The genus Microglossus, one of which is the great black cockatoo or ara (q.v.) of New Guinea (Microglossus aterrimus), the largest of all the Psittaci, is remarkable for the structure of its tongue, which is cylindrical, tubular, capable of being greatly protruded from the mouth, and terminates in a cloven, horny tip. All the cockatoos are natives of the Philippines, New Guinea, and adjacent islands, and especially of Australia and Tasmania, where they formerly abounded, and were hunted for food by the natives. They live on fruits and seeds, insect larvæ, etc. Some of them are frequently to be seen in confinement in Europe, particularly the lesser sulphur-crested cockatoo (Cacatua gale rita), which, although of comparatively tame plumage, is a general favorite on account of its docility. None of the cockatoos learn to speak many words. Their name is derived from their See Plate of COCKATOOS AND MACAWS. Compare PARROT.

cry.

COCKBURN, kō'bûrn, Sir ALEXANDER JAMES EDMUND (1802-80), Baronet, Lord Chief Justice of England. Born December 24, 1802, the son of Alexander Cockburn, who was at one time British Minister to Colombia, he was brought up on the Continent, and in 1822 entered at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, and was called to the bar in 1829. He was very successful as a practitioner, and in 1841 was made a Queen's counsel. His early practice was largely in connection with election petitions, in which he was very successful. In 1847 he was elected to Parliament as a

Liberal from Southampton, and distinguished himself by the ardor and eloquence with which he supported the vigorous foreign policy of Palmerston. From this time on his promotion was rapid. In 1850 he was appointed SolicitorGeneral, and in the next year was promoted to the Attorney-Generalship. In 1854 he was made recorder of Bristol; in 1856 he was appointed Chief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas, and in June, 1859, he became Lord Chief Justice of · England. In 1858 he succeeded to the baronetcy of his uncle, the Dean of York. It fell to his lot, as a judge of the Queen's Bench, to conduct the trial of the celebrated Tichborne case (q.v.). His distinguished position as the head of the British bench was emphasized by his appointment in 1871 to represent Great Britain in the international court of arbitration convened for

the settlement of the long-standing controversy between that country and the United States over the Alabama claims (q.v.). For a sketch of his life, consult the Law Magazine for 1851, page 193, and 4th series, vol. vi., page 191; also Law Times, vol. xx., pages 68-88.

COCKBURN, ALICIA, or ALISON RUTHERFORD (1712-94). A Scotch ballad-writer. In 1731 she was married to Patrick Cockburn, of Ormis-. ton, an advocate, and subsequently became acquainted with Burns, Hume, Lord Monboddo, and other celebrities of the day. Her lyric, "I've Seen the Smiling of Fortune Beguiling" (to the air of "The Flowers of the Forest"), has long

been famous. She was one of the belles of Edin

burgh, a graceful dancer, and an indefatigable letter-writer. A relative of Walter Scott's mother, she all of her life sustained friendly relations with the poet and novelist.

COCKBURN, CATHERINA TROTTER (16791749). An English dramatist and philosophical

writer, born in London. She wrote several plays, among which may be mentioned: Agnes de Castro (1696); Fatal Friendship (1698); Love at a Loss (1701); and Revolutions of Sweden (1706). She is also known for her defense of the philosophy of Locke, and later for championing the views of Dr. Samuel Clarke. A collection of her prose works was published with a Memoir by Birch (London, 1751).

COCKBURN, Sir GEORGE (1772-1853). An English naval officer. His operations against Martinique brought about the surrender of that island in 1809. He was active in the war with the United States in 1812-15, planning and executing with General Ross the marauding expeditions along the shores of Chesapeake Bay, and burning noteworthy sea employment was to convey Napothe public buildings in Washington. His last leon to Saint Helena, where he remained in 181516 as governor and commandant. He rose to the rank of admiral, was several times returned to Parliament, and was one of the Lords of the Admiralty.

