and an annual grant in aid of each Province shall be made, equal to eighty cents per head of the population, as ascertained by the census of one thousand eight hundred and sixty-one, and in the case of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, by each subsequent decennial census until the population of each of those two Provinces amounts to four hundred thousand souls, at which rate such grant shall hereafter remain. Such grants shall be in full settlement of all future demands on Canada, and shall be paid halfyearly in advance to each Province; but the Government of Canada shall deduct from such grants, as against any Province, all sums chargeable as interest on the public debt of that Province in excess of the several amounts stipulated in this act. 119. New Brunswick shall receive by half-yearly payments, in advance, from Canada for the period of ten years from the union, an additional allowance of sixty-three thousand dollars per annum. But so long as the public debt of that Province remains under seven millions of dollars, a deduction equal to the interest at five per centum per annum on such deficiency shall be made from the said sum of sixtythree thousand dollars.

120. All payments to be made under this act, or in discharge of liabilities created under any act of the Provinces of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick respectively, and assumed by Canada, shall, until the Parliament of Canada otherwise directs, be made in such form and manner as may from time to time be ordered by the governor-general in council.

121. All articles of the growth, produce or manufacture of any one of the Provinces shall, from and after the union, be admitted free into each of the other Provinces.

122. The customs and excise laws of each Province shall, subject to the provisions of this act, continue in force until altered by the Parliament of Canada.

123. Where custom duties are, at the union, leviable on any goods, wares, or merchandises in any two provinces, those goods, wares, and merchandises inay, from and after the union, be imported from one of those Provinces into the other of them on proof of payment of the customs duty leviable thereon in the Province of exportation, and on payment of such further amount (if any) of customs duty as is leviable thereon in the Province of impor

tation.

124. Nothing in this act shall affect the right of New Brunswick to levy the lumber dues provided in chapter fifteen of title three of the revised statutes of New Brunswick, or in any act amending that act before or after the union, and not increasing the amount of such dues; but the lumber of any of the Provinces, other than New Brunswick, shall not be subject to such dues.

125. No lands or property belonging to Canada or any Province thereof, shall be liable to taxation.

126. Such portions of the dues and revenues over which the respective legislatures of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick had before the union power of appropriation as are by this act reserved to the respective governments or legislatures of the Provinces, and all duties and revenues raised by them in accordance with the special powers conferred upon them by this act, shall in each Province

form one consolidated revenue fund, to be appropr. ated for the public service of the Province.

IX.-MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS.

GENERAL.

127. If any person, at the passing of this act a member of the council of Canada, Nova Scotia, or New Brunswick, to whom a place in the senate is offered, does not within thirty days thereafter, br writing under his hand, addressed to the governorgeneral of the Province of Canada, or to the lientenant-Governor of Nova Scotia or New Brunswick (as the case may be), accept the same, he shall be deemed to have declined the same; and any person who, being, at the passing of this act, a mem ber of the legislative council of Nova Scotia or New Brunswick, accepts a place in the senate shall thereby vacate his seat in such legislative

council.

128. Every member of the senate or house of commons of Canada shall, before taking his seat therein, take and subscribe before the governorgeneral, or some person authorized by him, and every member of a legislative council or legislative assembly of any province, shall, before taking his seat therein, take and subscribe before the lieutenantgovernor of the Province, or some person authorized by him, the oath of allegiance contained in the fifth schedule to this act, and every member of the senate of Canada, and every member of the legislative council of Quebec, shall also, before taking his seat therein, take and subscribe before the governorgeneral, or some person authorized by him, the declaration of qualification contained in the same schedule.

129. Except as otherwise provided by this act, all laws in force in Canada, Nova Scotia, or New Bruns wick at the union, and all courts of civil and crim inal jurisdiction, and all legal commissions, powers, and authorities, and all officers, judicial, administrative, and ministerial, existing therein at the union, shall continue in Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick respectively, as if the union had not been made, (except with respect to such as are en acted by or exist under acts of the Parliament of Great Britain or of the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,) to be repealed, abolished, or altered by the Parliament of Canada, or by the legislature of the respective Prov inces, according to the authority of the Parliament or of that legislature under this act.

