(i) In some cases an introductory "for" is reposition, and the sentence is neither Illative nection. In leading ial. For pathless marsh and mountain cell The peasant left his lonely shed. onnection in the following is exceptional: nce, And out again I curve and flow To join the brimming river; For men may come, and men may go, But I go on for ever. 1 may come is neither an Illative nor an Adverbial ut a co-ordinate sentence, copulative to the preceding Here the function of the atlative Sentences the connective is very rarely omitted, but quality the presting sentence, soles are not unknown. which is ordinate with the greening really copulative. (ii) He was ast at home, which was p Milton! thou shouldst be living at this hour: Of stagnant waters. but is really expar ie, introlsinghey give the grounds of the first statement, and might fitly "Which does aut introdus a second and third sentences are in illative relationship to the equivalent to "and thi copulatire, vith for. The enemy will not fight, or whe They refused to pay, enter PARENTHETICAL SENTENCES. ometimes sentences are interposed in a way (ir) While and whilst are metines he analysis. "The greater amber at the b profound silence prevalled over al are the very people who you thought were lost. that com used to adverbially moity the hought"; but it is an adjectival sentence to the real prin who were lost" is really a noun sentence to its principal The second sentence is away atrofinsta introduce & sentence of epal ra co-ordinate (r) Sometimes the cometire connection of the sentences show that and stands in coplative connection wa These are the very people." "You thought" is therefore best 3 a parenthetical sentence, having a principal relationship to vere lost." her cases the relationship of the interposed sentence to the he sentence is less clear. I stood up-and I was scarcely conscious of my surroundings ired my gun. interposed sentence may be regarded as principal and co 58. A Disjunctive betwAK » À FRDƏ exclusion, or presenta an alternative Neither a borrower ener The breath of benve with the other two, but on account of its loose relationship ter taken as simply "parenthetical.” The connectives of disjunctive sentences are: Either, or; neithe nor; and sometimes "else" and "otherwise." 59. An Adversative Sentence is one which expresses a idea in opposition to or in contrast with that of a pr ceding one. To them his heart, his love, his griefs were given ; But all his serious thoughts had rest in heaven. The connectives of adversative sentences are: But, however, neve theless, notwithstanding, only, still, yet; and such correlatives as the Compare :-And? other hand, now-then. on To joinective is not expressed : (ii) In the sentence, esty for an instant; they will thank you fo the sentence is contract ing the repetition of the (iii) In "The troopstence expresses a reason or inference i the sentence is contra it. Illative sentences may be― object of both sentence (iv) Sometimes both when the idea expressed is a natural inferen d consequence of what is previously expressed "Who gre And knolling; therefore the swallows will soon be gon In reven the idea expressed forms the grounds of Here "who grewest 'nce expressed in the preceding sentence. (v) Some sentences on be gone; for the leaves are falling. can be satisfactorily e (a) Illative Proper: Therefore, hence, so, co sequently, etc. "No land And in This may be render (b) Causative: For. care is necessary in distinguishing b Sentence and an Adverbial Sentence ence, The leaves are falling; therefore the swallow the second sentence is a fair inference from, but n uence of, the first, and is an Illative Sentence. 56. The Princ sentence, The leaves are falling; therefore the tree Sentence are con, the second sentence is a necessary consequence Conjunctions. Jan Adverbial Sentence of Effect or Consequence. one preceding it may draw for himself a corresponding distinction be (a) ( (b) I will soon be gone; for the leaves are falling, (c) A and (d) I soon be bare; for the leaves are falling. 61. Note.-(i) In some cases an introductory "for" is simply a preposition, and the sentence is neither Illative nor Adverbial. For pathless marsh and mountain cell The peasant left his lonely shed. (ii) The connection in the following is exceptional:And out again I curve and flow To join the brimming river; For men may come, and men may go, But I go on for ever. "For men may come " is neither an Illative nor an Adverbial Sentence, but a co-ordinate sentence, copulative to the preceding ones. In Illative Sentences the connective is very rarely omitted, but examples are not unknown. Milton! thou shouldst be living at this hour : England hath need of thee; she is a fen Of stagnant waters. The second and third sentences are in illative relationship to the first; they give the grounds of the first statement, and might fitly begin with for. PARENTHETICAL SENTENCES. 62. Sometimes sentences are interposed in a way that complicates the analysis. These are the very people who you thought were lost. Here "who were lost" is really a noun sentence to its principal “you thought”; but it is an adjectival sentence to the real principal "These are the very people." "You thought" is therefore best taken as a parenthetical sentence, having a principal relationship to "who were lost." In other cases the relationship of the interposed sentence to the rest of the sentence is less clear. Then I stood up-and I was scarcely conscious of my surroundings -and fired my gun. The interposed sentence may be regarded as principal and coordinate with the other two, but on account of its loose relationship it is better taken as simply "parenthetical." WORD-BUILDING AND DERIVATION. 1. The primary element-that which is the shortest formof a word is called its root. Thus tal (which means number) i the root of the words tale and tell and till (a box for money). 2. The stem is the root + some modification. Thus lov (love) is the stem of lov. 3. It is to the stem that all inflexions are added, and thus t love we add d for the past tense. 4. If to the root we add a suffix, then the word so formed i called a derivative. Thus by adding ling to dar (= dear) we make darling. 5. In general, we add English prefixes and English suffixe to English words; but this is not always the case. Thus w have cottage, where the Latin ending age is added to the Eng lish word cot; and covetousness, where the English endin ness is added to the Latin word covetous. Such words ar called hybrids. 6. When two words are put together to make one, the on word so made is called a compound. 7. The adding of prefixes or of suffixes to words, or th making one word out of two, is called word-formation. COMPOUND NOUNS. 8. Compound Nouns are formed by the addition of :— (i) Noun and Noun, as Bandog (bond-dog). Bridal (=bride-ale). Brimstone (= burn-stone). Blackbird has the accent on black, and is one word. A black bird need not be a 9. There are in the language a great many compound adjectives, such as heart-whole, sea-sick, etc.; and these are formed in a large number of different ways. Compound adjectives may be formed in the following ways:— (i) Noun + Adjective, as purse-proud, wind-swift, way-weary, seagreen, lily-white. (ii) Noun + Present Participle, as ear-piercing, death-boding, heartrending, spirit-stirring, sea-faring, night-walking, home-keeping. (iii) Noun +Passive Participle, as moth-eaten, worm-eaten, tempesttossed, way-laid, forest-born, copper-fastened, moss-clad, sea-girt. (iv) Adverb + Present Participle, as far-darting, everlasting, highstepping, well-meaning, long-suffering, far-reaching, hard-working. (v) Adverb + Passive Participle, as high-born, "ill-weaved," well-bred, thorough-bred, high-strung, ill-pleased. |