four census volumes published in
1864-66 are printed in H. Misc. Doc.
[unnumbered], 38 Cong., 1 sess.,
Ι
Serial 1176, and also separately.
In the published volume on agricul-

ture is a table (omitted from the volume on population) giving by counties the number of slaveholders and slaves in 1860.

Record Group 29. --Some administrative records of the Eighth Census survive among the records of the Census Bureau. A volume containing lists of employees of the Office gives information on each one's State of residence, dates of appointment and dismissal, amount of salary, and competence. A register of enumeration subdivisions of marshals' districts gives descriptive data regarding each subdivision, the name of the assistant marshal serving as enumerator, his postoffice, and the amount paid him on receipt of his returns. Besides a list, alphabetical by State, of the names of all marshals and assistant marshals, there is a list of those who served in the Southern States and who had not received their pay. Account books are available for Census Office disbursements and for Interior Department payments made to marshals and their assistants.

The schedules of the Eighth Census number hundreds of volumes, of the following classes: population (free inhabitants), 711 vols.; population (slave inhabitants), 49 vols.; agriculture, 106 vols.; mortality, 21 vols. ; manufactures, 18 vols. ; and social statistics, 19 vols. (Van Tyne and Leland, Guide, p. 238). Of these schedules only those for population are in the National Archives. The headings of the population schedules (free inhabitants) are as follows: name of each person in family; color, sex, and age; whether married within the year; place of birth (State, Territory, or country); profession, occupation, or trade; schooling within the year; illiteracy; physical and mental disabilities; and value of real estate and personal property owned. A manuscript index to the population schedules, arranged alphabetically by State and thereunder by county, is available. The slave schedules give for each slaveholder the number of his slaves; their age, sex, and color; those who were fugitives; the number manumitted; those who were deaf and dumb, blind, insane, or idiotic; and the number of slave houses.

Since the 1860 census was taken before the war, it gives information regarding both Southerners and Northerners. If the researcher knows the names of a group of individuals--such as the members of a secession convention, a legislature, or a group of military officers--he can use the schedules for biographical data. By consolidating the information relating to an individual or family from several schedules--e. g., the schedule of free inhabitants plus the schedule of slave inhabitants, plus the agriculture or the manufacturing schedule and sometimes the mortality schedule--an appreciable amount of information can be accumulated and related. Unfortunately the present dispersion of the schedules (see below) makes this a difficult search. Slave schedules are available for both the 1850 and the 1860 censuses. Change and development are reflected in the data in two or more censuses; thus some information on changes brought by the Civil War can be ascertained by comparing the schedules of 1860 and 1870. (Indians were not enrolled until the 1870 census.)

National Archives, Population Schedules, 1800-1870; Volume Index to Counties and Major Cities (Washington, 1951). The schedules of

most of the censuses are on microfilm; those of the 1860 census fill 314 rolls; see National Archives, Federal Population Censuses, 1840-80; a Price

No statistical atlas, such as that prepared for the censuses of 1870 and later, was published for the census of 1860. At the request of the War Department, however, printed maps of the Southern States were annotated under Kennedy's direction to show population, railways, and agricultural prodOn these maps are symbols showing for each county the number of whites, free colored persons, slaves, and males between the ages of 18 and 45; the number of acres of improved land; the number of horses and mules, neat cattle, and swine; and the production of wheat, corn, oats, tobacco, hay, cotton bales, and rice. These maps were used by invading Northern armies, such as that of General Sherman, when they outdistanced their supply lines, to find out where animals and foodstuffs were available. Photographic copies of the maps for Georgia and Alabama, Tennessee, Louisiana, West Virginia, Virginia, and Missouri are in the records of the Bureau of the Census.

The original annotated maps for Georgia and Alabama are in the records of the Office of the Chief of Engineers (Record Group 77); and a map for Mississippi, Louisiana, and Arkansas, and one for Illinois and Missouri (with data for Missouri counties only) are in the Geological

Survey records (Record Group 57).
The returns of the census of 1860
were also used for maps showing the
distribution of the slave population
in the Southern States and for a sep-
arate Virginia map, which were pri-
vately published in Washington in
1861.