130. Until the Parliament of Canada otherwise provides, all officers of the several provinces having duties to discharge in relation to matters other than those coming within the clauses of subjects by this act assigned exclusively to the legislatures of the Provinces shall be officers of Canada, and shall continue to discharge the duties of their respective offices under the same liabilities, responsibilities, and penalties as if the union had not been made.

131. Until the Parliament of Canada otherwise provides, the governor-general in council may from time to time appoint such officers as the governor general in council deems necessary or proper for the effectual execution of this act.

132. The Parliament and Government of Canada shall have all powers necessary or proper for per forming the obligations of Canada or of any Province thereof, as part of the British empire towards foreign countries, arising under treaties between the empire and such foreign countries.

133. Either the English or the French language may be used by any person in the debates of the houses of Parliament of Canada and of the houses of the legislature of Quebec, and both these languages shall be used in the respective records and journals of both houses; and either of those languages may be used by any person or in any pleading or process in or issuing from any court of Canada, established

under this act, and in or from all or any of the courts of Quebec.

The acts of Parliament of Canada and of the legislature of Quebec shall be printed and published in both those languages.

134. Until the legislature of Ontario or of Quebec otherwise provides, the lieutenant-governor of Ontario and Quebec may each appoint under the great seal of the Province the following officers, to hold office during pleasure, that is to say: the attorneygeneral, the secrotary and registrar of the Province, the treasurer of the Province, the commissioner of crown-lands, and the commissioner of agriculture and public works, and in the case of Quebec the solicitor-general; and may, by order of the lieutenant-governor in council from time to time prescribe the duties of those officers and of the several departments over which they shall preside, or to which they shall belong, and of the officers and clerks thereof; and may also appoint other and additional officers to hold office during pleasure, and may from time to time prescribe the duties of these officers, and of the several departments over which they shall preside, or to which they shall belong, and of the officers and clerks thereof.

135. Until the legislature of Ontario or Quebec otherwise provides, all rights, powers, duties, functions, responsibilities, or authorities at the passing of this act vested in or imposed on the attorney-general, secretary and registrar of the Province of Canada, minister of finance, commissioner of crownlands, commissioner of public works, and minister of agriculture, and receiver general, by any law, statute, or ordinance of Upper Canada, Lower Canada or Canada, and not repugnant to this act, shall be vested in or imposed on any officer to be appointed by the lieutenant-governor for the discharge of the same or any of them; and the commissioners of agriculture and public works shall perform the duties and functions of the office of minister of agriculture at the passing of this act imposed by the law of the Province of Canada, as well as those of the commissioner of public works.

136. Until altered by the lieutenant-governor in council, the great seals of Ontario and Quebec respectively shall be the same, or of the same design, as those used in the Provinces of Upper Canada and Lower Canada respectively before their union as the Province of Canada.

137. The words "and from thence to the end of the then next ensuing session of the legislature," or words to the same effect, used in any temporary act of the Province of Canada not expired before the union, shall be construed to extend and apply to the next session of the Parliament of Canada, if the subject matter of the act is within the powers of the same as defined by this act, or to the next sessions of the legislatures of Ontario and Quebec respectively, if the subject matter of the act is within the powers of the same as defined by this act.

138. From and after the union, the use of the words "Upper Canada" instead of " Ontario," or "Lower Canada" instead of "Quebec," in any deed, writ, process, pleading matter, document, matter or thing, shall not invalidate the same.

139. Any proclamation under the great seal of the Province of Canada issued before the union to take effect at a time which is subsequent to the union, whether relating to that Province or to Upper Canada, or to Lower Canada, and the several matters and things therein proclaimed, shall be, and continue of like force and effect as if the union had not been made.

