12. Lock (O.E. lâc, gift, sport), which also becomes ledge, as in Knowledge. Wedlock. Feohtlác (battle). (i) This is not to be confused with the lock and lick in the names of plants. which in O. E. was leac, and which we find in hemlock, charlock; garlick (=spear plant) and barley (=berelic). 13. Ness forms abstract nouns from adjectives, as in Darkness. Holiness. Weakness. Weariness. (i) Witness differs from the above in two respects: (a) it comes from a verbwilan, to know; and (b) is not always an abstract noun. (ii) This English suffix combines very easily with foreign roots, as in acute ness, commodiousness, graceful. ess, remoteness, and many others. 14. Nd (which is the ending of the present participle in O.E.), found in (i) In hawk (=the seizer, from have) this suffix is disguised. Pollock (from Paul). Maddox (from Matthew). 16. M or om, which forms nouns from verbs, as in Bloom (from blow). Gloom (from glow). Wilcox (from William). Qualm (from quell). Seam (from sew). Team (from tow). Gleam (from glow). (i) This suffix unites with the Norman-French word réal (royal) to form the hybrid realm. 17. Red (mode, fash on-and also counsel), as in Hatred. Kindred. Sibrede (relationship). (i) This ending is also found in proper nouns. Thus we have Mildred-mild in counsel; Ethelred-noble in counsel, called also Unrede, which does not mean unready, but without counsel. 18. Ric (O.E. ríce, power, dominion)—as in bishopric. (i) In O.E. we had abbotric, hevenricke, and kingric. 19. Ship (O.E. scipe, shape or form), which is also spelled scape and skip, makes abstract nouns, as in— Fellowship. Friendship. (i) Milton writes landskip for landscape. Lordship Worship (worthship). 20. Stead (O.E. stéde, place), as in— Bedstead. Homestead. Hampstead. Berkhamstead. 21. Ster was originally the form of er, the suffix for a male agent: it has now two functions : (iii) We had, in Old English, baxter (fem. of baker), webster (weaver), brewster, fithelstre (fiddler), seamestre (sewer), and even belleringestre (for female bellringer). Most of these are now used as proper names. (iv) Spinster, is the feminine of spinner, one form of which was spinder, which then became spider. 22. Ther, der, or ter denotes the agent with the notion of dualityas in Father. Bladder (blow). Mother,, Sister. 23. Wright (from work, by metathesis of the r), as in Shipwright. Wainwright (=waggonwright). 24. Ward, a keeper, as in Brother. Winter (wind). Wheelwright. Woodward. (ii) In steward, the word stige or sty ineant stall for horses, cows, etc. 20. The following are the most important English Suffixes to Adjectives : 1. Ed or d, the ending for the passive participle, as in Cold (=chilled). Long-eared. 2. En, denoting material, as in Lauded. Talented. Hempen. Golden. Oaken. Silvern. Linen (from lin, flax). 3. En, the old ending for the passive participle, as in Flaxen. Silken. Steadfast. Rootfast. Shamefast (wrongly shamefaced). 6. Fold (O.E. feald), as in— Twofold. Threefold. Manifold. (1) Simple, from Lat. simplex, has usurped the place of anfeald = onefold. 8. Ish (O.E. isc) has three functions; it denotes :— (i) Partaking in the nature of, as in (ii) A milder or sub-form of the quality, as in Wilful. Churlish. Waspish. 9. Le, with a diminutive tendency, as in— Little (lyt). Brittle (from break). 10. Less (O.E. leâs), loose from, as in— Fearless. Helpless. Sinless. 11. Like (O.E. lîc), softened in ly, as in— Childlike. Dovelike. Toothless. Wifelike. Warlike. (i) Fallow is connected with the adjective pale, and yellow with the yol in yolk. 13. Right, with the sense of direction, as in 14. Some (O.E. sum, a form of same, like), as in— (i) In thirteen = three+ten, the r has changed its place by metathesis. (ii) In fifteen, the hard ƒ has replaced the soft v. 16. Ty (O.E. tig) = tens by multiplication, as in (i) This ending, ward, has no connection with ward, a keeper. It is connecte with the verb worth in the line, "Woe worth the chase, woe worth the day!" 18. Wise (O.E. wîs, mode, manner), as in— Righteous (properly rightwise). Boisterous (O.E. bostwys). (i) The English or Teutonic ending wise has got confused with the Lat. ending ous (from osus = full of). 19. Y (O.E. ig, the guttural of which has vanished) forms adjectives from nouns and verbs, as in 21. The following are the most important English Suffixes for Adverbs : 1. Ere, denoting place in, as in 2. Es or s (the old genitive or possessive), which becomes se and ce, (i) Grovelling is not really a present participle; it is an adverb, and was in O.E. gruflynges. (ii) We once had also the adverbs flatlings and noselings. 5. Meal (O.E. maelum = at times), as in— Piecemeal. (i) Shakespeare, in "Cymbeline," has the line Limbmeal. "O that I had her here, to tear her limbmeal." (ii) Chaucer has stound-meal = hour by hour; King Alfred has stykkemaelum stick-meal, or here and there. Downwards. Likewise, 8. Ward or wards, which denotes direction, as in "Some people are wise; and some are otherwise." 22. The following are the most important English Suffixes for Verbs: 2. Er or r adds a frequentative or intensive force to the original Er has also the function of making causative verbs out of adjectives, as linger (long), lower, hinder. 3. En or n makes causative verbs out of nouns and adjectives, as in— 23. The Suffixes of Latin origin are of great importance; and they have been of great use for several centuries. Many of them—indeed, most of them—have been influenced by passing through French mouths, and hence have undergone considerable change. The following are the chief Latin and French Suffixes for Nouns : 1. Age (Lat. aticum), which forms either abstract or collective nouns, as in Beverage. Marriage. Courage. Carnage. Homage. (i) It unites easily with English roots to form hybrids, as in bondage, mileage, tonnage, poundage, tillage, shrinkage. 2. An, ain, or ane (Lat. ānus), connected with, as in Artisan. Chaplain. Pagan. Publican. Roman. (i) The suffix is disguised in sovereign (O. Fr. soverain), which has been wrongly supposed to have something to do with reign; in warden, citizen, surgeon, etc. Milton always spells sovereign, sovran. |