Essay. Page D. "a steady adherence to the Union" necessary to secure all the commercial advantages which America possesses,....No. XI. 67 E. the effects of disunion on the commerce of America,. A. the rivalship of the different parts would frustrate all their natural advantages for promoting commerce,... ... 68 B. it would become "a prey to the wanton intermeddling of all nations who are at war with each other,"...... 68 .... 68 a. neutrality is respected only when it can be adequately defended,..... 68 c. it would produce "little arts of little politicians to control or vary the irresistible course of nature" in the growth of our commerce,. ... 68 D. It would invite foreign nations to interfere with our rights, 68 a. by prescribing the conditions of our political existence,... 68 b. by embarrassing our commerce,..... 68 c. by interfering with the commercial rights of the Union, which had been then acquired,.. 69 69 A. in the fisheries,...... a. the importance of the fisheries to France and Britain, 69 c. their importance to all the commercial States,.. ii. in affording a nursery for the mercantile marine,.. 69 d. their importance in promoting the establishment of a Fœderal navy,.... B. in the navigation of the western lakes,. C. in the navigation of the Mississippi River,. a. the jealousy of Spain on that subject, 6. in promoting the establishment of a Fœderal navy,.. 70 69 69 69 70 A. such a navy would be mutually advantageous to all the States, 70 7. in their commercial relations with the Peoples of other States,... 70 A. it would promote the interchange of their respective productions,..... 70 B. "the veins of commerce would be replenished and invig orated,.. 70 3. a greater variety would be afforded to the commerce of the country,.. .... 71 D. the aggregate balance of trade would be increased, in favor of America,.. E. objection, concerning the necessary course of inter-State commerce, in any event, answered,.. F. the assumed superiority of Europe referred to, and Americans appealed to to disprove it,. 71 8. in respect to revenue,.. .XII. 73 A. commerce the most productive source of national wealth,.... 78 Essay. Page B. it increases the ability of the inhabitants to pay taxes, No. XII. 74 C. the system of "direct taxation" unsuccessful in the United States,... D. "indirect taxation" the main dependence for the necessary 74 75 revenues,. A. because "the genius of the People" is opposed to excise laws,..... 75 B. because the scarcity of money will render the collection of excise duties difficult, ... 75 E. the union of the States will best enable us to improve this ..... resource,.. 75 A. by being conducive to commerce from whence it is drawn,.. 76 B. by simplifying the regulations for its collection,........ 76 F. the separation of the States would destroy this source of revenue,....... A. by promoting illicit trade,.. ..... 76 76 B. by promoting jealousy between the States, and ultimate reduction of impost duties, in order to secure trade,........ 76 c. from the absence of sufficiently rigorous border-guards between the States, and the improbability of their establishment,. a. the ordinary powers of border-guards intolerable in a free country,... 76 76 b. border-guards unnecessary with the States united,. 77 G. the effect of a destruction of this resource,.. 78 A. necessity of revenue to the existence of a nation,.. 78 B. if it cannot be obtained from commerce it must be taken from the real estate of the inhabitants,. 79 a. because excises will not be available,... 79 b. because the objects proper for excise within the agricultural States will be insufficient to produce the requisite revenue,...... c. because it is difficult to trace personal property,... 9. in the greater economy in the administration of government, XIII. 80 A. "if the States are united under one government, there will be but one national civil list to support,". B. "if they are divided into several confederacies, there will be as many national civil lists to be provided for," A. speculations on the number of confederacies to be formed from the debris of the Union,... B. each small confederacy will require a civil list as extended as has been proposed in the new system for the aggregate of all the States,. a. because of the extent of territory which each will occupy, 80 b. because of the necessary plurality of the revenue depart 88 80 ments,... 82 Essay. Page. c. because of the necessary plurality of the military estab lishments,..... .....No. XIII. 83 ......XIV. 83 10. the objection which has been drawn from the extent of territory which the Union occupies, answered,.... A. the distinction between a republic and a democracy noticed,.. 84 B. the errors of political writers concerning the turbulence in the ancient republics,..... C. practicability of extending the limits of a republic,. 84 85 D. the territory of the United States not too extended for their proper government,. . . . . . 85 E. the territory of the United States compared with those of some European nations,..... 86 F. the jurisdiction of the United States limited to objects of general interest,....... 86 G. the objects of the proposed Constitution are to secure the union of the thirteen primitive States, and to add to their number,. 