plantations and the employment of laborers thereon." Pierce's activities were reduced by the transfer of such affairs from the Treasury to the War Department on July 1, 1862. On May 1, 1863, however, a full-fledged Treasury agency was established in the parts of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida occupied by U. S. troops operating from the south.

Pierce was appointed Supervising Special Agent, and about June 1863 the region he administered became the Fourth Special Agency, comprising the States of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. Albert C. Browne succeeded Pierce as Supervising Special Agent of the then Fourth Special Agency on Sept. 23, 1863, and under the reorganization of July 1864 much of what had constituted the Fourth Special Agency became the Fifth--"the south and east part of Florida, including Key West," South Carolina, and the part of Georgia occupied by U. S. forces operating from the south. (The western part of Florida was put under the Third Special Agency and later was absorbed by the Ninth. The part of Georgia occupied by U. S. forces operating from the north was put under the First Special Agency.) The boundaries of the Fifth Special Agency were considerably modified by amended general regulations of Apr. 25, 1865, creating the Eighth Special Agency, consisting of South Carolina and "so much of the State of Georgia as lies in and east of the valley of the Ogeechee river, including the city of Savannah."

Record Group 56. --The records, 1863-66 (ca. 37 vols. and many unbound papers), comprise general correspondence, regulations, accounts, and reports; records of shipping and property registration; records relating to the Sea Islands area of South Carolina; and a very few records relating to Florida. The Sea Islands records--pertaining to Beaufort, Hilton Head, etc. --are among the most important of this agency. They consist of a sales book of captured, confiscated, or abandoned property; schedules of appraised captured or abandoned property; papers relating to the establishment of trade and to supply stores; and papers relating to incoming and outgoing shipments and to supplies for families and plantations. Still more important is the "Port Royal Correspondence"--original letters to Secretary Chase, 1861-62 (1 vol.), from officials concerned with Port Royal after its capture in Nov. 1861, particularly the military authorities, the collector of customs at New York, Lt. Col. William H. Reynolds (detailed from the War Department to handle cotton captured at Port Royal and other Southern ports), and E. L. Pierce. The correspondence gives details about the establishment of Federal authority in this important coastal region and the exploitation of the famous "Sea Island cotton" and describes the earliest means adopted to care for and educate the freedmen. Also among the records of this agency are those of or relating to Gazaway Bugg Lamar, an important Confederate financier, president of the Bank Convention of the Confederate States and an active blockade runner. The Lamar records include personal letter books, 1861-65 (4 vols.); the "Lamar Cotton Books, " 1862-64 (2 vols.); stock books of the Southern Steamship Co. of Alabama and Georgia and of the Exporting and Importing Co. of Georgia, 1863 (2 vols.); newspaper clippings, 1865; and a record of shipping marks of seized cotton at Thomasville, Ga.

Sixth Special Agency (North Carolina)

North Carolina, within the jurisdiction of the original Third Special Agency from Sept. 11, 1863, was constituted as the Sixth Special Agency under the reorganization of July 1864, "excepting so much thereof as lies

north of Albemarle sound and east of Chowan river." David Heaton, who had headed the old Third Agency, continued as Supervising Special Agent of the Sixth.

Record Group 56. --The records, ca. 1863-65 (17 vols. and many unbound papers), comprise Heaton's correspondence and reports; accounts and reports of local special agents; applications to set up trade and supply stores; applications to import or export and to ship products locally; a record of cotton and miscellaneous property received and shipped; Heaton's account with C. B. Dibble & Co., New York City; records of leases of abandoned plantations and other property; records of vessel arrivals and departures, coastwise inbound manifests, cargo manifests, and internal revenue tax collections at Wilmington, N. C.; and records of the sale or other disposition of captured and abandoned property. Heaton's scanty correspondence includes the original of a letter to Maj. Gen. B. F. Butler, June 23, 1864; a copy of a letter to Lt. Gen. U. S. Grant, Apr. 24, 1865; and two printed letters, May 24, 1864, to Chase, and Feb. 11, 1865, to Fessenden, concerning the work of the agency.

Record Group 105. --A record of leases at Wilmington, N. C., Mar. 21July 13, 1865, is among the records of the Assistant Commissioner for North Carolina of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands; see under War Department.

