posit of each publication entered, in order to perfect the copyright. This secures to the library of the Government an approximately complete representation of the product of the American mind in every department of printed matter. The resulting advantage to authors and students of being certain of finding all the books which the country has produced in any given department is incalculable. 3. The pecuniary fees for the record of copyrights are now paid directly into the Treasury, instead of being absorbed, as formerly, by the clerical expenses in the offices of the district clerk. The average number of copyright entries is not far from 12,000 per annum. As two copies of each publication are required to be deposited in the library as a condition of perfecting copyright, the annual receipts under this head amount to nearly 25,000 articles. Of this large number, however, one-half are duplicates, while a very large share are not books, but musical compositions, engravings, chromos, photographs, prints, maps, dramatic compositions, and periodicals. By the constant deposit of copyright engravings, photographs, wood-cuts, chromos, and other objects of art, the library must in time accumulate a large and attractive gallery of the fine arts, richly worthy of attention as representing the condition and progress of the arts of design at different periods in the United States. By the required deposit, also, as a condition of the copyright, of every book and periodical on which an exclusive privilege is claimed, there will be gathered in a permanent fire-proof repository the means of tracing the history and progress of each department of science or literature in this country. As a single example, it is a great benefit to those who are interested in the profession of education to be sure of finding in a national library a complete series of school-books produced in all parts of the United States for the period of half a century. OFFICE OF THE LIBRARIAN OF Per Annum. ...........$4000 2250 2000 1600 1440 ................... 1250 ................... .................. closed with a low brick wall, and is laid The garden comprises ten acres, enout in walks, lawns, and flower-beds. North of the main conservatory is a large fountain with nine main jets and a marble basin 93 feet in diameter. On the south there is a smaller fountain with granite basin. The main conservatory is 300 feet long and 60 feet wide, the dome is 40 feet high, and the wings 25 feet high. There are ten smaller conservatories. The object of the garden is to give instruction in botany and the distribution of rare plants. In one of the conservatories is a lec ture-room, sufficient to accommodate 100 students. Four of the conservatories are devoted to propagation. Joint Committee of Congress on the LiThe garden is under control of the brary. Senators and Members of Congress are supplied with plants, seeds, and bouquets. Superintendent........ Per Annum. ..$1600 8400 For assistants and laborers....... For improving the garden, manure, tools, fuel, and repairs, for purchase of trees, shrubs, etc.... 4000 GOVERNMENT PRINTING-OFFICE. The Government Printing-Office is the largest printing and binding establishment in the world. The amount of printing and binding executed in it is immense. All printing and binding and blank-books for the Senate and House of Representatives, and for the Executive and Judicial Departments of the Government, are done at this office, except in cases otherwise provided by law. Registered bonds and written records may be bound at the Treasury Department. During the fiscal year ended June 30, 1879, the following were printed and bound for the Executive Departments and 1200 Congress: 105,812,586 blanks, envelopes, 1000 etc.; 18,701,398 pamphlets and docu960 ments; 247,241 blank-books; and 26,276 miscellaneous works in addition were | feeders, book-sewers, folders, etc., who bound. The cost of the public printing and binding, including the Congressional Record, and lithographing, mapping, and engraving for the same period, was $1,716,012. The Public Printer has recently purchased and put in use for printing the Congressional Record two large presses, by which more work can be done than can be done on twelve Adams presses. Nine book-sewing machines are in 'operation, by which books are sewed by wire instead of thread, and at greatly reduced cost. It is the duty of the Public Printer to purchase, after advertising for proposals, by contract, all materials and machinery which may be necessary for the Government Printing-Office; to take charge of all matter to be printed, engraved, lithographed, or bound; to keep an account thereof in the order in which it is received, and to cause the work to be promptly executed; to superintend all printing and binding done at the Government Printing-Office, and to see that the sheets or volumes are promptly delivered to the officers authorized to receive them. He is directed to appoint a foreman of printing and a foreman of binding, who must be practically and thoroughly acquainted with their respective trades, and whose salary is fixed at $2000 per annum each. He is authorized to employ, at such rates of wages as he may deem for the interest of the Government, and just to the persons employed, such proof-readers, compositors, pressmen, binders, laborers, and other hands as may be necessary for the execution of the orders for public printing and binding authorized by law. He must cause work to be