The

session of the General Synod. The preceding General Synod had requested the general classes to take action on the omission of the word "German" in the official name of the church, a change which the General Synod deemed to be of vital importance to the interests of the church. It appears that a number of classes voted against the omission, under the impression that it would endanger the title of the church to its property, and that thus the constitutional number of classes necessary for adoption did not vote for the change. The present General Synod, believing that the fear of danger to the church property involved in the change to be entirely groundless, again resolved to request the classes to take action on the omission of the word German. The new liturgy, which has for many years been a cause of considerable discord, as it is regarded by its opponents as being pervaded by a high-church spirit, came up again for discussion. Western committee not being able to submit their work, and asking for further time to complete it, the majority of the committee of the General Synod on "liturgy" recommended that the final action on the liturgy be postponed, and that the Western committee be allowed to go forward with their work as proposed, and that the revised liturgy, as presented by the Eastern Synod, be in the mean time allowed for the use of the churches and families under the jurisdiction of the synod. A report from the minority of the committee was presented, in which, for a series of reasons given, viz., that the revised liturgy, in the judgment of the minority, is not adapted to the wants of the church, and is not in harmony with the spirit and standards of the church and involves a revolution of the established order of worship, they recommend that the revised liturgy of the Eastern Synod, together with the work of the Western committee, as far as prosecuted, be placed in the hands of a new committee, with instructions to prepare, from this material, and such other sources as may be accessible, a liturgy adapted to the want of the church, and in full harmony with its standards, genius, and order of worship, and lay the result of their labors before the synod at its next triennial session. After a long and animated discussion the resolution was adopted, by a vote of sixty-four yeas against fifty-seven nays.

RENNIE, GEORGE, C. E., F. R. S., an eminent engineer and writer on engineering topics, born in Surrey, in 1791; died in London, March 30, 1866. He was a son of John Rennie, C. E., F. R. S., etc.; was educated at the classical schools of Isleworth, and St. Paul, London, and in 1807 accompanied his father in his annual tour through England, Ireland, and Scotland. On his return to Edinburgh he was entered a student in the University, giving his attention to classical and mathematical studies and chemistry, and was two years under the tuition of Professor John Playfair. In 1811 he returned to London and engaged in practical engineering.

In 1818 he was appointed Inspector of Machinery and Clerk of the Dies in the Royal Mint, which post he held nearly eight years, acquiring during that time an intimate knowledge of the art of coining, and especially of the machinery necessary. Subsequently, upon the death of his father in 1821, he entered into partnership with his brother in civil engineering, furnishing machinery for the mints of Mexico, Peru, Lisbon, London, Calcutta, Bombay, etc. They furnished, also, machinery of various kinds for the Russian Government, constructed marine engines for the Peninsular, Oriental, Sardinian, Transatlantic, and other companies, planned bridges, and surveyed railroads, besides executing many other works in Great Britain and Ireland. The brothers Rennie were the first to introduce screw propellers into the British navy in 1840. They also laid out the line of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway and carried it across Chat Moss at a cost of £57,000 less than the estimates. In 1822 Mr. Rennie was made a Fellow of the Royal Society, which he served in the offices of treasurer and vice-president for three years, and was subsequently elected a member of other important societies. He was the author of several scientific papers in the "Transactions" of the Royal Society, and of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, such as "On the Strength of Materials," "On Hydraulics,' "On the Expansion of Arches of Stone and Iron," and on bridges, water-wheels, dredging, and mechanics. He was also the author of many miscellaneous reports on civil engineering topics.

REUSS, the name of two German principalities. I. REUSS-GREIZ. Prince, Henry XXII., born March 28, 1854; succeeded his father, November 8, 1859. Area, 148 square miles; population, in 1864, 43,924. II. REUSS-SCHLEIZ. Prince, Henry LXVII., born October 20, 1789; succeeded his brother, June 19, 1854. Area, 297 square miles; population, in 1864, 86,472. During the German-Italian war Reuss-Greiz sided with Austria, and Reuss-Schleiz_with Prussia. After the war both joined the North German Confederation.