COCKBURN, GEORGE RALPH RICHARDSON (1834-). A Canadian educator and member of Parliament. He was born in Edinburgh, Scotland; graduated at the university there in 1857; studied for several months in Germany and France, and in 1858 went to Canada, where in 1861 he became principal of Upper Canada College, which office he held for twenty years. From

1887 to 1896 he was a member of the Canadian
British imperial federation.
Parliament. He has always warmly advocated
In 1893 he was

chief commissioner from Canada to the World's Fair at Chicago.

COCKBURN, HENRY THOMAS, Lord (17791854). A Scottish advocate and judge. He was born in Edinburgh in 1779, and was educated at the high school of Edinburgh and afterwards at Edinburgh University. He was called to the Scottish bar in 1800, and seven years later was appointed one of the advocates whose duty it is to assist the Lord Advocate in the prosecution of criminal offenders, but was dismissed after holding office four years. Not till the introduction of jury trial in civil causes into Scotland, in 1816, did Cockburn find opportunity for remunerative professional employment. His powers were better adapted for success with a popular than with a professional tribunal. Under the Grey Ministry of 1830 he was appointed Solicitor-General for Scotland; and four years later he was made one of the judges of the Scottish supreme civil and criminal courts, and took the title of Lord Cockburn. He died April 26, 1854, of Edinburgh. at his residence of Bonaly, in the neighborhood

Lord Cockburn contributed to the Edinburgh Review a series of articles on the reform of the Scotch legal procedure, which had considerable influence. Late in life he undertook the task of writing the biography of his friend Francis Jeffrey, the celebrated Scotch essayist and judge. This was published in 1852. Cockburn will be best remembered by the Memorials of His Time, which appeared posthumously in 1856. It is a kind of autobiography, into which have been interwoven numerous anecdotes illustrating old Scottish life, and numerous sketches of the men who composed the brilliant circle of Edinburgh society at the beginning of the nineteenth century.

For details of his life, consult his Memorials of His Own Time, and Chambers's Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen.

COCKCHAFER. See CHAFER. COCKER. A small dog. See SPANIEL. COCKER, EDWARD (c.1631-75). An English engraver and teacher. He was born probably in Northamptonshire, and died in London. The first edition of his famous arithmetic (which was the first to confine itself to commercial questions only) was published posthumously in 1678, by John Hawkins. At one time it was thought (following De Morgan's belief) that Hawkins wrote this work, but the evidence is against this view. Its popularity lasted nearly a century, and its sale probably exceeded 100 editions. The expression according to Cocker' became proverbial through its frequent use on the title-pages of arithmetical treatises follow ing his method. Cocker's chief works are: Tutor to Arithmetic (1664); Compleat Arithmetician (before 1669); Arithmetic, edited by Hawkins (1678); and numerous contributions to methods of calligraphy.

COCKERELL, kōk'ĕr-el, CHARLES ROBERT (1788-1863). An English architect, born in London. In 1810-17 he visited Greece, Italy, and Asia Minor to study ancient architectural remains, made excavations at Egina and other places, and enriched the British Museum with many rare and valuable fragments, notably from the temple of Jupiter Panhellenius at Ægina and Apollo Epicurius, near Phigaleia. He became surveyor of Saint Paul's Cathedral in 1819, chief architect of the Bank of England in 1833, and a member of the Royal Academy in 1836. From 1840 to 1857 he was professor of architecture in the Royal Academy. He was the designer of many public buildings, such as the Hanover Chapel in London, and the Taylor Buildings at Oxford. His works include: The Temple of Jupiter Olympius at Agrigentum (1830); Ancient Sculptures in Lincoln Cathedral (1848); and Iconography of the West Front of Wells Cathedral (1851).

COCKERILL, kõk'ĕr-il, JoHN (1790-1840). An English manufacturer, born at Haslingden. With his brother, Charles, he established in Berlin a successful woolen-factory, and subsequently at Seraing, near Liège, Belgium, an iron-foundry and machine-shop, which became the largest on the Continent. King William I. of the Netherlands was for a time a partner in this business.

