aliens to settle upon and hold lands. United States and State Court decisions on.......

CHAPTER XXVII.

.page 469

Arraignment of Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, on charges of high crimes and misdemeanors.--Final vote.... .483

CHAPTER XXVIII.

Citizenship in the Southern Confederacy.—Confederate Constitution. — No citizens of the Confederacy.-Conscripting the sovereign people.-The South tired of feeding foreigners; they must leave the Confederacy.--All the people must labor.-Southern Congress on Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation.-The "black flag" to be hoisted..

CHAPTER XXIX.

.493

Political parties.-Washington's Administration.-Federal and Anti-Federal parties.-First "Democratic clubs."-Friends of Robespierre.-Washington condemns the Jacobin clubs.-First National Convention in America.— Origin of the Democratic party. First called Republican. — National Republicans.-Origin of the Whig party.-Republicans and Democrats.— Their principles and practices.... .....503

CHAPTER XXX.

Education in America before the Revolution.-Free schools first established in New England.--Whisky, its cost and influence.-Colleges and professional schools. - Number of Colleges and Schools in 1860.- Number of pupils, foreign and native.-Libraries in the Union. --Newspapers.-History of.-Number in the Union.-California issues most papers......517

CHAPTER XXXI.

Presidential election of 1868.--Ulysses S. Grant elected President.-Schuyler Colfax, Vice-President.-Horatio Seymour and Francis P. Blair defeated.-Republican and Democratic Conventions.-Votes cast for each party.Johnson's Amnesty Proclamations.- Biographical sketch of Grant. "Unconditional surrender."-"Fight it out on this line."-How Presidents are elected.....

CHAPTER XXXII.

...530

The New Nation. - Progress of Republicanism. - Influence of political parties. Elective franchise.-"Woman's Rights.".

Beauties of Democracy.-Spirit of Republican liberty..

CHAPTER XXXIII.

CHAPTER XXXIV.

General of the American Armies.....

CHAPTER XXXV.

..551

....565

....585

...591

Existing Republics of the world in 1869.... APPENDIX.-Presidents of the Continental Congress under the Articles of Confederation; Presidents of the United States under the Constitution; votes for and by what political party elected; Electoral College and popular vote; Senators and Representatives in Forty-first Congress; party elected by; population of the United States from 1790 to 1860; composition of the American population; area of all the States and Territories; native citizens in America; foreigners in America-Germans and Irish; paupers and crime in the United States; soldiers in the wars of 1776 and 1861-5; Army furnished by the several States; composition of the Army; newspapers in America; finance of the United States; banks, railroads, canals, real and personal property in the United States; speeches of W. H. Seward, Joshua R. Giddings, Charles Sumner, William Lloyd Garrison, Thaddeus Stevens, Edward D. Baker, Andrew Jackson, Josiah Quincy, Col. Isaac Barré, Daniel Webster, Mr. Morris, Abraham Lincoln, Henry Clay, Patrick Henry; first American Constitution; United Colonies of New England; Declaration of Independence; Articles of Confederation; Constitution of the United States; Confederate Constitution..

.....601

REPUBLICANISM IN AMERICA.

CHAPTER I.

ORGANIZATION OF NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. - CONSTITUTIONAL POWERS.-UNIVERSAL EQUALITY.-SOVEREIGNTY OF THE PEOPLE.-ELECTIVE FRANCHISE.

THE Republican Government of the United States of America is founded upon the acknowledged sovereignty of the citizens-denominated in the fundamental law of the land the people-in whom all national power abides, and whose equality was announced in the emphatic language of the Declaration of Independence of 1776, that "all men are created equal."

The Government, as a nation, was established when, on the ninth day of July, 1778, at the City of Philadelphia, the thirteen Colonies, by their delegates, adopted the Articles of Confederation, forming a Union styled The United States of America.

Following these acts in the formation of the Federal Union, the American people, on the seventeenth day of September, 1787, in convention assembled, adopted a Con-stitution, which in its preamble declares that "We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America."