RHIGOLENE. Dr. Henry J. Bigelow, of Boston, gives a description of a petroleumnaphtha (for which he proposes the name of Rhigolene), boiling at seventy degrees F., and possessing the property of causing an intense degree of cold by the rapidity of its evaporation. It is a hydro-carbon destitute of oxygen; is the lightest of all known liquids, having a specific gravity of 0.625, and is supposed to be a combination of some of the known products of petroleum with those volatile and gaseous ones not yet fully examined. Several of these combinations are already known in trade as benzolene, kerosene, kerosolene, gasolene, all naphthas, but varying with different manufacturers. Kerosolene, the boiling-point of which is about ninety degrees, has been found to be an efficient anaesthetic by inhalation. The dis

66

covery by Dr. Richardson, of London, of a useful anesthesia by freezing through the agency of ether vapor, reducing the temperature to six degrees below zero F., suggested to Dr. Bigelow the idea of using a very volatile product of petroleum for the congelation of the tissues. A petroleum liquid was manufactured at his request (rhigolene), and by its application the mercury was easily depressed to nineteen degrees below zero, and the human skin could be frozen hard in five to ten seconds. A lower temperature would probably be indicated but for the ice which surrounds the bulb of the thermometer. The same result may be approximately effected by the common spray-producer." For convenience, however, Dr. Bigelow has employed a glass vial, through the cork of which passes a metal tube for the fluid, the air-tube being outside and bent at its extremity so as to meet the fluid-tube at right angles at some distance from the neck of the bottle. Air is not admitted to the bottle, the vapor of the rhigolene generated by the warmth of the hand applied externally being sufficient to prevent a vacuum and to insure its free delivery; fifteen degrees below zero is easily produced by this apparatus. The bottle, when not in use, should be kept tightly corked, as the liquid readily loses its more volatile parts by evaporation, leaving a denser and comparatively less efficient residue. Dr. Bigelow claims that freezing by rhigolene is far more sure than by ether, inasmuch as common ether, boiling only at about ninety-six degrees instead of seventy degrees, often fails to produce an adequate degree of cold. The rhigolene is more convenient and more easily controlled than the freezing mixtures hitherto employed, is quicker in its action, cheaper, and comparatively odorless. On these grounds it is believed that rhigolene will supersede ether or chloroform for small operations and in private houses. For large operations it is obviously less convenient than general anæsthesia, and will not supersede it. Applied to the skin the first degree of congelation is evanescent; if protracted longer, it is followed by redness and desquamation, which may possibly be averted by the local bleeding of an incision; but, if continued or used on a large scale, there is imminent danger of frost-bite and mortification. RHODE ISLAND. The election in this State takes place on the first Wednesday in April. The Republican Convention for the nomination of candidates assembled in Providence, on March 20th. One hundred and six delegates were present. Every town in the State was represented. No sooner was the convention organized by the election of officers and the completion of the list of delegates, than a strife commenced to determine who should be the first to nominate Ambrose E. Burnside as the candidate. One Mr. Fay was the first recognized by the chairman, and made the motion. It was seconded, and the nomination urged, for the reasons that General Burnside was well known to the people of the State; he

was the man, of all others, who could unite the Republican party of Rhode Island; the present was a time of great importance, and there should be no differences of opinion. General Burnside was then promptly declared the candidate of the convention by acclamation. William Green was nominated for Lieutenant-Governor, John R. Bartlett, Secretary of State; Horatio Rogers, Attorney-General, and General W. Tew, Treasurer. Committees were appointed, the candidate for Governor was notified and accepted, and the convention adjourned without alluding to any resolutions.

