPOLÉON. Properly, the entire body of French law as contained in the so-called Five Codes promulgated between 1804 and 1810. In general usage, however, the term is restricted to the first of these, the code of civil or private law enacted in 1804 and still in force. The relation of this code to the general development of European law is indicated in CIVIL LAW, History, VIII. At the outbreak of the Revolution (1789) there was great diversity in the laws by which different parts of France were governed, and the establishment of a general or national code was one of the reforms urgently demanded. Such a code was promised in the Constitution of 1791, and the Convention caused a code to be draughted in 1793; but this draught was rejected because it contained "no new and grand ideas, suitable to the regenerated France." It was not until the revolutionary storm had spent its force and Napoleon, as First Consul, had established a strong government that the work could be pushed through. In July, 1800, the task was intrusted to a commission consisting of the most eminent jurists in France, chief among them being Bigot-Préameneu, Malleville, Portalis, and Tronchet. These men completed their work in four months. After the proposed code had been approved by the principal courts of justice, it was discussed in the Council of State, where Napoleon displayed great interest in the work and made many shrewd suggestions, and it was then submitted, title by title, to the legislative body. Here it encountered opposition, because it was considered too conservative; and it was not passed until the legislature had been reformed into docility. The entire code was promulgated March 21, 1804, as Code civil des Français. In 1807 the title was changed to Code Napoléon. These two designations have since prevailed alternately, according to the form of government. After the completion of the civil code, other codes were adopted, dealing with civil procedure, penal law, criminal procedure, and commerce.

The Code Napoléon introduced little new law. It was a compromise between the customary law of the northern provinces, which was substantially German, and the law of eastern and south

ern France, which was mainly Roman. It consists of three books.' The first deals with persons, including family relations. The second deals with rights in things, but does not include the law of pledge and mortgage. The third, entitled "Various modes of acquiring ownership," includes succession, by testament and ab intestato; matrimonial property law; the law of liens and mortgages; and the rules regarding proscription.

The great merits of the code are simplicity (sometimes secured by superficiality) and clearness of statement. In spite of these merits, the code has aroused the usual amount of controversies, some of which are still unsettled, and has required no little judicial interpretation. To contemporary jurists it seemed fairly complete; but experience has revealed many open places' which have been filled, in part by judicial decisions and in part by supplementary legislation. There has been also considerable legislative amendment.

The Code Napoléon, as a result of French conquests, was introduced before 1814 into many parts of central and southern Europe. In most instances independent national codes have since been substituted; but the Code Napoléon is still in force in Belgium, in Holland, in several Swiss cantons, and in Italy the newer codes are largely based upon the French. The same is true of the code of Louisiana, of most of the Central American and South American codes, and of the Spanish Code of 1889. The Code Napoléon is contained in Roger and Sorel, Codes et lois usuelles (15th ed. Paris, 1883). There are commentaries by Marcade and Pont, Explication théorique et pratique du code civil (Paris, 187494); Mourlon, Répétitions écrites sur le Code Napoléon (12th ed. Paris, 1885).

CODE'INE (from Gk. Kúdela, kōdeia, a poppyhead), CH NO. One of the alkaloids found in opium, in which it exists in relatively small quantities. In chemical constitution it is closeally prepared. Its physiological action is simily allied to morphine, from which it is now usular to that of morphine, and it is used in medicine to diminish sensibility to pain; it is also sometimes prescribed in diabetes. Codeine is a white crystalline substance sparingly soluble in water, freely soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, and other organic liquids. It may be readily identified by dissolving a small quantity in strong sulphuric acid and adding a trace of ferric chloride solution, which produces a blue coloration. The medicinal dose of codeine is from one-quarter to two grains.

CO'DEX (Lat., trunk of a tree, tablet). The name 'codex' seems to have been applied first to books that were made by laying sheets one on another, like tablets, in sets of three, four, or more. Each one of such sets, when folded and stitched together, constituted a book (liber) in the more technical sense. Any number of these 'books' might be bound together in a large book or codex. In distinction from the codex, the volume or roll was made by pasting or stitching the separate sheets together edgewise, thus forming a long ribbon which had to be rolled in order to be easily handled.