By this Constitution, all legislative power of the nation was vested in a Congress of the United States, consisting of a Senate and House of Representatives. By the authority incorporated in the Federal Constitution, the States became divested of their previous independent character, and became merged into a Central National

13

Union possessed of sovereign power, wherein each State became but an integral part of the nation; in its political sphere, but a dependent municipality, and in all things of a national character subordinate to the Federal Constitution and Federal laws, and to the United States as a nation.

Looking to the universality of national freedom and political equality, precaution was taken by the friends of the Constitution to "guarantee to every State in this Union a republican form of government," and to "protect each of them against invasion and domestic violence." But neither the Constitution, nor the laws made in pursuance thereof, defined what degree of liberty should constitute a republican form of government, nor the mode by which the Federal Government should enforce the principles of republicanism upon the States, should any of them assume powers or acts contrary to declared fundamental principles of the National Government— hence the latitude assumed by States, and the singular anomaly of State governments, existing within the Union, presenting every feature of government from absolute despotism to the broadest liberty.

The moderation and hesitation exhibited by the Federal Government in asserting its authority, in holding each State up to a standard of freedom approaching republicanism, and the laxity of the National Government in purging local governments of their royal and despotic tendencies-permitting States to narrow down the republican liberty of the people and the equality of all men before the law to the circles of caste, birthplace and religion are striking illustrations of the patience and disposition of mankind to endure oppression, rather than hastily appeal to the last resort to redress grievances.

In the Federal Constitution there is ample and unmistakable authority, vesting the Federal Government with full authority and jurisdiction in all things pertaining to the maintaining of a republican government in all the States and Territories within the area of the Union. It is the supreme power of the National Government, constituted by the people, and not by the States, declaring the States subordinate to the Union, that placed the sovereign power of the people of all the States in the National Government of the Republic; and through and by this power of sovereignty the affairs of the Republic have been conducted, and all the functions of a sovereign administrated by the National Government.

Strictly speaking, upon the adoption of the Federal Constitution, a national sovereignty was created substituting the people for the "sovereign States," and, thenceforward, the only sovereignty in the land was in the citizens of the Republic in their aggregate capacity.

By the Federal Constitution, the several States are prohibited from "entering into any treaty, alliance or confederation;" yet, so far had some of the States departed from the authority of the law of the land, and so completely had they ignored Federal authority, that in 1861 eleven of them, then slaveholding States, declared the Federal Constitution of no binding force or obligation upon them, and after going through the form of declaring themselves free and "sovereign States," entered into a compact of confederation between themselves, declared their independence, organized a government, elected confederate officers, adopted a constitution, sent ministers abroad, adopted and raised a flag, equipped an army and navy, and declared and waged war against the United States.

So wide a departure from national authority as the

arraying of sections of the Union against the supreme law of the land, and States assuming sovereignty and national functions, is singularly at variance with the proclaimed love of country supposed to be the inspiring spring of every citizen of the American Republic. But, as in every monarchy there are those opposed to royalty and to kings, so in every republic there are those opposed to universal freedom and equality; and in this latter rule America forms no exception. It would indeed be strange if forty million of people, influenced by all the passions incident to the race-wealth, position, ambition and superstition-should have lost all aspirations of the tyrant, and, losing sight of the traditions of their ancestors, acquiesce in universal freedom and the equal rights of all men.

In the affairs of the government of the Republic of America from the earliest period, distinct elements-liberty and oppression-have arrayed themselves against each other in fierce antagonism. And, while a large majority of the people have favored the broadest measures of freedom, a very considerable minority have steadily resisted the advance of liberty, abhorring contact with the masses, and remaining subject to the will of the majority only under protest.

In the moulding of political affairs, the social and pecuniary conditions and interests of the several sections of the country have wielded a powerful influence. Slavery, which existed in the Southern States of the Union from 1620 until the Emancipation Proclamation of Abraham Lincoln of the first of January, 1863, had in its influence drawn distinct lines, not only between liberty and freedom in local State policy, but had engendered a most active and bitter hostility against the freedom of the North, and even against the existence of the Republic.