Record Group 49.--A small quantity of incoming correspondence, received after supervision of the census was transferred to the General Land Office, is in the records of that Office. These letters relate to the claim of Charles E. Wesche, census taker for San Miguel County, New Mexico Territory; claims for taking the census of 1864 in Arizona Territory; and claims of census takers and clerks elsewhere. Other papers concern census publications and the expenditures of the Census Office.

Records in Other Custody. --The Bureau of the Census was authorized in 1918 to destroy schedules other than the population schedules of the censuses of 1850-80 (H. Doc. 921, 65 Cong., 2 sess., Serial 7447). Instead of destroying the schedules, however, the Bureau decided to give them to those historical societies and State or other libraries that were interested in them. Consequently the 1860 schedules of agriculture, mortality, manufactures, and social statistics are scattered among many repositories. Some schedules for States that refused them are in the library of the Daughters of the American Revolution, Washington, D. C.; others are in Duke University Library.

For the places of deposit of the abovementioned schedules, see the Survey of Federal Archives, Inventory of Federal Archives in the States, Series X, the Department of Commerce; and Hamer, ed., Guide to Archives and Manuscripts. A list of repositories of mortality schedules is in E. Kay Kirkham, The

A B C's of American Genealogical Research, p. 118-120 (Salt Lake City, Utah, 1955). Information regarding repositories of Federal and State censuses is given in George B. Everton and Gunnar Rasmuson, The Handy Book for Genealogists (Logan, Utah, 1957).

Censuses were also taken in the Territories established during the Civil War. The organic acts for the Territories of Colorado, Nevada, Dakota, Arizona, Idaho, and Montana, all established during the war, authorized the Governors to have censuses taken in order to apportion members of the legislative assemblies among the counties or districts. Accordingly the Governors arranged for the enumerations, which were usually directed by the U. S. marshals. In most districts, however, these censuses seem to have been merely counts of the number of people living in settlements, mining districts, ranches, etc., rather than lists of names and other data on the inhabitants. Some of these Territorial censuses are extant, but owing to carelessness in administering Territorial records others have been lost. The manuscript of the Arizona Territory census of 1864 is in the Arizona Department of Library and Archives. A photostatic copy of it, obtained by the Bureau of the Census, has been accessioned by the National Archives. This was a complete census; it gives for each person the name, age, sex, marital status, place of birth, period of residence in Arizona, citizenship, residence of the family, and occupation; and the value of real estate and personal property owned.

The text of the Arizona census is reproduced in Historical Records Survey, The 1864 Census of the Territory of Arizona (Phoenix, 1938). The report on the Idaho census, Sept. 1863, is in the Sixteenth Biennial Report of the State Historical Society of Idaho, 1937-38, p. 60-64 (Boise, 1938). A similar report on the Nevada census of 1861 is in the "Territorial Papers, Nevada," 1:102-112, in the State Department records (Record Group 59); and is published

men.

in the appendix to the Journal of the
House of Representatives of the First
Legislative Assembly of the Territory
of Nevada, p. 397-403 (San Francisco,
1862). The results of the Colorado
census of 1861 are in the Rocky Moun-
tain News, July 17, 1861, and the
Colorado City Journal, Aug. 1, 1861.
A statistical summary of the Dakota
census of 1861 is in George W. Kings-
bury, History of Dakota Territory,
1:176 (Chicago, 1915. 3 vols.).