The word is at present used almost exclusively for manuscript copies of the whole or parts of the Bible or of the Greek and Roman classics.

Some of the most important of the former are noted in the article on the New Testament text. (See BIBLE.) About A.D. 200 the codex form began to supplant the roll form. The earlier codices appear to have been larger than the later ones. It was perhaps in imitation of the appearance of the open roll, with its several parallel columns of reading matter, that the early codices were written with three or even four columns on a page. Later it was more usual to write but two, and finally but one. Codices were of either paper or parchment-of various grades the latter being always the more common. The oldest codices were written in uncial script-that is, in semi-capitals; the letters being, as a rule, separate from each other. They are without word-divisions, punctuation, breathings, or accents. The separate books have only the simplest titles. In the fifth and sixth centuries the text was broken up into large sections beginning with large capital letters, accents and breathings were introduced, the titles enlarged, and more or less of introductory matter added. Some slight attempts at decoration were also indulged in. Late uncial codices, from the seventh to the tenth century, were frequent ly elaborately decorated with the parchment colo red purple and the text written in gold or silver letters-e.g. the Codex Rossanensis. In the monasteries of the Middle Ages decorated or illuminated manuscripts were manufactured in large numbers. In the tenth century the uncial hand gave way to the cursive or running hand. Codices so written are called minuscules, in distinction from the majuscules or uncials. For other particulars, see BIBLE; BOOK; PALEOGRAPHY; TEXTUAL CRITICISM.

Consult: F. H. A. Scrivener, Introduction to the Textual Criticism of the New Testament (London, 1894); Gregory, Textkritik des neuen Testaments (Leipzig, 1900); Birt, Das antike Buchwesen (Berlin, 1882); Wattenbach, Paläographie (Leipzig, 1877-78).

CO'DIÆ UM. See CROTON.

CODICIL (Lat. codicillus, little book or writing, dim. of codex, code). A supplement to a will, whereby anything omitted is added, or anything in the body of the will is revoked or explained or changed so as to provide for altered circumstances of the testator or beneficiaries. A codicil is authenticated or executed in the same manner as the will, and is considered a part of the will.

There may be as many codicils to a will as a testator cares to make, and where a provision in a codicil is inconsistent with a provision in a will, the provision in the codicil governs, as the purpose of making the codicil is to express the testator's latest wishes as to the disposition of his property after his death. By the Roman and early English law a codicil was an informal will, made without the appointment of executors, which was considered necessary in a valid will; but the term is no longer used in this sense. See WILL, and the authorities there cited.

CODIFICATION. See CODE. CODLING. A squirrel-hake (see HAKE), or some other species of the genus Phycis.

CODLING MOTH. A small tortricid moth (Carpocapsa pomonella), the most serious pest of the apple (q.v.). The females issue from their cocoons in the spring and lay their eggs in

the early evening upon the upper sides of the leaves and occasionally upon the forming fruit. The eggs hatch in about eleven days, and the young larvæ penetrate the fruit usually by way of the calyx. In about twenty days they reach full growth, leave the fruit, crawl to a twig and thence down on the trunk of the tree, where they spin their cocoons and transform to pupa. The moths issue in two weeks. The moth has a wing expanse of less than three-fourths of an inch. The general color is grayish brown with coppery metallic markings. It lays eggs for a second generation usually upon the fruit, and hibernates in the cocoon. The best remedy consists in spraying with an arsenical mixture such as Paris green or arsenate of lead. Two sprayings in the early part of the season are advised; one a few days after the blossoms have fallen and the other two weeks later. If necessary, subsequent sprayings are made. The banding of the trees with baging affords the larva convenient places for transforming. The bands are examined from time to time and the cocoons destroyed. Consult Simpson, The Codling Moth, Bulletin No. 4, new series, Division of Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture (Washington, 1903).