On the next day the Democratic Convention assembled. About a hundred delegates were present, representing nearly every town in the State. After the organization of the convention, a committee on resolutions was appointed, who subsequently made a report, which was adopted without opposition. The first resolution asserted that the Constitution of the United States is the only foundation that can sustain the American republic, and that in every emergency it should be adhered to in fact as well as in letter, and should be the fundamental and controlling law.

The second referred to reconstruction, and said that, in our system of government, each State should bear its equal proportion of representation as well as taxation.

The third recognized the services of President Johnson in his efforts to preserve the Constitution, to secure to the several States their just representation in Congress, and their rights in the Union; and called upon all men to cocoperate with him, thus showing their confidence in his efforts to stand by the principles of the Constitution.

A discussion ensued on the propriety of nominating a regular Democratic ticket, or accepting the names brought forward by the Republican Convention, for the reason that the popularity of General Burnside was such, that he could not be defeated. It was finally determined to appoint a special committee of five, being one from each county, with authority to make up a ticket to be presented to the central committee for their acceptance or rejection. The ticket thus prepared consisted of Lyman Pierce, for Governor; G. H. Durfee, LieutenantGovernor; W. J. Miller, Secretary of State; J. S. Pitman, Attorney-General; J. Atkinson, Treasurer.

At the election, the total vote given was 11,178; of which General Burnside received 8,197; Mr. Pierce, 2,816; Burnside over Pierce, 5,381. The Legislature elected was divided as follows:

Republicans Democrats..

Senate. 28

Republican majority.. 23

House.

65

58

The Governor elect was inaugurated on May 29th, at Newport. The inauguration scenes are thus described by a spectator:

About half-past eleven o'clock, the military escort, numbering about 1,200 soldiers, comprising nearly every military company in the State, including three full companies of cavalry, and one light battery of six pieces, under command of Brigadier-General Church, escorted the newly-elected members of the Legislature to the State House.

The "grand committee" met in convention at 12 o'clock, for the purpose of counting the votes for the State officers, and soon after voted a recess till 3 o'clock, at which time the inauguration ceremonies took place. At 3 o'clock the Legislature again assembled, the Governor in the chair. The roll call elicited the fact that a quorum was present. The votes for the various officers were counted and declared, and the announcement was made to the "grand committee" that the several officers had been elected. The communication was then made to the town-clerk of the town of Newport, who made proclamation from the balcony of the State House that the officers so named were elected to serve for the year ensuing.

As soon as the town-clerk had finished making the proclamation to the vast multitude below, the loud boom of the cannon took up the echo and informed the good people of the proud little State that the new Government had been inaugurated, and had entered upon its duties.

The "grand committee" then dissolved, and the Senate returned to their chamber, and the Governor, as presiding officer, announced the various committees, standing and joint, and the Legislature then adjourned.

The crowd slowly dispersed, and in a short time Washington Square was left to its usual quiet.

Altogether it was one of the most noted days in Newport's history, there never having been seen in its streets so large a display of military, or so large

a concourse of spectators.

Resolved, That we commend his example to the present and future generations as a man, a hero, and a devoted patriot.

It was said by the press: "Governor Burnside presided in the Senate and in grand committee, with dignity and easy efficiency, quite remarkable in one whose experience in public affairs had been of a military rather than a legislative character." The salary of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court was raised to $3,500; Charles S. Bradley was reelected to that office. A resolution was adopted, appointing a committee to select a site and procure designs and estimates for a monument to the memory of the officers and men from the State who fell during the late war. A proposition was also brought

forward and referred to a special committee, to withdraw the State guardianship from the tribe of Narragansett Indians. This tribe resides within the limits of the State. Its members elect their own officers, and are governed by their own laws, which embrace their customs and usages as they are gathered from tradition. Their council is of annual election, and subject to an undefined supervising power resting with the General Assembly of the State, and is the arbiter of all their affairs. About 2,000 acres of their tribal lands are held by individual members of the tribe as their separate estate. Their title was derived originally from the tribe, and rests upon tradition. The council grant the titles. Their mode of grant is as follows: the council go with the grantee upon the lot proposed to be granted. After the lot is marked out and bounded, the council cut a sod, and place it upon the bare head of the grantee, and then, while he is upon the land and under the sod, they administer to him a solemn oath of allegiance to the tribal authority. This mode of investure of title bears a considerable analogy to the old common law, livery of seizin.