done at night as well as by day during the sessions of Congress, when the exigencies of the public service require it. The average number of persons employed is 1500. Of this number, about 400 are compositors, 200 bookbinders, and 35 pressmen, all of whom receive 40 cents per hour. The remainder of the employés comprise laborers, press receive 18 to 30 cents per hour. A majority of the feeders and book-sewers work by the piece, and make all the way from $10 to $40 per month. The Public Printer and the foremen of the printing and the binding are prohibited from having any interest in the publication of any newspaper or periodical, or in any printing, binding, engraving, or lithographing, or in any contract for furnishing paper or other material connected with the public printing. No printing or binding which is not provided for by law can be executed at the Government Printing-Office. Any person desiring extra copies of any documents printed at the Government Printing-Office by authority of law, may be furnished with the same by giving notice to the Public Printer previous to their being put to press of the number of copies wanted, and by paying in advance the estimated cost thereof and ten per centum thereon. The Secretary of the Treasury is authorized to advance to the Public Printer a sum of money not exceeding at one time two-thirds of the penalty of his bond, to enable him to pay for work and material. He must deposit the money received from the sales of paper-shavings and imperfections in the Treasury of the United States, to the credit of the appropriation for printing, binding, and paper, and it shall be subject to his requisition. The foremen of printing and binding must make out and deliver to the Public Printer monthly statements of the work done in their respective offices, together with monthly pay-rolls, containing the names of the persons employed, the rate of compensation, and the amount due to each, and the service for which it is due. THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. THE PRESIDENT. Presidential elections are held on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in November in every fourth year. The number of Presidential electors is equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives in Congress. The electors of each State must meet and give their votes on the first Wednesday in December after the election. The electors must make and sign three certificates of all the votes given by them, each of which certificates must contain two distinct lists: one of the votes for President, and the other of the votes for Vice-President; they must then seal up the certificates, and certify upon each that the lists of all the votes given are contained therein. The certificates are disposed of as follows: The electors in each State appoint a person to take charge of and deliver to the President of the Senate at the seat of Government, before the first Wednesday in January next ensuing, one of the certificates. They shall forthwith forward by the post-office to the President of the Senate at the seat of Government one other of the certificates. They shall forthwith cause the other of the certificates to be delivered to the judge of that district in which the electors shall assemble. Congress shall be in session on the second Wednesday in February, succeeding every meeting of the electors, and the certificates shall then be opened, the votes counted, and the persons to fill the offices of President and Vice-President ascertained and declared, agreeable to the Constitution. or inability of both the President and Vice-President of the United States, the President of the Senate, or if there is none, then the Speaker of the House of Representatives, for the time being, shall act as President until the disability is removed, or a President elected. Whenever the offices of President and Vice-President both become vacant, the Secretary of State shall notify the Executive of every State of the fact. In such an event electors will be appointed or chosen in the several States as follows: In case the notification is made two months previous to the first Wednesday in December then next ensuing, the elec tors shall be appointed or chosen within thirty-four days preceding such first Wednesday. If there shall not be the space of two months between the date of such notification and such first Wednesday in December, and if the term for which the President and Vice-President last in office were elected will not expire on the third day of March next ensuing, the electors shall be chosen within thirty-four days preceding the first Wednesday in December in the next year ensuing. But if there shall not be the space of two months between the date of such notification and the first Wednesday in December then next ensuing, and if the term for which the President and VicePresident last in office were elected will expire on the third day of March next ensuing, no electors are to be chosen. The term of four years for which the President and Vice-President are elected, commences on the fourth day of March succeeding the day on which the votes of the electors have been given. The President's salary is $50,000 a year, In case of removal, death, resignation, | payable monthly. 