Seventh Special Agency (Virginia, North Carolina)

Under Treasury regulations of July 29, 1864, the Seventh Special Agency comprised "that section of country lying east of the Alleghany mountains, and extending southwardly to include so much of the State of North Carolina as lies north of Albemarle sound and east of Chowan river." Most of this area had been under the jurisdiction of the old Second Special Agency, created Sept. 11, 1863. Hanson A. Riley, who had headed that agency, became Supervising Special Agent of the Seventh; he was later to become Solicitor of the Treasury.

Record Group 56. --The records of the old Second Special Agency and the successor Seventh Special Agency, ca. 1863-65 (75 vols. and many unbound papers), were and are kept together. They are of particular interest because they relate to agency jurisdiction over an area largely under U. S. military control. The Supervising Special Agent had his office in Washington, D. C., and was in direct contact with the Treasury Department. His records consist of letters received and sent, with registers; some miscellaneous papers (including returns for taxes on salaries paid); and reports received of customs transactions.

Among this agency's records are those of local and assistant special agents at Norfolk (concerning captured or seized and abandoned property, collection of rents, and trade stores); at Hagerstown, Md., and Harper's Ferry (especially interesting because of the military activity in this area and relating primarily to the capture and seizure of property); and at Alexandria, Va. (concerning captured and abandoned property, "traders" in the city, and the restoration of personal property). Comprehensive records apparently maintained by agency headquarters chiefly concern internal and coastwise commerce and include reports from customs officers and agents and authorizations to trade and to open trade stores. There are also many account books.

Records of liaison with the military include a few papers, Sept. 21,

1863-Feb. 18, 1864, and a bound volume, Sept. 21, 1863-Aug. 6, 1864, recording conferences with military commanders (Brig. Gen. B. F. Kelley, Maj. Gen. George G. Meade, Maj. Gen. George S. Shipley, and others); inventories of captured and abandoned property in the hands of or turned over by the military (several vols. ); and military permits, 1863-65, to transport food and other goods through the lines, with registers.

Eighth Special Agency (South Carolina, Georgia)

By the Treasury Department's amended general regulations of Apr. 25, 1865, two more Special Agencies were established. One of these, the Eighth, comprised South Carolina and "so much of the State of Georgia as lies in and east of the valley of the Ogeechee river including the city of Savannah." T. C. Callicot, who had been Supervising Special Agent of the First Special Agency, was transferred to head the Eighth.

Record Group 56. --The relatively few records of this agency contain several items of interest: some copies of Confederate papers made by or for the agency; a record of "cotton shipped A. 1.," Nov. 20, 1861-Feb. 7, 1865, certified by a former officer of the Confederate customhouse at Charleston on Jan. 10, 1866; estimates of disbursements and monthly accounts current, 1865-66; a cotton registration book, Mar.-May 1865; and records of leases for houses and tenements at Charleston, June-July 1865.

Ninth Special Agency (Florida, Alabama)

By the Treasury Department's amended general regulations of Apr. 25, 1865, the new Ninth Special Agency included the "west part of Florida and so much of the State of Alabama as lies south of the Alabama and Mississippi Railroad." The Alabama area was slightly curtailed in Aug. 1865 to the part of the State south of Sumter, Marengo, Dallas, Lowndes, and Russell Counties. T. C. A. Dexter was appointed Supervising Special Agent in Apr. 1865; he resigned in October and was succeeded by J. M. Tomeny. (Dexter was later arrested and charged with fraud during his term of office.) Record Group 56.--The records, ca. 1865-66 (38 vols. and a few unbound papers), consist of general correspondence; records of the Pensacola, Apalachicola, and Mobile offices; and records relating to cotton transactions. Incoming letters, addressed chiefly to Dexter, include letters from Secretary McCulloch, Assistant Secretary Hartley, and Commissioner of Customs Sargent. (A volume of Tomeny's letters sent, begun in the Second Special Agency and continued in the Ninth, is with the records of the former agency, Memphis office.) Records concerning cotton relate to seizures, steamer shipments, collections, and deliveries; there are a "cotton book" in which appears (p. 172) a general summary of cotton received by Tomeny, Nov. 1, 1865-Mar. 31, 1866, and its disposition; and a "cotton register," June 2Sept. 30, 1865 (3 vols.).

