to sell or let;" "Wood to burn;" "Deadly to hear, and deadly to tell;" "Good to eat." V.-SYNTAX OF THE ADVERB. RULE XLI.—The Adverb ought to be as near as possible to the word it modifies. Thus we ought to say, "He gave me only three shillings," and not "He only gave me three shillings," because only modifies three, and not gave. This rule applies also to compound adverbs, such as at least, in like manner, at random, in part, etc. RULE XLII.-Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs; but they can also modify prepositions. Thus we have the combinations out from, up to, down to, etc. In the sentence, "He walked up to me," the adverb up does not modify walked, but the prepositional phrase to me. VI. SYNTAX OF THE PREPOSITION. RULE XLIII.-All prepositions in the English language govern nouns and pronouns in the objective case. The prepositions save and except are really verbs in the imperative mood. RULE XLIV.-Prepositions generally stand before the words they govern; but they may, with good effect, come after them. Thus we find in Shakespeare "Ten thousand men that fishes gnawed upon." 66 Why, then, thou knowest what colour jet is of." And, in Hooker, with very forcible effect "Shall there be a God to swear by, and none to pray to?" RULE XLV. Certain verbs, nouns, and adjectives require special prepositions. Thus we cannot say, "This is different to that," because it is bad English to say "This differs to that.” The proper preposition in both instances is from. Adapted to (intentionally). Agree to (a proposal). Bestow upon. Change for (a thing). In conformity with. Convenient to (a person). Correspond with (a person). Correspond to (a thing). Dependent on (but independent of). Derogatory to. Differ from (a statement or opin Different from. Disappointed of (what we ca get). Disappointed in (what we got). Dissent from. Exception from (a rule). Martyr for (a cause). Reconcile to (a person). A taste for (art). Thirst for or after (knowledg VII.-SYNTAX OF THE CONJUNCTION. RULE XLVI.—The Conjunction does not interfere witl action of a transitive verb or preposition, nor with the mod tense of a verb. (i) This rule is usually stated thus: "Conjunctions generally co the same cases of nouns and pronouns, and the same moods and of verbs, as 'We saw him and her,' 'Let either him or me go!'" it is plain that saw governs her as well as him; and that or c interfere with the government of let. Such a rule is therefore t artificial. (i) It is plain that the conjunction and must make two singu one plural, as He and I are of the same age." RULE XLVII.-Certain adjectives and conjunctions after them certain special conjunctions. Thus, such (adj.) requires as, both (adj.), and; so and as require as; though, yet; whether, or; either, or; neither, nor; nor, nor; or, or. The following are a few examples : (i) "Would I describe a preacher such as Paul!" (ii). “Though deep, yet clear; though gentle, yet not dull." RULE XLVIII.-The subordinating conjunction that may be omitted. Thus we can say, "Are you sure he is here?"` Shakespeare has, "Yet Brutus says he was ambitious!" THE ANALYSIS OF SENTENCES. 1. Words are gregarious, and go in groups. When a g of words makes complete sense, it is called a sentence sentence is not a chance collection of words; it is a organism, with a heart and limbs. When we take the 1 apart from the central core or heart of the sentence, and t show their relation to that core, and to each other, we are to analyse the sentence. The process of thus taking a tence to pieces, and naming and accounting for each pie called analysis. (i) Analysis is a Greek word which means breaking up or t apart its opposite is Synthesis, which means making up or p together. (ii) When we examine a sentence, and divide it into its comp parts, we are said to analyse the sentence, or to perform an analysis. But when we put words or phrases together to m sentence, we perform an act of composition or of synthesis. 2. A sentence is a statement made about something The horse gallops. (i) The something (horse) is called the Subject. (ii) The statement (gallops) is called the Predicate. 3. Every sentence consists, and must consist, of at least parts. These two parts are the thing we speak about what we say about that thing. (i) The Subject is what we speak about. (ii) The Predicate is what we say about the subject. (i) There is a proverb of Solomon which says: "All things are dou against another." So there are the two necessarily complementary ideas and odd; of right and left; of north and south; and many more. In langua two ideas of Subject and Predicate are necessarily coexistent; neither ca without the other; we cannot even think the one without the other. T the two poles of thought. (ii) Sometimes the Subject is not expressed in imperative sentences, as in "Go !"= "Go you!" (iii) The Predicate can never be suppressed; it must always be expremed; otherwise nothing at all would be said. 4. There are three kinds of sentences: Simple, Compound, and Complex. (i) A simple sentence contains only one subject and one predicate. (ii) A complex sentence contains a chief sentence, and one or more sentences that are of subordinate rank to the chief sentence. (iii) A compound sentence contains two or more simple sentences of equal rank. I. THE SIMPLE SENTENCE. 5. A Simple Sentence is a sentence which consists of one subject and one predicate. (i) A Simple Sentence contains, and can contain, only one finite verb. If we say, "Baby likes to dance," there are two verbs in this simple sentence. But to dance is not a finite verb; it is an infinitive; it is practically a pure noun, and cannot therefore be a predicate. (ii) If we say, "John and James ran off," the sentence is="John ran off”+“James ran off.” It is therefore a compound sentence consisting of two simple sentences, with the predicate of one of them suppressed. Hence it is called a contracted compound sentencecontracted in the predicate. In this case the sentence may be treated as Simple, "James and John" forming a Compound Subject to the Predicate ran off." 66 FORMS OF SENTENCES. 6. Sentences differ in the Form which they take. As regards form they may be classified as follows: (i) Assertive— (a) Positive:-The night grows cold. Not a drum was heard. They caught never a one. |