Bug-an, to bend-bow, elbow; 1 bough; | Drag-an, to draw-drag, draw, dray bight; buxom (O.E. bocsum, flexible or obedient). The hard g in bigan appears as a w in bow, as a gh in bough, as a y in bay, as a k in buxom-buk-som. Byrn-an, to burn-burn, brown; brunt, brimstone; brand, brandy; brindled. Catt, a cat-catkin; kitten, kitling; caterpillar (the hairy cat, from Lat. pilosus, hairy), caterwaul. Ceapi-an, to buy-cheap, cheapen; chop (to exchange); a chopping sea; chap, chapman; chaffer; Eastcheap, Cheapside, Chepstow (=the market stow or place), Chippenham.2 Cenn-an, to produce-kin, kind, kindred; kindly; kindle. Ceow-an, to chew-chew; cheek; jaw (=chaw); jowl; chaw-bacon; cud (=the chewed). Compare seethe and suds. Cleov-an, to split-cleave, cleaver; cleft; clover (split grass). Clifi-an, to stick to cleave; clip (for keeping papers together); claw (by which a bird cleaves to a tree); club (a | set of men who cleave together). (three forms of the same word); draft (draught) drain; dredge; draggle; drawl. Drif-an, to push-drive; drove; drift, adrift. Drige, dry-dry (verb and adj.); drought; drugs (originally dried plants). Drinc-an, to soak-drink; drench (to make to drink). Compare sit, set; fall, fell, etc. Drip-an, to drip-drip, drop, droop; dribble, driblet. Dug-an, to be good for-do (in "How do you do?" and "That will do"); doughty. Eác, also-eke (verb and adv.); ekename (which became a nickname; the n having dropped from the article and clung to the noun). Eáge, eye-Egbert (=bright-eyed); daisy (=day's eye); window (= wind-eye). Eri-an, to plough-ear (the old word for plough); earth (= the ploughed). Far-an, to go or travel-far, fare; welfare, fieldfare, thoroughfare; ferry ford. Cnáw-an, to know-ken, know (=ken-ow | Feng-an, to catch-fang, finger, new-ow being a dim.); knowledge. Cnotta, a knot-knot, knit, net (the k having been dropped for the eye, as well as for the ear). fangled (catching eagerly after new things). Feówer, four-farthing; firkin; fourteen; forty. Cunn-an, to know or to be able-can, con; Fleóg-an, to flee-fly, flight; flea; fledged. cunning; uncouth. Cweth-an, to say-quoth; bequeath. Cwic, alive-quick, quicken; quickset; quicklime; quicksilver; to cut to the quick. Dáel-an, to divide-deal (verb and noun), dole, deal (said of wood); dale, dell (the original sense being cleft, or separated). Dem-an, to judge-deem, doom; dempster (the name for a judge in the Isle of Man); doomsday; kingdom. Deór, dear-dearth; darling; endear. Dóan, to act-do; don, doff, dup (=do up or op-en); dout (=do out or put out); deed. Compare mow, mead; sow, seed. Fleót-an, to float-fleet (noun, verb, and adj.); float; ice-floe; afloat; flotsam 3 (things found floating on the water after a wreck). Fód-a, food-feed; food, fodder, foster; fath-er; forage (=fodderage), forager; foray (an excursion to get food). Freón, to love-freond=friend (the pres. part.) a lover; Fri-day (the day of Friya, the goddess of love); friendship, etc. Gal-an, to sing-gale, yell; nightingale.4 Gang-an, to go-gang, gangway; ago. (The words gate and gait do not come from this verb, but from get.) Gnag-an, to bite - gnaw (the g has be 1 Elbow=ell-bow. The ell was the forepart of the arm. 2 The same root is found in the Scotch Kippen and the Danish Copenhagen = Merchants' Haven. 3 "Flotsam and jetsam" mean the floating things and the things thrown overboard from a ship. Jetsam comes from O'd Fr. jetter, to throw. (Hence also "jet of water": jetty, etc. Jetsam is a hybrid-sum being a Scandinavian suffix. 