140. Any proclamation which is authorized by any act of the legislature of the Province of Canada to be issued under the great seal of the Province of Canada, whether relating to that Province, or to Upper Canada, or to Lower Canada, and which is not issued before the union, may be issued by the lieutenant-governor of Ontario or Quebec, as its sub

ject matter requires, under the great seal thereof, and from and after the issue of such proclamation the same and the several matters and things therein proclaimed shall be, and continue of the like force and effect in Ontario or Quebec, as if the union had not been made.

141. The penitentiary of the Province of Canada shall, until the Parliament of Canada otherwise provides, be and continue the penitentiary of Ontario and of Quebec.

142. The division and adjustment of the debts, credits, liabilities, propertics and assets of Upper Canada and Lower Canada, shall be referred to the arbitrament of three arbitrators, one chosen by the government of Ontario, one by the gov ernment of Quebec, and one by the government of Canada; and the selection of the arbitrators shall not be made until the Parliament of Canada and the legislatures of Ontario and Quebec have met, and the arbitrator chosen by the government of Canada shall not be a resident either in Ontario or Quebec.

143. The governor-general in council may from time to time order that such and so many of the records, books and documents of the Province of Canada as he thinks fit shall be appropriated and delivered either to Ontario or to Quebec, and the same shall thenceforth be the property of that Province; and any copy thereof, or extract therefrom, duly certified by the officer having charge of the original thereof, shall be admitted as evidence.

144. The lieutenant-governor of Quebec may from time to time, by proclamation under the great seal of the Province, to take effect from a day to be appointed therein, constitute townships in those parts of the Province of Quebec in which townships are not then already constituted, and fix the metes and bounds thereof.

X. INTERCOLONIAL RAILWAY.

145. Inasmuch as the Provinces of Canada, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick have joined in a declararation that the construction of the intercolonial railway is essential to the consolidation of the union of British North America, and to the assent thereto of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, and have consequently agreed that provision should be made for its immediate construction by the government of Canada; therefore, in order to give effect to that agreement, it shall be the duty of the government and Parliament of Canada to provide for the commencement, within six months after the union, of a railway connecting the river St. Lawrence with the city of Halifax in Nova Scotia, and for the construction thereof without intermission, and the completion thereof with all practicable speed.

XI. ADMISSION OF OTHER COLONIES.

146. It shall be lawful for the Queen, by and with the advice of her majesty's most honorable_privy council, on addresses from the houses of the Parliament of Canada, and from the houses of the respective legislatures of the Colonies or Provinces of Newfoundland, Prince Edward Island, and British Columbia, to admit those Colonies or Provinces, or any of them, into the union, and on address from the houses of the Parliament of Canada, to admit Rupert's Land and the Northwestern Territory, or either of them into the union, on such terms and conditions in each case as are in the addresses expressed and as the Queen thinks fit to approve, subject to the provisions of this act; and the provisions of any order in council in that behalf shall have effect as if they had been enacted by the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,

147. In case of the admission of Newfoundland and Prince Edward Island, or either of them, each shall be entitled to a representation in the senate of

Canada of four members, and (notwithstanding anything in this act) in case of the admission of Newfoundland the normal number of senators shall be seventy-six, and their maximum number shall be eighty-two; but Prince Edward Island when admitted shall be deemed to be compromised in the third of the three divisions into which Canada is, in relation to the Constitution of the Senate, divided by this act, and accordingly, after the admission of

Prince Edward Island, whether Newfoundland is ad mitted or not, the representation of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick in the senate shall, as vacancies oc cur, be reduced from twelve to ten members respect ively, and the representation of each of those Prov inces shall not be increased at any time beyond ten, except under the provisions of this act for the ap pointment of three or six additional senators under the direction of the Queen.