OFFICE OF THE ARCHITECT OF THE EXTENSION
OF THE CAPITOL

An act of Sept. 30, 1850 (9 Stat. 538), had appropriated $100,000 for the extension of the Capitol according to a plan to be approved by the President. On June 11, 1851, President Fillmore had appointed, as Architect of the Extension of the Capitol, Thomas U. Walter, a Philadelphia architect who had won a competition with his plan providing for adding to the Capitol north and south wings as chambers for the Senate and the House. Walter had directed the work under the supervision of the Secretary of the Interior until the President in Mar. 1853 transferred the function to the Secretary of War. A later act, Mar. 3, 1855 (10 Stat. 663), had made an appropriation to build a new dome over the central part of the Capitol according to a plan designed by Walter. Although the new chambers for the Houses of Congress were in use before the Civil War, neither the exterior work nor the new dome had been completed when war began. Construction was suspended in May 1861 but was resumed in 1862 and carried on throughout the war, in spite of difficulty in getting materials and recruiting workAt the beginning of the war an engineer officer was still supervising the work, but by a joint resolution of Apr. 16, 1862 (12 Stat. 617), the function was returned to the Secretary of the Interior, and Walter was again put in charge of the work. He was concerned only with the new construction projects; the care and maintenance of the Capitol was the responsibility of the Commissioner of Public Buildings (see above). Secretary of the Interior Smith also assigned Walter to continue work on the Patent Office Building, to enlarge the Library of Congress, and to extend the building for the Government Printing Office. On May 23, 1865, Secretary Usher put Commissioner of Public Buildings French in charge of all work on Federal buildings in the District of Columbia. The work on the Capitol and the other buildings under Walter's supervision was then nearly completed, and he resigned his position and returned to Philadelphia. Edward Clark, who had been his assistant, succeeded him as Architect of the Capitol. Thomas U. Walter served as Architect of the Capitol from June 11, 1851, to May 31, 1865.

Glenn Brown, History of the United States Capitol (S. Doc. 60, 56 Cong., 1 sess., Serial 3849; Washington, 1900, 1903. 2 vols.);

Ihna T. Frary, They Built the Capitol (Richmond, 1940); Homer T. Rosenberger, "Thomas Ustick Walter and the Completion of the United

States Capitol," Columbia Histori-
cal Society, Records, 50:273-322
(1948-50); Documentary History of
the Construction and Development

of the United States Capitol Building and Grounds (H. Rept. 646, 58 Cong., 2 sess., Serial 4585; Washington, 1904).

Records in Other Custody. --The Office of the Architect of the Capitol has retained the records relating to construction on the Capitol in the 1850's and 1860's. They include correspondence, contracts for art works, ledgers, vouchers, and drawings. Walter took back to Philadelphia a great many drawings; some 500 of these were bought from his daughters in 1910. Other drawings that the Architect presumably stored in the Library of Congress while it was in the Capitol are still in the Library. Also in the Library are notebooks and diaries of Montgomery C. Meigs, superintendent of construction at the Capitol from 1853 to 1859. The Meigs collection includes some photographs of the Capitol. Papers of Alexander B. Mc Farlan, a stonecutter, mason, and plasterer who worked on the extension of the Capitol, are in the Library of Congress; they include 40 letters from Meigs and notes on materials used and wages paid. Pictures relating to the construction of the Capitol, acquired from official sources, are in the Smithsonian Institution's Division of Transportation.

Correspondence, including letters from Walter and Clark, and other papers relating to the construction of the extension of the Capitol and the building of the new dome, applications for appointment, and letters to architects are in the rec

ords of the Office of the Secretary of
the Interior (Record Group 48). Other
materials relating to the Capitol are
in the records of the Commissioner
of Public Buildings and Public Parks
of the National Capital (Record Group
42).

WASHINGTON AQUEDUCT OFFICE

Early reports of the Secretary of the Interior recommended the introduction of an adequate water supply into Washington both for public health and for protecting public buildings and records against fire. After a survey authorized by an act of Apr. 21, 1852 (10 Stat. 92), construction of a 9-foot conduit had been begun in 1853 under Capt. Montgomery C. Meigs of the Corps of Engineers. The conduit, constructed from Great Falls in Maryland to Georgetown and roughly paralleling the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, had to bridge the Cabin John Valley and other stream valleys. Completed in Dec. 1863, the system was opened for regular service in July 1864 after some leaks had been discovered and repaired. Large pipes leading from the distributing reservoir in Georgetown supplied the Government buildings and were tapped by the corporations of Washington and Georgetown, which supplied water to their residents. On July 15, 1862, under an act of June 18 (12 Stat. 620), supervision of the aqueduct construction was transferred from the War to the Interior Department, and a civil engineer replaced the engineer officer. The civilian staff of the Aqueduct Office included also a principal assistant engineer, an assistant superintendent, a clerk and disbursing agent, and a supervisor of water distribution. An act of Mar. 2, 1867 (14 Stat. 466), however, returned the superintendence of the Washington Aqueduct to the Corps of Engineers.

Successive Superintendents of the Office during the war period:
Capt. Henry W. Benham, July 17, 1860.