The individual lands of the tribe cannot be alienated without the consent of the General Assembly of the State; they descend to the heir upon the decease of the holder, subject however to the right of occupancy in the next of kin who remains with the tribe, the possession however is to be restored to the heir when

he returns to the tribal jurisdiction; but should the owner die in debt to the tribe, the council let or improve the lands, or sell the wood from them to pay the debts due to the tribe, and the heir or the holder entitled to possess them. when these are paid, they surrender the land to The tribe maintain their poor, and support public worship, and the State supports their school. The tribe number 58 males, and 75 females; in all, 133. They own, in all, about 3,000 acres

of land in the centre of the town of Charlestown.

At a conference between the committee of the Legislature and the members of the tribe, the red men declined to become citizens of the State under the "Civil Rights." They did not

wish to vote at elections.

During the year the Governor succeeded in collecting nearly all of the State military claims against the Federal Government. The amount of these was $208,000, of which less than $20,000 were unsettled.

The finances of the State are in a favorable condition, and her local institutions prosperous.

RICHMOND, DEAN, conspicuous as a political manager, capitalist, and business man, and largely identified with the railroad system. of New York and the Western States, died on August 27th in the city of New York, after a short illness, in the 63d year of his age. His maternal grandfather, Elkanah Dean, resided in Taunton, Massachusetts, where his parents were married. Soon after, they removed to

Barnard, Vermont, where the subject of this sketch was born. He was named Elkanah Dean, after his grandfather, but it was not a convenient appellation, and he was never known by any other than that by which he became famous throughout the country-Dean Richmond. Elkanah Dean was a noted man in the neighborhood of his home, and his grandson occasionally spoke of the uncommon endowments of his progenitor with pride and satisfaction. The stature of Mr. Dean was almost gigantic, while his clear, sagacious, and penetrating intellect and iron will gave him a commanding influence among his fellows. He was a Democrat of the Jeffersonian school, and his earnest and persistent inculcations seem to have produced a lasting impression on the tender mind of his grandson. Mr. Richmond always spoke of the sound judgment, unbending integrity, and deep convictions of his grandparent with equal respect and admi

ration.

In 1812 the mother of young Richmond removed with her child from Vermont to Salina, now a part of the city of Syracuse, in the State of New York, where his father had been engaged in business for several years. In his youth his educational advantages were limited, and his deficiency in early culture was often the subject of regret and chagrin to him in his after-life. But he surmounted the difficulties resulting therefrom with amazing facility. The retentiveness of his memory was something prodigious, and he mastered every question that engaged his attention, with a degree of readiness and ease that few men, however accomplished, ever attain. Superficial observers are accustomed to suppose that men of his mould, self-made and self-contained, are not to be improved by edu. cation-that thorough culture and training would not have made Dean Richmond a more effective man, or increased the power he wielded in public affairs. No such fallacy had a place in his mind. He appreciated the advantages of extensive knowledge, and always lamented that his opportunities for its acquisition in early life had been so circumscribed. In fact, it may be doubted whether he did not over-estimate his deficiencies in this respect. He had read a great deal, particularly of history and biography, and what he read he never forgot. His political information was extensive, general, and precise. With the personal politics of the country few men had a more thorough acquaintance, and no one gauged with greater precision the calibre of those who are popularly supposed to exercise the largest influence on the conduct of the government. Early in life he took an active part in politics, and while yet a boy he enjoyed the confidence of the Democratic leaders who constituted the Albany Regency. In all the primary assemblages of Onondaga he was a leading spirit, and his word was law with the young Democrats of the county. He was al ways a leader among his fellows; but, while