4 The n in nightingale is no part of the word. It is intrusive and non-organic; as it also is in passenger, messenger, porringer, etc. come a w); gnat; nag (to tease), connected with nail. Graf-an, to dig or cut-grave, groove, grove (the original sense was a lane cut through trees); graft, engraft; engrave, engraver; carve (which is another form of the verb grave). found in the Naze, Sheerness, etc.); nostril nose-thirl (from thirlian, to bore a hole), nozzle; nosegay. Penn-an. to shut up or enclose-pen, pin (two forms of the same word); pound, pond (two forms of the same word): impound. Grip-an, to seize - grip, gripe; grasp; Pic, a point-pike, peak (two forms of the grab; grope. Gyrd-an, to surround-gird, girdle; gar den, yard, vineyard, hopyard. Hael-an, to heal - hale; holy, hallow, Allhallows; health; hail; whole,1 wholesome; wassail (= Waes hàl! = Be whole !) Hebb-an, to raise-heave, heave-offering; heavy (that requires much heaving); heaven. Hlaf, bread-loaf; lord (hlaford loafward); lady (= hlaf-dige, from dig-an, to knead); Lammas (= Loaf-mass, Aug. 1; a loaf was offered on this day as the offering of the first-fruits). same word); pickets (stakes driven into the ground to tether horses to); pike, pickerel (the fish); peck, pecker. Ráed-an, to read or guess-rede (advice); riddle; Ethelred (=noble in counsel); Unready (=Unrede, without counsel); Mildred (=mild in counsel). Leác, a leek-house-leek; garlic; hem- Sceót-an, to throw-shoot, shot, shut lock. Licg-an, to lie-lie; lay, layer; lair; outlay. Loda, a guide-lead (the verb); lode-star, lode-stone (also written loadstone). Mag-an, to be able-may, main (in "might and main "), might, mighty. Mang, a mixture-a-mong; mongrel; mingle; cheesemonger. Maw-an, to cut-mow; math, aftermath; mead, meadow (the places where grass is mowed). Món-a, the moon-month; moonshine. (This word comes from a very old root, ma, to measure. Our Saxon forefathers measured by moons and by nights, as we see in the words fortnight, se'nnight.) Naedurë, a snake-adder. The n has dropped off from the word, and has adhered to the article. Compare apron, from naperon (compare with napkin, napery); umpire, from numpire. The opposite example of the n leaving the article and adhering to the noun, is found in nag, from an äg; nickname from an ekename. Nasu, a nose-nose, naze, ness (all three different forms of the same word, and (=to shoot the bolt of the door); sheet (that which is thrown over a bed); shutter, shuttle; scud. Scér-an, to cut-shear, share, sheer, shire, shore (all forms of the same word); scar, scare; score (the twentieth notch in the tally, and made larger than the others); scarify, sharp; short, shirt, skirt (three forms of the same word); shred, potsherd (the same word, with the r transposed); sheriff (=scir-geréfa, reeve of the shire); scrip, scrap, scrape. The soft form sh belongs to the southern English dialects: the hard forms, sc and sk, to the northern. Scuf-an, to push-shove, shovel, shuffle; scuffle; sheaf; scoop. Sett-an, to set, or make sit-set, seat; settle, saddle; Somerset, Dorset. Slag-an, to strike-slay (the hard g has been refined into a y), slaughter; slog, sledge (in sledge-hammer). Slip-an, to slip-slop; slipper, sleeve (into which the arm is slipped). Snic-an, to crawl-sneak, snake, snail (here the hard guttural has been refined away). Spell, a story or message-spell (= to give 1 The w in whole is intrusive and non-organic, as in whoop, and in wun (=one, so pronounced, but not so written). Before the year 1500 whole was always written hole; and in this form it is seen to be a doublet of hale. Holy is simply hole+y an account of or tell the story of the letters in a word); spell-bound; gospel (= God's spell). Stearc, stiff-stark; strong (a nasalised form of stark); string (that which is strongly twisted); strength; strangle. Stede, a place-stead, instead, homestead, farm-steading; steady; steadfast; bestead Hampstead. Stic'i-an, to stick-stick, stitch (two forms of the same word), stake, stock, stockade; stock-dove; stock-fish (fish dried to keep in stock); stock-still. Stig-an, to climb-stair; stile; stirrup (= stigráp, or rope for rising into the saddle); sty (in pig-sty). Stow, a place--bestow; stowage, stowa way; Chepstow (= the place where a cheap or market is held); Bristol (the 1 and w being interchangeable). Stýr-an, to direct-steer, stern; steerage. Sundri-an, to part-sunder; sundry; asunder. (Compare sever and several.) Sweri-an, to declare-swear, answer (= andswerian, to declare in opposition or in reply to), forswear. Taec-an, to