REED INSTRUMENTS (OF MUSIC). The great improvements which have been made in reed instruments within a few years past, entitle them to a place in a record of the advance of mechanical science and art. The first application of the vibration of a free tongue of metal to the production of musical sounds is probably due to that very unmusical people, the Chinese. As might have been expected, there was not much concord or harmony.in the sounds they produced. There is some doubt whether an instrument invented by Armiot in the last century, but which never came into use, was or was not a reed instrument. The Eolodicon, invented by Eschenberg, of Bohemia, about 1806, did produce musical sounds by the vibration of elastic tongues of metal, but it was a rude affair. The Accordion, invented about 1821, and claimed by both European and American inventors, followed this. It possessed some advantages, but more disadvantages in its use as an accompaniment to the voice, and has been used rather as a musical toy than as a musical instrument of much value. The Rocking Melodeon, introduced soon after, was at first but little more than a larger accordion, blown by the knees instead of the hands. The principle on which these early melodeons, of which there was a considerable variety in style, size, and form, were all constructed, was that of forcing the air out through the reeds, by means of the bellows, in order to produce the desired musical sounds. As the metallic tongues were not usually made with the most mathematical precision or perfection of finish, and as they were, moreover, very often clogged or obstructed by particles of dust or other slight difficulties, which impeded their free vibrations, there was almost necessarily a hesitancy and trouble in producing the desired note with the requisite promptness; the instrument did not "speak" so readily as the performer wished, and not unfrequently on some notes could not be made to "speak" at all. Several manufacturers in New England and New York had, however, as early as 1840, adopted some improvements which rendered their instruments preferable to those hitherto made, and rendered them a tolerable accompaniment for church music, though not a very desirable one. The most important of these improvements was that by which the reeds were each fastened to, and vibrated in a small square metallic pipe, which was inserted through

the top of the wind-chest, with the points of the reeds down; the rear ends of the keys resting on the open ends of these metallic pipes, and thus forming the valves.

The lap, or rocking melodeon, to which about this time (1840) slight legs were added, and a contrivance for working the bellows by the foot, was becoming popular for schools and small churches as a substitute for the stringed instruments which had hitherto been used as accompaniments for church music. It was as yet, however, very far from being perfect. A modification, which greatly improved the tone, was adopted by most of the manufac turers, though it cannot now be ascertained by whom it was first suggested. The reeds were riveted upon a piece of brass, swedged or bent so as to form three sides of a square, the edges of which were then inserted in grooves made for them upon the upper side of the wind-chest, directly over the valve mortice; and in order to bring the point of the reed to vibrate on the inside (the air being forced outward), the reeds were made to pass through their sockets to the under side, and this naturally took the form of a double curve, resembling somewhat the letter S. This curving of the reeds improved the tone, but it rather increased than diminished the promptness of the vibra tions, where, as was yet the case with all reed instruments, the air was forced outward. In 1846 Mr. Jeremiah Carhart, then of Buffalo, now and for some years of the manufacturing house of Carhart and Needham, secured a patent for a certain construction of bellows with other combinations, to operate the reeds by suction or drawing in, instead of forcing out, the air. This process, since known as the "exhaust plan," which had been previously though unsuccessfully attempted, was the first considerable step in improving reed instruments, and rendering them really valuable as accompaniments to the voice. It was only a first step, but it has been followed by numerous others which have made these instruments superior to the piano, and, for home music, to the parlor organ, in expression and feeling. Mr. Carhart's invention, as was justly claimed, gave to the instrument an improved quality of tone, greater durability, more simplicity of construction, increased promptness of utterance, a uniformity of tones, and equal distribution of power through the entire scale.