COCK'ERMOUTH. A town of Cumberland, England, at the confluence of the Cocker and Derwent, 25 miles southwest of Carlisle (Map: England, C 2). It is situated in an agricultural district, and in the vicinity are extensive coalmines. On the left bank of the Cocker are the ruins of a castle built in the eleventh century and destroyed by the Parliamentarians in 1648. Near by is a tumulus, with a Roman camp and ditch, where many ancient relics have been found. The town was the birthplace of the poet Wordsworth. It has woolen and flax mills and manufactures hats, paper, hosiery, etc. Population, in 1891, 5464; in 1901, 5400.

COCK-FIGHTING. This is a sport of the highest antiquity, and to-day is the great pastime of millions, in the place of its origin, the far Orient, as well as a favorite sport in many

Western nations, including practically all Latin America. It is noted in the earliest records of China, it was a common pastime of the Persians long before the Greek invasion, it existed in ancient Rome, and Fitzstephen vouches for it in England in the twelfth century. Ascham, the tutor of Queen Elizabeth, was charged with being "too much given to dicing and cock-fighting," and is known to have had the intention of writing "a book of the Cock-pitte." Cock-pits existed in the metropolis of England (as they did in New York) well into the nineteenth century. Pierce Egan describes the Cock-pit Royal in Fulton Street, Westminster, as a large, lofty, and circular building with seats rising as in an amphitheatre. In the middle of it was a round, matted stage of about 18 to 20 feet in diameter, rimmed with an edge 8 or 10 feet high, to keep the cocks from falling over into the auditorium in their combats. There was a chalk ring in the centre of the matted stage, about a yard in diameter, and another chalk-mark within it, much smaller, which was intended for the settingto when the birds become too exhausted to make hostile advances toward each other; they were then placed back to back within the inner mark. A large and rude branch candlestick was suspended low over the mat on the nights of battle. This description will practically suffice for all cock-pits.

GAME-COCK, WITH STEEL SPURS.

The origin of the breed of game-cocks is lost in an obscurity as dim as that of the origin of the sport. The jungle-cock of India may have been its progenitor; he has the constitutional instinct of fighting highly developed. To-day

there are various strains-Warhorses,' 'Fannie Carters,' 'Eslin Red Quills,' 'Arkansas Travelers,' 'Gordons,' 'Cotton Bolls,' Transatlantics,' and 'Hustlers,' are only a few of those which are favorites in the Carolinas, Virginia, and Georgia.

The Warhorse' strain is generally admitted to rank the highest, though 'Eslin Red Quills' and 'Gordons' run them close. The 'Warhorses' are the product of a cross between brown and black birds imported from Ireland, and called 'Irish Gilders,' and some dark-gray Irish birds. The resulting birds soon after their introduction fought all through the South, defeating the then fashionable 'Shawlnecks,' 'Baltimore Topknots,' and 'Dominiques.' The breed is still maintained in its integrity, and its reputation has spread from the Southern States to Mexico. The cocks are mostly gray, and they are preferred to the red ones; the hens are nearly all jet-black.

The game-cock needs neither education nor experience to teach him to fight, and his capacity for giving and taking punishment till dead has passed into a proverb. The principal qualities to be desired are (1) cutting, i.e. the ability to hit with their heels, about every time they rise, and to rise every time their opponents do; (2) hard hitting-the blows of the heels driven home by the force of the wings applied to them as the cocks rise; (3) rapidity of fighting. Cocks may be good cutters which are not hard hitters, but disable or kill their antagonists without apparently heavy blows. Others are what are called wing-fighters, from making a great noise and shuffling with their wings, but scarcely using their legs at all; these are practically worthless.