It

COD-LIVER OIL (Oleum Morrhuæ, or Oleum Jecoris Aselli). One of the most valuable therapeutic agents at the disposal of the medical practitioner. It is a pale-yellow fixed oil, obtained from the livers of the cod (Gadus callarias) and of other related species of fish that are caught in the northern parts of the Atlantic Ocean. Cod-liver oil is a better food and is more rapidly absorbed than any other oil; its value as a food is due mainly to its being much more readily oxidized than other oils. The benefit derived from it in disease associated with loss of flesh cannot be overestimated. It is given in tuberculosis, in rickets, in tertiary syphilis, in chronic bronchitis, chronic eczema, in many nervous diseases, in general feebleness, etc. should, however, be administered with some caution, and in moderate quantities, larger doses being liable to cause sickness and diarrhoea. In those cases in which the oil is rejected by the stomach, it may be rubbed into the skin, through which it is readily and certainly absorbed; this treatment is, of course, disagreeable on account of the nauseating smell of the oil. The taste of the oil may be masked to some extent by taking it in coffee or in whisky, or by adding to a dose of the oil a few drops of ether and a drop of oil of peppermint. The taste is completely abolished by taking the oil in soft gelatin capsules now prepared by many manufacturing houses; after remaining in such capsules for some time, the oil turns rather dark, but does not seem to be thereby deteriorated. oil is often taken in the form of emulsions. An emulsion recommended by many medical men contains, besides cod-liver oil, the yolk of an egg, powdered tragacanth, elixir of saccharin, sodium bicarbonate, tincture of benzoin, oil of bitter almonds, chloroform, alcohol, and water. With malt extract, too, cod-liver oil makes an excellent emulsion. The common dose of the pure oil is from a dessert-spoonful to a tablespoonful three times a day.

Cod-liver

MANUFACTURE. In preparing the oil for medicinal purposes, only perfectly healthy livers should be used, and the green-colored (or spot

ted), diseased livers rejected. In former times the oil was obtained as follows. The fishermen would stow away the livers in barrels, which were kept unopened till the end of the fishing season; that is to say, from one to four months. During that time the livers would undergo putrefaction, their hepatic cells, containing the oil, would burst open, and the escaping brownishyellow oil (called pale oil) would rise to the top of the barrels and be drawn off. The livers would then be allowed to undergo further putrefaction, and a quantity of dark-brown oil (called light-brown oil) would again be drawn off. Finally, by heating the disintegrated liver-residues thus obtained above the boiling temperature of water, a last quantity of oil (called brown oil, though really black) would be obtained. This primitive method, a knowledge of the details of which would render the oil too repulsive to most patients to swallow, is still employed to some extent. By far the greater quantity of the oil, however, now reaching the market is prepared in a much cleaner way by the steam process first introduced by Möller in 1853. stead of allowing the livers to undergo putrefactive decomposition, Möller obtained the oil by simply heating for about three hours the fresh livers, which were carefully selected, cleaned by washing with water, and separated from the gall-bladders.

In

To avoid delay, the livers are often heated on board vessels, in wooden apparatus, steam being conducted directly into the mass of livers. Usually, however, the livers are heated in tinned sheet-iron vessels, either single or double walled. The single-walled apparatus is heated over large water-baths; the double-walled by passing steam into the space inclosed between the interior and the exterior walls. In all these apparatus the temperature is about that of boiling water. An improvement recommended during recent years consists in heating the livers at a considerably lower temperature, for a much shorter time, and as far as possible out of contact with the air; it is asserted that in this manner the oxidation of the oil may be almost completely prevented and that the oil would, therefore, not become rancid, nor acquire the disagreeable property of causing eructations.

;

COMPOSITION. Besides a large proportion of fats, cod liver oil has been shown to contain (1) a peculiar principle called gaduin (CHO) (2) a crystalline substance called morrhuol; (3) traces of bromine and iodine; (4) biliary principles; and other substances. The brown oils contain also considerable quantities of ptomaines, which cannot but be injurious to health; bleaching brown oil by sunlight only masks the presence of such substances without destroying their injurious properties, and should therefore not be resorted to. It is generally believed that the great benefit derived from cod-liver oil in tuberculosis is due to the specific action of some active principle that must be contained in the oil. It is probable, however, that the effect is due to nothing but the food-value of the fatty constituents of the oil. These fats are commonly assumed to consist, like other natural fats, of the glycerides of oleic, palmitic, and stearic acids. Möller's chemist, P. M. Heyerdahl, states, on the contrary, that cod-liver oil contains a little palmitic, but no oleic or stearic acid; according to him it consists mainly of the glycer