show-teach, teacher; token (that which is shown); taught (when the hard c reappears as a gh). Wad-an, to go-wade; waddle; Watling Street (the road of the pilgrims). The Eng. word wade is of the same origin as the Lat. vade in evade, invade, etc. Wana, a deficiency-wan, wane; want, wanton; wanhope (the old word for despair). Wef-an, to weave-weave, weaver: web, webster (a woman-weaver); cobweb; woof, weft (v, b, and f, being all labials). War, a state of defence-war, wary, aware (= on one's guard); warfare (going to war); ward, guard (a Norman - French doublet of ward); warden, guardian (the same). Wit-an, to know-wit, to wit; wise, wis dom; wistful; witness; Witena-gemote (= the Meeting of the Wise); y-wis (the past participle, wrongly written I wis). Tell-an, to count or recount-tell; tale,1 Wraest-an, to wrest-wrest, wrestle; talk; toll; teller. Teoh-an (or teón), to draw-tow, tug (two forms of the same word, the hard guttural having been preserved in the one); wanton (= without right upbringing). Compare wanhope = despair; wantrust mistrust. Thaec, a roof-thatch; deck. wrist. Wring-an, to force-wring, wrong (that which is wrung out of the right course) Wyrc-an, to work-work, wright (the r shifts its place). Wyrt, a herb or plant-wort; orchard (= wort-yard); wart (on the skin); St John's wort, etc. LATIN ROOTS. Those words with (F.) after them have not come to us directly from Latin; Acer (acris), sharp; acrid, acrimony, vine- Ago (actum), I do, act; act, agent, agile, gar (sharp wine, F.), eager (F.) Ædes, a building; edifice, edify. agitate, cogent. Alo, I nourish; aliment, alimony. Equus, equal; equality, equator, equi- Alter, the other of two; alternation, subnox, equity, adequate, iniquity. altern altercation. Ager, a field; agriculture, agrarian, pere- Altus, high; altitude, exalt, alto (It.), grinate. altar. 1 "And every shepherd tells his tale (= counts his sheep) Ambulo, I walk; amble, perambulator. Amo, I love; amity, amorous, amiable (F.), inimical. Angulus, a corner; angle, triangle, quadrangle. Anima, life; animal, animate, animation. Animus, mind; magnanimity, equan.imity, unanimous, animadvert. Cerno (cretum), to distinguish; discern, discretion, discreet. Cingo (cinctum), I gird; cincture, succinct, precinct. Cito, I call or summon; citation, recite (F.), excite (F.), incite (F.) Civis, a citizen; city (F.), civic, civil, civilise, civilian. Annus, a year; annual, perennial, bien- Clamo, I shout; claim (F.), clamour, renial, anniversary. claim (F.), proclamation. Aperio (apertum), I open; aperient, aper- Clarus, clear; clarify, declare, clarion, ture, April (the opening month). Appello, I call; appeal, appellation, appellant, peal (of bells). Aqua, water; aqueduct, aquatic, aqueous, aquarium. claret (F.) Claudo (clausum), I shut; clause, close (F.), exclude, seclusion. Clino, I bend; incline, decline, recline. Colo (cultum), I till; cultivate, arboriculture, agriculture. Cor (cordis), the heart; courage (F.), cordial (F), discord, record. Arcus, a bow; arch, arc, arcade (Fr. It.) Ardeo, I burn; ardent, ardour, arson (F.) Ars (artis), art; artist, artisan (F.), arti- | Corona, a crown; coronet, coroner, corofice, inert. nation, corolla. Audio, I hear; audience, audible, audi- Corpus, the body; corps, corpse (F.), cortory. pulent, corporation. Augeo (auctum), I increase; augment, Credo, I believe; credibility, credence (F.), author, auctioneer. miscreant (F.), creed, creditor. Barba, a beard; barb, barber, barbel (all Creo, I create; create, creation, recreathrough F.) tion, creature. Bellum, war; rebel, rebellious, bellig- Cresco, I grow; increase, decrease, increerent, bellicose. ment. Bis, twice; biscuit, bissextile, bisect, Crux (crucis), a cross; crucial, crucifix, bicycle. cruise (F.) Brevis, short; brevity, abbreviate, brief Cubo, I lie down; cubit, incubate, recum (F.), breviary, abridge (F.) Cado (casum), I fall; casual, accident. Cædo (cæsum), I cut, kill; precise, excision, decide. Candeo, I shine; candidus, white; candid, candidate, candle. Cano (cantum), I