87 H. the intercourse between the States will be daily facilitated by improvements for transit of passengers, etc.,.... .... 87 I. almost every State being a frontier State, all will be exposed to foreign aggression, and all, alike, need protection,.. J. an appeal to the People of New York to avoid disunion,.. III. "THE INSUFFICIENCY OF THE PRESENT CONFEDERATION TO PRESERVE THAT UNION,”.. 1. introductory remarks,... 2. the proposition neither controverted nor doubted,. 3. disastrous result of its inefficacy,... .XV. 90 90 91 91 4. an appeal to the People to "break the charm" of the confederation,..... 5. the character of the opposition to the Constitution, and its inconsistency,........... 93 6. the character of the defects in the confederacy,. 94 A. the legislation for States, in their corporate capacity, 94 94 94 c. the peculiarities of a simple league between independent nations, considered,..... 94 D. the effect of a simple league, as the bond of union between the States, considered generally,.... 95 96 E. such a bond of union inconsistent with the organization of 66 a superintending power, under the direction of a common council,".. F. it is also inconsistent with the authority, over the persons of the citizens, which is necessary in the establishment of a government,... a. the purposes of government considered generally,. Essay. Page. b. the penalties which governments find it necessary to inflict on offenders against their laws,..........No. XV. 96 A. the coercion of the magistracy, which is applicable only to men,... B. the coercion of arms, which is applicable only to States, 96 a. it would be productive of constant war,. b. it would be subversive of every purpose of govern- 96 96 96 c. the argument that breaches of the laws by the States need not be expected, considered,.. A. such breaches would arise from the passions of the in- ... 97 B. from the impatience of control which arises from the G. the improbability of the execution of the Fœderal measures, in a simple league of the States, considered and averred,.. 98 a. supported by the natural constitution of the local authorities,..... 98 b. supported by the experience of the United States, under the old confederation,.. 99 .XVI. 100 c. supported by the experience of similar confederacies, elsewhere,.. A. the Lycian and Achæan leagues not thus exposed,.... 100 H. the employment of force in executing the measures of such a league, "in its application to us," considered,. . . . ... 100 a. it would be productive of constant war between the States, 101 b. it would lead to counter-alliances between individual States,...... ... 101 c. it would lead to alliances between foreign nations and portions of the Union,..... 101 d. it would lead to "the violent death of the confederacy," 102 e. and to the establishment of a military despotism,. 1. the impracticability of sustaining the Union by military coercion, 103 ....... 103 J. an efficient government can only be established on the responsibility of individual citizens,.... 108 a. objections answered; that the States, as such, may still interpose their authority, and obstruct the execution of the laws,.. 104 b. that individuals, also, more or less numerous, may still oppose the government,.. ... 105 c. that the reserved rights of the States would be invaded by the Fœderal government,... .XVII. 107 107 A. the absence of any competent inducement,.. Essay. Page C. the greater danger that the delegated authority of the a. from the superior influence which they will exercise ... 108 108 i. from the diffusive construction of the Fœderal gov- ii. from the nature of the objects of local control,.... 108 b. the general subject considered,. i. enforced by argument,... 169. 109 ii. illustrated from the history of the feudal system,. 110 iii. illustrated from the history of Scotland,......... 111 iv. illustrated from the history of the Amphictyonic league,........ .XVIII. 112 v. illustrated from the history of the Achæan league, 115 vi. illustrated from the history of the Germanic league,... .XIX. 119 125 vii. illustrated from the history of Poland,. lands,.. K. concluding remarks,. B. "the total want of a SANCTION to its laws,". XX. 126 131 .XXI. 132 A. the Fœderal government possesses no power to exact obedience,.... 132 B. the Fœderal government possesses no power to punish disobedience,.. 132 c. the Fœderal government has received no express delegation of authority to use force against the States... . C. "the want of a mutual guaranty of the State governments," 133 A. the consequent absence of authority in the Fœderal government to assist a State in enforcing its own laws,.. B. the danger of an "officious interference in the domestic concerns of its members" by the Foederal government considered,..... 132 134 134 D. "the principle of regulating the contributions of the States to the common treasury, by QUOTAS," 135 A. the standard of constitutional wealth,. 135 136 c. the rule of the confederation, on taxation, is unequal and oppressive, ... ... 136 D. this cause alone is sufficient to work the destruction of the 136 E. the remedy proposed for this evil,.. 137 a. the advantages of taxes on articles of consumption,. 187 138 |