ides of therapic and jecoleic acids (C1HO2 and C1HO2, respectively), two unsaturated organic acids which are not known to exist anywhere else in nature, and to which the therapeutic action of cod-liver oil is due. The solid fat that is sometimes removed by freezing the oil is, according to Heyerdahl, also composed mainly of those glycerides; so that its removal appears to serve no purpose whatever. In view of the readiness with which the fats of cod-liver oil undergo oxidation, the oil should be kept out of contact with the air. Cod-liver oil is now prepared in Norway, the United States, Canada, Newfoundland, Great Britain, Iceland, and Russia. By far the greater proportion of the oil reaching the market comes from Lofoten and Romsdal in Norway.

CODOGNO, kô-dōnyo. A city in the Prov ince of Milan, north Italy, 30 miles east of Pavia (Map: Italy, D 2). It is the principal export market for Parmesan cheese, and has tanneries and linen, silk, and majolica 'factories. Population (commune), in 1881, 11,444; in 1901,

11,594.

COD'RINGTON, Sir EDWARD (1770-1851). A British admiral, born in Gloucestershire. He entered the navy in 1783, and at Trafalgar (October 21, 1805) was captain of the Orion. He afterwards served in the Mediterranean and in North America, and rose to the rank of vice-admiral in 1821. In 1826 he was appointed commander-in-chief of the Mediterranean Squadron, and commanded the English, Russian, and French fleets against the Turks at the battle of Navarino (q.v.), immediately after which he was recalled for having exceeded his orders. He was made admiral in 1837. Consult the Memoir of the Life of Sir Edward Codrington, edited by his daughter, Lady Bouchier (London, 1873-75).

CODRINGTON, Sir WILLIAM JOHN (180484). An English general, son of Sir Edward Codrington. He entered the army in 1821. During the Crimean War he commanded a brigade at the battle of the Alma and at Inkerman, and in 1855 succeeded Sir James Simpson as commander-in-chief in the Crimea. He was elected to Parliament in 1857, was Governor of Gibraltar from 1859 to 1865, and in 1863 was appointed general.

CO'DRUS (Lat., from Gk. Kódpos, Kodros). of Melanthus, and is supposed to have lived about The reputed last King of Athens. He was the son B.C. 1060. He is said to have sacrificed his life the Attic territory. An oracle having declared for his country when the Dorians once invaded that Athens would be saved if its ruler should

perish by the hand of the enemy, Codrus, in the disguise of a peasant, entered the Dorian camp and was struck down in a quarrel of his own making. His son Medon was the first Archon chosen for life.

CO'DY, WILLIAM FREDERICK (1845—). An American scout and showman, known as 'Buffalo Bill.' He was born in Scott County, Iowa, and became one of the riders of the Pony Express (q.v.) at its establishment in 1860, and at the beginning of the Civil War was a Government scout and guide. In 1863 he enlisted in the Seventh Kansas Cavalry, and at the close of the war contracted with the Kansas Pacific Railroad to furnish buffalo-meat to its laborers building

the line, in this way earning the name 'Buffalo Bill.' He was again with the army as scout from 1868 to 1872, when he was elected to the Nebraska Legislature. He served in the Fifth Cavalry in the Sioux War of 1876, and in the battle of Indian Creek killed Chief Yellow Hand. In 1883 he organized his 'Wild West Show,' a representation of actual life on the plains, and in 1887 took the 'show' to Europe for the first time.

COEDUCATION (Lat. co-, together + educatio, education, from educare, to bring up, to educate). The association of the sexes in the same classes for instruction is a system that prevails generally in the public elementary schools of the United States and quite extensively in Europe. Except in a few large Eastern cities, as New York and Boston, the free public elementary school in the United States is a mixed school. On the other hand, somewhat less than half the private elementary schools in this country are either for boys, or for girls, exclusively, and in 1899-1900 about 9 per cent. of the pupils receiving elementary instruction were in such schools. The English elementary schools have since 1891 become practically free, and largely coeducational. In France each commune having more than 500 inhabitants must establish a separate elementary school for girls, unless a mixed school is sanctioned by the departmental council. In Prussia the Volksschulen, or people's schools, were, according to the law of 1871, advised to separate the sexes wher ever possible, except when there were only two teachers in a school. Nevertheless, in 1896 the mixed schools exceeded the others by more than half. In Switzerland the elementary schools are very largely mixed schools; but the course of study and the length of the course in some cantons vary for the sexes, while in Basel the boys' and girls' schools are separate. In Sweden practically all, and in Austria 85 per cent. of the public elementary schools, are coeducational; while in Italy the reverse is true, only about onefifth of the schools of this grade having such a character.