octave coupler, which nearly doubles the power of the instruments; noiseless safety-valves, to regulate the escape of wind and the pressure upon the wind-chest, and thus prevent the hissing sound so disagreeable in some reed instruments; and the improved combination register, to facilitate the drawing and closing the stops. These improvements, and the great care taken in its construction, have rendered the "Cabinet Organ" the best and most complete reed instrument yet produced, though the other instruments manufactured by the other large manufacturers are greatly superior to the best of the European instruments, all of which yet adhere to the old system of forcing the air outward. So rapid has been the advance in the improvement of the American reed instruments, that the poorest instrument of any respectable manufacturer at the present time is greatly superior to the best of ten years since. Stops, analogous to those in use in pipe organs, have been introduced into the higher grades of these instruments, and add materially to their beauty and variety of tone. One of these, the Vor Humana stop, applied to the Estey organ, is a somewhat complicated contrivance of fans driven by clock-work, to communicate at will a more tremulous motion to the vibrations of the reeds; and, but for its liability to frequent derangement, might prove a valuable adjunct to the instrument. The energy and genius which are devoted to the construction of these instruments, and the vigorous competition which is maintained, render it certain that every modification which will aid in perfecting them, and rendering them preferable to all others for the family, the school, or the smaller class of churches, will be tried, and if found desirable, adopted. The amount of annual production of reed instruments in the United States exceeds three millions of dollars.

REFORMED CHURCHES. I. Reformed Dutch Church. This church reported, in 1866, the following statistics: One general synod; three particular synods (New York, Albany, and Chicago); thirty-two classes (or presbyteries); churches, 431; ministers, 407; candidates, 11; communicants, 55,917; received last year on confession, 3,120; by letter, 1,855; infants baptized, 3,307; adults, 607; children in Sabbathschools, 44,414; contributions for benevolent uses, $241,129.55; for congregational purposes, $649,540.83; moneys for benevolent uses under control of the several boards-education, in addition to the income from invested funds, $8,500; domestic missions, $24,589.98; building fund, $4,433.58; mission schools, $1,157.14; foreign missions, $55,783.75; publication, $2,175.72. These amounts are apart from what was contributed to the widows' fund, ministers' fund, to the theological seminary at New Brunswick, and to Hope College. There are in connection with the church two colleges, one at New Brunswick, N. J., and the other at Holland, Michigan.

The General Synod of the church, which met

in the city of New York, on June 5th, received an interesting communication from Rev. S. R. Bowen, a missionary of the church at Yokohama, who sent a circular, addressed to Christians, in Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Pacific isles, as well as in the United States, asking the active cooperation of all Christians in the conversion of Japan. The young men of rank there, the missionary says, are being instructed in the English language. by the missionaries, at the desire of the Government, and much good is accomplished in this way; but although the people are ready and anxious to learn of Christ, the old laws, which are exceedingly severe, are still in force, prohibiting the teaching of Christianity in the empire. A letter of Christian greeting was received from the Free Church of Scotland, and also one from the moderator of the General Assembly of that church.

The following resolutions were passed relative to a change of the official name of the church:

Whereas, It is alleged that many persons who would be glad to connect themselves with the Reformed Dutch Church, and would do so if not repelled Dutch" in the name of said Church; by the word

and

Whereas, In the opinion of many of our ministers and members, a change in our style and title that would obviate objections based upon this ground would decidedly promote the growth and interests of the denomination; therefore,

Resolved, That a committee, consisting of four ministers and three elders, be appointed to examine into the expediency and propriety of this change, and report at the next meeting of the General Synod.

It was resolved to hold the next meeting of the General Synod in the village of Geneva, New York, on the first Wednesday in June, 1867.

II. German Reformed Church.—The Triennial General Synod of the German Reformed Church in the United States, convened in Dayton, Ohio, on Wednesday evening, November 28th. Both the classes of the church in the Confederate States (Virginia and North Carolina), which by the war had been for some time cut off from the main body, were represented by delegates, and the unity of the church was thus fully restored. The following persons were elected officers: Rev. Dr. D. Zacharias, president; Rev. D. Winters and Dr. S. R. Fisher, vicepresidents. One of the most important subjects which engaged the attention of the synod was the relation with the Dutch Reformed Church. The delegate of the latter denomination, Rev. Dr. Chambers, made an address, in which he submitted an invitation to cooperate with his church in the work of foreign missions. The Western Synod (one of the two particular synods into which the German Reformed Church is divided) requested the General Synod to take measures to effect a closer union with the Dutch Church. The committee, to which the action of the Western Synod was referred, took a favorable view of the subject, and, after some discussion, the further consider ation of it was deferred until the next triennial