A good breed is not the only prerequisite to victory; the birds must be judiciously strengthened and hardened by a course of diet and physical training to stand the great exertion necessary. This period used to extend over six weeks, but modern methods have reduced it to ten days, during which time they are restricted to a prescribed diet, and exercised in running and sparring. Then they are cut out,' i.e. have their wings trimmed to spread diagonally, the tail cut about one-third of the distance from the end, and the hackle and feathers about the rump shortened. If they fight with 'short heels' the gaffs or spurs are 11⁄2 inches long; if with long heels' 22 inches long; these gaffs or spurs are of steel, though some of the old aristocrats had them made of silver. The birds are matched by weight; those within two ounces of each other's weight are matches. The fights are conducted according to the local rules of the district, which vary considerably, although the variations are all modifications of the old English rules. Dis. tinct sets of rules govern the United States and Canada; another set, England; yet others, France and Belgium.

laid by the Earl of Derby in 1830. His birds are a famous breed to the present day. The Welsh main (now discontinued) was the most sanguinary form of fighting; as many as sixteen cocks would be matched; then the eight victors, then the four survivors, then the final two, until but a single cock remained alive.

During the latter half of the nineteenth century the sport of cock-fighting was made illegal throughout Great Britain. In America it is similarly prohibited in nearly all the States of the Union, either expressly or by laws for the prevention of cruelty to animals. In some States, where it is not forbidden by the statutes of the State, it is in some instances made illegal by local laws.

For early history, consult: Markham, The Pleasures of Princes, or Goodmen's Recreations (London, 1614); Fairfax, Complete Sportsman (London, 1764); Blain, Rural Sports (London, 1853).

COCK LANE GHOST, THE. A supposed ghost, whose manifestations occurred in 1762 in Cock Lane, London, in connection with a young girl named Parsons and her parents. Investigation disclosed a conspiracy against a former resident, Mr. Kent, whose wife had died, and who was supposed to be accused by her ghost of murder. Parsons and his wife were punished. Among the investigators was Dr. Johnson, who described the mysterious occurrences in the Gentleman's Magazine, and who, because of his connection with the matter, was made the object of attack in Churchill's poem, "The Ghost." Consult Lang, Cock Lane and Common Sense (London, 1894).

common

COCKLE, kõk'l (Fr. coquille, shell, from Gk. Koyxbλov, konchylion, dim. of koyXÚλn, konchyle, from Kóvxn, konche, shell, Lat. concha, Skt. sankha, shell), Lychnis. A genus of plants of the natural order Caryophyllacea. The cockle or corn-cockle (Lychnis githago) is a frequent weed among crops of grain, a native of Europe or the west of Asia, but now to be found in almost all parts of the world. For illustration, see Plate of CRANBERRY. It is an annual plant, clothed with long, white, appressed hair; three feet high, branched, with large, solitary, terminal reddish-purple flowers. The root, stem, leaves, and seed were formerly used in medicine; the seed is still sometimes sold in Germany under the name of black cumin' (Schwartz-kümmel). The corncockle is a very troublesome weed in some parts of Great Britain and the United States. seed can hardly be screened from wheat, and in some localities millers reduce the grade of grain on account of the presence of cockle. Sowing clean seed is about the only means of combating it, aside from pulling the plants from the field.

The

Large

sums used to be staked, as much as

beautiful in sculpture and coloring. The shell upon which Venus is represented, in ancient art, as riding upon the sea is a cockle; and several other genera, such as Venus, Cytherea, Selene, etc., are named in reference to this myth. Consult Lovell, Edible Mollusks of Great Britain, etc. (London, 1884); and see Colored Plate of CLAMS AND EDIBLE MUSSELS.