sing; cant, canticle, chant (F.), incantation. Capio (captum), I take; captive, accept, reception (F.), capacity. Caput, the head; capital, captain, cape, chapter (F.) Caro (carnis), flesh; carnal, carnival, carnivorous, carnation. bent. Culpa, a fault; culprit, culpable, exculpate, inculpate. Cura, cure; curate, curator, accurate, secure, incurable. Curro (cursum), I run; current, recur, excursion, cursory, course (F.), occur. Decem, ten; decimal, December, decimate. Dens (dentis), a tooth; dentist, dental, indent, trident. Deus, God; deity, deify, divine. Dico (dictum), I say; verdict, dictionary, dictation, indictment, ditto. Causa, a cause; causative, accuse (F.), Dies, a day; diary, diurnal, meridian. Domus, a house; domestic, domicile. Dormio, I sleep; dormitory, dormant, dormouse. Duco (ductum), I lead; induct, education, duke (F.), produce. Duo, two; dual, duel, duplex, double (F.) Emo (emptum), I buy; exemption, redeem. Gravis, heavy; grave, gravity, grief (F.), aggrieve (F.) Habeo (habitum), I have; habit, able, exhibit, prohibition. Hæreo (hæsum), I stick; adhere, adherent, cohesion. Homo, a man; homicide, homage (F.), human, humane. Eo (itum), I go; exit, transit, circuit (F.), Ignis, fire; ignite, igneous. ambition, perish (F.) Erro, I wander; err, error, aberration. Facies, a face; facial, facet (F.), superficial. Facio (factum), I make; manufacture, factor, faction, fashion (F.), feature (F), fact, feat (F.) Fero (latum), I carry; infer, suffer, refer ence, difference; relative, correlative. Fido, I trust; confide, diffident, infidel. Filum, a thread; file, defile, profile, fillet (F.) Finis, the end; finish, finite, infinite, infinitive. Firmus, firm; infirm, affirm, confirm. Flecto (flexum), I bend; inflect, inflection, flexible. Flos (floris), a flower; floral, flora, floriculture. Fluo (fluxum), I flow; fluent, fluid, flux, affluent. Impero, I command; imperative, imperial, empire, emperor (F.) Initium, a beginning; initiate, initial. Insula, an island; isle, insular, peninsula. Jacio (jectum), I throw; adjective, project, injection, object, subject. Judex (judicis), a judge; judgment (F.), judicial. Jungo (junctum), I join ; junction, juncture, conjoin (F.), adjunct. Jus (juris), right; justice (F.), jury, injury. Labor (lapsus), I glide; lapse, relapse, collapse. Lapis (lapidis), a stone; lapidary, dilapidated. Laus (laudis), praise; laud, laudable, laudation, allow (F.) Lego (lectum), I gather, read; collect, elector, select; lecture (F.), legend, legible. Folium, a leaf; foliage, foil (F.), portfolio, Lego (legatum), I send; legate, delegate, trefoil (F.) legacy. Forma, a form; form, formal, reform, Levis, light; evity, alleviate, relief (F.), conformity. lever, leaven. Fortis, strong; fortify, fortitude, fortress, Lex (legis), a law; legal, legislate, legitiforce (F.) mate. Frango (fractus), I break; fragile (F.), Liber, free; liberal, liberty, libertine. fragmentary, infraction, infringe. Frater, a brother; fraternal, fratricide, friar (F.) Liber, a book; library, librarian. Ligo, I bind; ligament, religion, oblige (F.), liable (F.) Frons (frontis), the forehead; front, frontal, Linquo (lictum), I leave; relinquish, relict, frontier, frontispiece. Fugio, I flee; fugitive, refugee, subterfuge. Fundo (fusum), I pour; fount (F.), foundry, funnel, fusible, diffusion. Fundus, the bottom; foundation, profound (F.), founder. Gens (gentis), a race, people; gentile, genteel (F.), gentle, congenial. Gero (gestum), I bear, carry; gesture, suggestion, indigestion. Gradus, a step; gradior (gressus), I go; grade, degrade, graduate; progress (F.), gradient. Gratia, favour, pl. thanks; gratitude, ingratiate, gratis. relics. Litera, a letter; literal, literary, literature. Locus, a place; local, allocate, dislocate, locomotive. Loquor (locutus), I speak; loquacious, elocution, colloquy. Ludo (lusum), I play; elude, illusion, interlude, ludicrous. Lumen, light; illuminate, luminous, luminary. Luna, the moon; lunar, sublunary, lun acy. Luo (lutum), I wash; ablution, dilute, antediluvian. |