1 POWERS AND DUTIES OF THE PRESI- and other public ministers from foreign DENT. The President is Commander-in-Chief nations. He must see that the laws are faith of the army and navy of the United States, fully executed. and of the militia of the several States United States. It is not intended that the nate. The President is authorized to grant reprieves and pardons for offences, except in cases of impeachment. He is authorized, with the concurrence of two-thirds of the Senate, to make treaties with foreign nations. THE PRESIDENT'S CABINET. By custom the heads of the seven principal Departments, namely, the Secretary of State, the Secretary of the Treasury, the Secretary of War, the Secretary of the Navy, the Secretary of the Interior, the Postmaster-General, and the AttorneyGeneral, constitute the President's cabinet, and the salary of each is $8000 per annum. They are appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, and are removable at pleasure. With some few exceptions each has the appointment of the numerous subordinate officers, clerks, agents, and employés in his Department. EXECUTIVE OFFICE. Per Annum., He is empowered to nominate, and, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, appoint ambassadors, other public The following officers, clerks, and emministers and consuls, judges of the Su-ployés are allowed for the Executive preme Court, and all other officers of the Office and the Executive Mansion: United States whose appointments are not otherwise provided for by the Constitution, and which may be established by law; but Congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper, in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of Departments. Also to fill all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session, and to commission all the officers of the United States. He is required from time to time to communicate information respecting the general operations of the Government, and to recommend for consideration such measures as he shall deem expedient. It is his duty to receive ambassadors 66 Assistant Private secretary to the President...........$3250 Messenger and usher 1 clerk 1 2250 2000 1800 1800 1200 1800 CONDITIONS COMMON TO ALL EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS. Before taking up the Departments in their regular order, it is thought advisable, with a view to avoid repetition, to state some of the most prominent conditions which apply alike to each of them. By the general statutes the head of each Department is entitled to receive $10,000 a year; but, at present, $8000 only is appropriated. Each head of Department is authorized by law to prescribe_regulations for the government of his Department, the conduct of its officers and clerks, the distribution and performance of its business, and the custody, use, and preservation of the records, papers, and property appertaining to it; aud each has accordingly prescribed and printed a system of appropriate regulations for those purposes. The law directs that all the bureaus and offices in the several Departments shall be open for the transaction of the public business at least eight hours each day from October 1 until April 1 in each year, and from April 1 until October 1 at least ten hours each day, except Sundays and legal holidays; and it is made the duty, by act of June 20, 1874, of the heads of Departments and bureaus to require the chiefs of divisions and clerks to labor such number of hours as may be necessary for the proper despatch of the public business, not exceeding the time above stated, when the Departments are required to be kept open, and under this provision the office hours established are from 9 A.M. to 4 P.M. (7 hours), daily, except Saturday, when they close at 3 P.M. (6 hours), without any prescribed rule for intermission. Each chief clerk in the several Departments and bureaus, and other officers (in some bureaus, especially of the Treasury, a deputy is provided in lieu of a chief clerk), must supervise, under the direction of his immediate superior, the duties of the other clerks therein, and see that they are faithfully performed, and that their duties are distributed with equality and uniformity. He must take such steps as will correct any undue accumulation or reduction of duties affecting particular clerks, whether arising from individual negligence or incapacity, or from increase or diminution of certain kinds of business; and must report monthly to his superior officer any existing defects in the arrangement or despatch of business. Each head of Department, chief of bureau, or other superior officer must examine the facts so reported by his chief clerk, and take such corrective measures as may be necessary and proper in the premises. Each disbursing clerk, except in the Treasury Department, must, when directed so to do by the head of the Department, superintend the building occupied by his Department. In case of the death, resignation, absence or sickness of the head of any Department, the first or sole assistant thereof shall, unless otherwise directed by the President, perform the duties of such head until a successor is appointed or such absence or sickness shall cease. This provision is not applicable to the War Department. For like causes on the part of the chief of any bureau, or of any officer thereof, whose appointment is not vested in the head of the Department, the assistant or deputy of such chief or of such officer, or if there be none, then the chief clerk of such bureau, shall, unless otherwise directed by the President, perform the duties of such chief or other officer until a successor is appointed, or such absence: or sickness shall cease. |