COCKLEBUR, or CLOTBUR. A name given to the species of Xanthium, a genus of Composite, of which there are but few species, but these are widely distributed. Three species are all too common in the United States-Xanthium spinosum (called spiny clotbur) and Xanthium strumarium, both of which were probably introduced from the Old World, and the native species. Xanthium Canadense. For illustration, see Plate of CORNFLOWER. They are coarse, annual, branching plants, one to three feet high, with alternate, rough, heart-shaped leaves. The stem is frequently spotted with brown or purple. The flowers are in separate groups, the female ones furnishing the well-known burs, which are about an inch long and covered with stout hooked prickles. These are troublesome to animals, especially to sheep, the wool of which is often seriously depreciated by their presence. The seeds contain two cells with an ovule in each. These retain their vitality for a long time, and both do not germinate in the same season. Being an annual, this weed can be exterminated if it be prevented from seeding for a number of years. In the south of Africa stringent laws for its eradication were enacted on account of the injury to the wool industry.

'dances' in certain cleared spaces, cach displaying its showy plumage by queer antics until chosen by some observant hen.

Great numbers of these splendid birds are shot annually, as their skins not only command a high price for millinery purposes, but are much employed by the Indians in making a variety of beautiful decorations, and they are thus become ing rare. A large state mantle, formerly worn by the Fmperor of Brazil, was entirely composed of their feathers; and in some districts of South America, it is said, the natives are, or were, compelled to bring a certain supply of skins as tribute. Their flesh is well-flavored, but of a very peculiar color, being bright orange-red. The cock of-the-rock is much valued by residents of the Amazon Valley as a cage-bird. Consult Hudson, A Naturalist in the La Plata (London, 1892). See Plate of COTINGAS.

COCK-OF-THE-WOODS. See CAPERCAILLIE.

COCKPIT.

In old sailing men-of-war the apartment in which the wounded were placed during the engagement. It was ordinarily below the water-line on the orlop deck, and served, under ordinary circumstances, as a broad passageway to the storerooms on each side of it. At one time the warrant officers were quartered in the forward cockpit, and occasionally other officers, for whom there was no room on the decks above, were quartered in staterooms opening from the after one, where storerooms were ordinarily placed.

COCK/NEY. A word of disputed origin, used as a general term for a Londoner, more specifically for one "born within the sound of BowBells." It has been connected with cocagne or cockaigne, and with the Thames, which is said to have been called the Cockney.

COCKNEY SCHOOL OF POETRY. A nickname which John Gibson Lockhart tried to fasten upon a school of writers, including Leigh Hunt, Keats, and Hazlitt, whom he thought vulgar. Their productions were said "to consist of the most incongruous ideas in the most uncouth language." Consult the articles "On the Cockney School," in Blackwood's Magazine (Edinburgh, October and November, 1817), where the expression was first used; also the article on Keats's "Endymion," in Quarterly Review (London, April, 1818).

COCK-OF-THE-PLAINS. See GROUSE. COCK-OF-THE-ROCK (so called from building its nest on rocks). A remarkable bird of northern South America, representing a subfamily (Rupicolina) of the cotingas, three forms of which are known. The most familiar is Rupicola crocea, inhabiting the Lower Amazon Valley; it is about the size of a large pigeon, almost purely orange in plumage, and has a remarkable flat-sided crest. Two other species (or varieties) are found higher up the Amazon, and in Ecuador. In each case the female is dull olivebrown and uncrested. They inhabit rocky watercourses and bushy hillsides, where they remain close to the ground and build their nests, largely of mud, on some rock. They are among the birds which court the females by assembling for

succeeded by the Phoenix Theatre, which in turn was replaced by the Drury Lane Theatre.

He

COCKRAN, kõkʼran, WILLIAM BOURKE (1854 -). An American lawyer and politician. was born in Ireland, was educated in that country and in France, shortly after his arrival in the United States, in 1871, was appointed teacher in a private academy, and subsequently became principal of a public school in Westchester He studied law at the same County, N. Y.

time, and was admitted to the bar in 1876. He was elected to Congress in 1886 and again in 1891; opposed the nomination of Cleveland for the Presidency; in 1896 supported McKinley; and in 1900, advocated the election of Bryan. He was again elected to Congress at a special election in February, 1904, to succeed George B. McClellan, and was reëlected in November of the same year for the term of 1905-7.