U. S. PURCHASING AGENTS

Sec. 8 of an act of July 2, 1864 (13 Stat. 377), provided for the appointment by the Secretary of the Treasury of agents authorized "to purchase for the United States any products of states declared in insurrection," paying no more than three-quarters of their market value and drawing only on the funds received from the sale of captured or abandoned property.

Secretary McCulloch discontinued the work of these agents east of the Mississippi as of June 13, 1865, and west of the Mississippi as of June 24, "returning to sellers all property or money received or collected since those dates." After the suspension of purchases, the agents' duties were confined to the securing of property, chiefly cotton, captured by Federal military forces.

Records of two of the purchasing agents (at New Orleans and Memphis) are sufficiently extensive to warrant separate entries, below. There is, in addition, an order book of the purchasing agent at Nashville.

U. S. Purchasing Agent at New Orleans

On Oct. 1, 1864, O. N. Cutler was appointed U. S. Purchasing Agent at New Orleans. He bought cotton almost exclusively, and he also arranged for its sale. Much of the cotton was consigned for sale to the collector of customs at New York, who also acted as cotton agent, and some was resold to those from whom it had been purchased. Cutler's activities ended about July 1, 1865.

Record Group 56. --Records of products (chiefly cotton) purchased, received, and sold, 1864-65 (5 vols. and unbound papers).

U. S. Purchasing Agent at Memphis

From Oct. 5, 1864, to about June 24, 1865, George H. Ellery was U. S. Purchasing Agent at Memphis. His office was known informally as the U. S. Cotton Agency.

Record Group 56. --Records of the purchase, sale, and shipment of cotton, 1864-65 (18 vols. and unbound papers); telegrams from New York giving daily cotton quotations, Jan. 28-June 23, 1865; and a "daily record," Dec. 1864-May 1865, giving both New York and St. Louis quotations.

VII. WAR DEPARTMENT

When Fort Sumter was attacked the entire military force at the disposal of the Government amounted to 16, 006 Regulars, stationed principally in the West to hold the Indians in check. The call for 75, 000 volunteers for 3 months' service, in Apr. 1861, was favorably received. Under an act of July 22, 1861 (12 Stat. 268), the States were asked to furnish 500, 000 volunteers to serve not more than 3 years; and by an act of July 29, 1861 (12 Stat. 279), the addition of 25, 000 men to the Regular Army was authorized. Recruiting for the Regular Army, however, was ineffectual because young men preferred the volunteer service; and in consequence 153 companies of the authorized Regular Army were still unorganized on May 31, 1865. By mid-July of that year, however, with the reduction of the volunteer force, the ranks of these regular companies were filled.

The aggregate' of the quotas charged against the several States, under all calls made by the President from Apr. 15, 1861, to Apr. 14, 1865, when drafting and recruiting ceased, was 2, 759, 049; and the aggregate credited on the several calls and inducted into the service of the United States (in the Army, Navy, and Marine Corps) was 2, 656, 553. This number did not include the "emergency men" called into service during the summer of 1863 by the States of New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, or those furnished by the States of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois during the "Morgan raid"--amounting in all to more than 120, 000 men, who served for periods of some 2 or 3 weeks. Furthermore, it was the rule of the Department "to take into account the whole number of men mustered, without regard to the fact that the same persons may have been previously discharged, after having been accepted and credited on previous calls."

The withdrawal of Southerners or Southern sympathizers tended at once to weaken the Army and the War Department. The 313 officers who resigned from the service constituted nearly a third of all those in the Army. Among them were Adj. Gen. Samuel Cooper, who resigned on Mar. 7, 1861, and Q. M. Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, who resigned on Apr. 22. Many employees on the regular staff of the Secretary's office and the bureaus also resigned. (See S. Ex. Doc. 7, 38 Cong., 1 sess., Serial 1176, for a list of officers of the Regular Army who left the service between Dec. 1, 1860, and Dec. 1, 1863, indicating which of them did so "to engage in the rebellion against the government of the United States. ") The effects of the war were felt initially by the Quartermaster General's, Ordnance, Commissary, Medical, and Adjutant General's bureaus. As Meneely observed in The War Department, 1861:

The Quartermaster Office was extremely hard pressed by the demands made upon it by the army for quartermasters and assistants. Many