he aided in the bestowment of official distinctions and other gratifications, he would never accept office or public honors of any kind. He was a man of decided convictions, and while he regarded the maintenance of Democratic principles as essential to the well-being of the country, his restless temperament and love of excitement had a strong influence in leading him to take part in all political contests. The power he exercised in public affairs was to be referred in large measure to his refusal of all party honors and advantages. Then he contributed liberally of his ample means for political purposes, and his counsels were wise and judicious. He was thrown upon his own resources at an early day, his father dying when he was about fourteen years old, and his mother two years afterward. Mr. Richmond, senior, was an energetic, capable business man, but having met with reverses in trade at Salina, he collected his means and went South to better his fortunes. He died at Mobile, being then about forty-five years of age.

Dean Richmond, meantime, had turned his attention to business with that sagacity, energy, and perseverance which marked his career in after life. At the early age of fifteen he commenced the manufacture of salt at Salina, having no other capital than a legacy of debt bequeathed him by his father. He found a market for his salt in the North and East, transporting it in boats down the Oswego River to Lake Ontario, and down the Mohawk to Schenectady. He was eminently prosperous in his undertakings, and the intelligent enterprise with which he conducted his affairs, with his high sense of integrity and personal honor, won him the confidence and regard of all with whom he was brought in contact. Having amassed an amount of money adequate to the necessities of the business, he removed to Buffalo in 1842, and engaged in the purchase and transportation of the products of the west. He was almost invariably successful in his enterprises, and in the course of a few years became one of the wealthiest business men in the lake country.

His interest in politics, meantime, never diminished or flagged. He was still as busy and active in elections and the preliminary canvass, as when he led the hardy young Democrats of Onondaga to victory. His residence was in the village of Attica, in the strong Whig county of Wyoming, and his influence was seen in the steadily increasing Democratic vote of that region. He was a leading director in the Attica and Buffalo Railroad; and when the direct line to Batavia was built he removed to that town, where his family still reside.

When the Erie Railroad was finished to Lake Erie, and the Pennsylvania Central had completed its track, it was apparent that the several companies which now compose the New York Central could not successfully compete with those great lines unless they were consolidated and operated by one controlling mind. Here were seven distinct corporations,

each one managed independently of all the others, while the railroads were controlled each by a single board of directors. Consolidation became, therefore, a matter of pressing necessity. The line could not be advantageously maintained without it. In 1853 the bill creating the New York Central Railroad was carried through the Legislature against the most determined and virulent opposition-an opposition so powerful that nothing but the sagacity, address, and perseverance of Mr. Richmond could have prevailed against it. When consolidation was carried, Mr. Richmond was chosen vice-president of the company, a place that he held until he was made president on the retirement of Mr. Corning in 1864.

ROGERS, HENRY DARWIN, LL. D., F. R. S., 'Regius Professor of Geology and Natural History in the University of Glasgow, Scotland, born in Philadelphia in 1809; died near Glasgow, aged 60 years. He was a son of Dr. P. K. Rogers, an eminent physician in Philadelphia, and subsequently professor in William and Mary College, Virginia. Having received a thorough education, he became at an early age professor of physical sciences in Dickinson College, Carlisle, and in 1831 was chosen professor of geology in the University of Pennsylvania, which position he held for several years. His active geological labors commenced with a survey of the State of New Jersey, a report of which, with a geological map, he published in 1835. Subsequently he was appointed to the work of surveying the State of Pennsylvania, which, with some interruptions, occupied him until 1856. His report of this immense labor, with drawings, illustrations, and maps, was published in Edinburgh in 1858, and rauks in scientific as well as practical value with the labors of the first geologists of the age. In 1857 he was appointed Regius professor of geology and natural history in the University of Glasgow, where he remained until his death. He had previously spent some time in Boston, where his scientific attainments won him the respect of all. He ranked high among the scholars and thinkers of the day. In his lectures he was a master of exposition; lucid in style, orderly in arrangement, persuasive in tone, he presented his subject in all its facts and relations with an artist's skill in expression, and at the same time without any exaggeration to produce artistic effect. Professor Rogers contributed many important papers to the "Transactions" of the American Philosophical Society, the Boston Society of Natural History, the American Association of Science, the "American Journal of Science," and the Edinburgh "New Philosophical Journal," of which he was one of the editors. He was the author of a geological map of the United States and a chart of the Arctic regions in the "Physical Atlas," and also aided in the preparation of a geographical atlas of the United States.

ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH. The present Pope is Pius IX., born at Sinigaglia, on VOL. VI.-43

May 13th, 1792; elected Pope on June 16, 1846. The College of Cardinals, in October, 1866, consisted of 59 members, of whom 6 were cardinal bishops, 9 cardinal deacons, and the remainder cardinal priests. As regards the nationality of the cardinals, 39 were Italians by birth, 8 Frenchmen, 4 Spaniards, 4 Germans, 1 Croatian, 1 Belgian, 1 Portuguese, and 1 Irishman. Throughout the globe there were, at the close of the year 1865, 12 patriarchal sees, 154 archiepiscopal, and 692 episcopal; besides 226 sees in partibus infidelium, 130 archbishoprics, and 196 bishoprics.*

According to the latest statistical statements, there are in the Roman Catholic Church 310,000 monks and nuns. The male orders have the following membership: Franciscans, 50,000; School Brethren, 16,000; Jesuits, 8,000; Congregations for nursing the sick, 6,000; Benedictines, 5,000; Dominicans, 4,000; Carmelites, 4,000; Trappists, 4,000; Lazarists, 2,000; Piarists, 2,000; Redemptorists, 2,000, etc. The female orders count about 190,000 members, of which number 162,000 belong to Europe, dividing themselves in this way, that 10,000 belong to France; 30,000 to Italy; 10,000 to Belgium; 8,000 to Germany; 7,000 to Spain; 4,000 to Great Britain. There are 20,000 nuns in America; 4,000 in Asia; 1,000 in Africa, etc. There are 28,000 Sisters of Mercy; 22,000 Franciscans, in part engaged in nursing the sick; 10,000 Sisters of the Holy Heart; 8,000 Sisters of St Joseph; 8,000 Sisters of our Lady; 8,000 Sisters of the Holy Cross; 5,000 Sisters of the Order of St. Carlo Borromeo, etc. There is a large number of so-called congregations or associations of various names, all serving charitable objects, nursing the sick, assisting the needy, educating the children, providing for the orphans, etc. The Jesuits, who annually publish an official statement of their society, reckoned at the close of 1866 four consistories and twenty provinces; the number of members being 8,167, showing an augmentation of 215 over the year 1865. In the French province are 2,422, whereas, in 1865, there were only 2,266. Notwithstanding their expulsion from Naples, Sicily, Turin, Venetia, and the Mexican empire, they are steadily increasing in number.

According to the English Catholic Directory for 1867, there are in England, in connection with the Roman Catholic faith, 1,415 priests, 1,014 churches, chapels, and stations, 63 communities of men, 204 convents, and 11 colleges. England is divided into 13 dioceses, to which there are attached 16 bishops. In Scotland there are 4 bishops, 193 priests, 193 churches, no monasteries, 16 convents, and 2 seminaries. The number of Roman Catholic peers is 26, and is made up of 1 duke, 7 earls, 3 viscounts, 14 barons, and 1 countess. The baronets number 50. Amongst the earls are two titles, which in the year before were filled by Protestants, viz., those of Denbigh and Gainsborough. The

*For additional statistics, see ANNUAL CYCLOPEDIA for 1865.