COCK'RELL, FRANCIS MARION (1834—). An American lawyer and politician, born in Johnson County, Mo. He graduated at Chapel Hill College in 1853, and practiced law at War. rensburg, Mo. During the Civil War he served in the Confederate Army, rising to the rank of brigadier-general. He was a democratic Senator from Missouri from 1875 to 1905, when he was appointed to the Inter-State Commerce Commission.

COCKROACH, or ROACH. An orthopterous insect of the family Blattide, several species of which are household pests throughout the civilized world. Those most common are: (1) The Croton-bug (Blatta Germanica), so called from its becoming noticeable in New York when Croton water was introduced, but which is of

foreign origin, and of cosmopolitan range, having followed civilized man to all parts of the globe; it is of medium size, brown or yellowish, with wings, in the adult, extending beyond the abdomen. (2) The Oriental or proper cockroach (Periplaneta Orientalis) is also a widely distributed pest, introduced from the East. Although it is not at all related to the beetles (Coleoptera), its British name 'black beetle' well describes its dark, shining, robust appearance; its wings are characteristically shorter than the abdomen. (3) The American cockroach (Periplaneta Americana) probably originated in tropical America, whence it long ago spread to most of the seaport cities of the world; it is large and reddish brown, with very long wings. (4) The Australian cockroach (Periplaneta Australasia), much like the American, but smaller. In addition to these, which frequent houses, bakeries, warehouses, and shipping, there are a large number of wood-cockroaches but rarely

seen.

that they serve as scavengers to a small degree, and are the enemies of bedbugs.

Consult: for extended illustrated accounts of species above mentioned, Marlatt, Household Insects (Department of Agriculture, Washington, 1896; revised reprint, 1902); for general account of the Blattidæ, De Saussure, Melanges Orthoptérologiques, fascicule ii. (Geneva, 1878); for structure, Carpenter, Insects: Their Structure and Life (London, 1899).

FOSSIL FORMS. During the latter part of the Paleozoic era cockroaches seem to have been very abundant, and to have formed the dominant feature of the insect life of that time. Their remains are present, though much less abundantly, in the Triassic rocks also, and some have been found in the Tertiary. The total number of fossil species is about 225, of which number 193 species are Paleozoic, and of these 133 are American. The Paleozoic cockroaches are as a rule larger, and have broader bodies than do the modern species. Their wings are quite common

Roaches as a group prefer warm, moist places. They go abroad mainly at night, and thus often escape notice even where they are abundant; and their excessively flattened body permits them to creep into very narrow crevices below baseboards, in table-drawers, etc., where the eggs (nits') are laid, surrounded by a peculiar 'pod;' but they are often carried by the female until nearly ready to hatch. The new-born young have nearly the same shape as the adult, but are wingless and pale in color. They are practically omnivorous, injuring all kinds of provisions, eating parts of books, blackened boots, and even the nails and eyelashes of sleeping children. The loss caused to provisions by their appetite is far surpassed by the remaining food being rendered unfit for human use, on account of the nauseous roachy odor noticed wherever they congregate in large numbers. Their only claim to credit is

in the shales of the Coal Measures and Permian at several localities, such as Richmond, Ohio; Cassville, W. Va.; Mazon Creek, Ill.; and Commentry, France. At a few localities the larval forms (nymphs) have been found and described under the generic name Dipeltis. The cockroach wings of the Coal Measures are usually found in shales that are replete with the leaves of ferns. One of the commonest ferns is Neuropteris, and the insect's wings so closely resemble the leaflets of this fern that the likeness has been remarked upon and explained as a case of protective mimicry, adopted by the insect to enable it to elude its pursuers by hiding among the fallen fern-leaves.

For a full history of these insects, with recommendations for their suppression as a pest, consult: Howard and Marlatt, "Principal Household Insects of the United States," in United States Department of Agriculture, Division of Entomol