When, however, we turn to secondary education, we find that in Europe the sexes are almost universally separated. In Prussia the various classes of Gymnasia and Realschulen are, with the exception of a few girls' gymnasia, for boys exclusively. Elsewhere in Germany, where girls are given public secondary education, as in Bavaria, Saxony, and Baden, their schools are separa ted. The French public secondary school system consists of State lycées and communal colleges for boys and girls separately. The secondary schools of Switzerland and for the most part those of Sweden keep the sexes apart. England has no public secondary schools for girls. The private secondary schools are, to a slight extent, coeducational when they are predominantly day schools or contain younger children. In the United States the contrast is striking, In 1899 there were 5495 public high schools, of which 5439 were coeducational, 22 for girls only, and 34 for boys. Of 1957 private secondary schools, 1092 were coeducational, 541 for girls, and 324 for boys, exclusively. The public normal schools in 1898-99 numbered 166. Of these, two were distinctly for women; twelve had no men in attendance, though presumably coeducational; the rest contained both sexes. Of the 165

private normal schools five prepare kindergarten teachers and have no men in attendance, one is distinctly for women, while two others have no men, and three no women in attendance. The rest have a mixed attendance. The English training-schools for teachers, the French primary and superior normal schools, and the Prussian normal schools separate the sexes.

An examination of the facts stated above will show that so far as Europe is concerned they bear out the general theory current there, that the sexes should be separated as far as possible in education. Wherever separate schools can be maintained, the French and Prussian systems require them, and they are plainly favored by the English. Since, however, elementary instruction has come to be regarded as necessary for both sexes, wherever financial considerations prevent separate schools, the elementary school is mixed. And it is this financial consideration that has most largely been the occasion of mixed schools in the United States. Through the efforts of Horace Mann, a system of town coeducational high schools was in 1826 initiated in Massachusetts, and from that time on such schools spread, at first slowly, then rapidly, throughout the Republic, until to-day they are almost within reach of all. The victory of public secondary education was in general the victory of coeducation.

Since the Civil War both elementary and secondary education have been given largely into the hands of women teachers. There accordingly followed a demand on their part for better opportunities for instruction. Oberlin Collegiate Institute in Ohio had, in 1833, admitted women. In 1855 Antioch College, also in Ohio, was founded-coeducational from the beginning, and having as its first president Horace Mann, the ardent advocate of this system. The following State universities were from the beginning coeducational: Utah, opened in 1850; Iowa, opened in 1856; Washington, opened in 1862; Kansas, opened in 1866; Minnesota, opened in 1868; and Nebraska, opened in 1871. The State universities of Indiana and Michigan admitted women in 1868 and 1870 respectively. To-day, of the thirtytwo State universities, all except those of Virginia, Georgia, and Louisiana are coeducational. Of private colleges, Cornell, after an investigation and stimulated by a generous offer from Henry W. Sage, admitted women in 1872. Other private institutions were, however, somewhat. slow to follow. Boston University, founded in 1873, admitted women from the first, and in 1883 the Massachusetts Institute of Technology became coeducational. To-day, of fifty-eight leading colleges and universities, four are independent colleges for women, three are women's colleges affiliated with colleges for men, thirty are coeducational, and of the remaining twentyone, five have affiliated women's colleges. In addition, all the great university foundations, except Harvard and Princeton, admit women to graduate instruction. Only twelve of the fiftyeight institutions admit women to none of their departments; and these are, with one or two exceptions, on the Atlantic seaboard. Women are also rapidly gaining ground in the professional colleges. In 1899 eighty out of 149 colleges of medicine, sixty-four out of eighty-six colleges of law, forty-four out of fifty-six colleges of dentistry, and forty-eight out of fifty-two col