M. Cook's testimony on President Lincoln's mission to Richmond immediately after the evacuation, and Dorence Atwater's testimony on the burial lists kept at Andersonville, Ga.); (3) Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi,and Arkansas (containing Clara Barton's testimony on her work of identifying and marking graves at Andersonville); and (4) Florida, Louisiana, and Texas. The testimony is rich in material showing Southern social attitudes, particularly toward Yankees, freedmen, and Southern loyalists, during the war and in the early stages of military occupation; the division of Protestant church organizations (North and South) formerly national; the state of the church during the war (many ministers testified); and operations of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands. The majority and minority reports and the testimony were printed as H. Rept. 30, 39 Cong., 1 sess., Serial 1273; the majority report was printed also as S. Rept. 112, 39 Cong., 1 sess., Serial 1240.

Record Group 128. --A few petitions referred to the committee concerning restoration of the States of the former Confederacy to representation in Congress; also the incomplete manuscript of the committee's report.

Record Group 46. --The report of the minority, June 19, 1866, as (first?) printed in a newspaper (39A-D2).

Record Group 233. --Some papers of the committee (39A-F28. 3). Records in other custody. --The manuscript of the committee's journal is in the Columbia University Library, through circumstances related in Benjamin B. Kendrick, The Journal of the Joint Committee of Fifteen on Reconstruction (New York, 1914), which prints it in full. The journal was important in the case of San Mateo County v. Southern Pacific Railroad Company (116 U. S. 138). It relates to the genesis of the Fourteenth Amendment.

Joint Select Committee on Retrenchment

Authorized by concurrent resolution of July 19, 1866, "to inquire into the expenditures in all the branches of the service of the United States, and to report whether any, and what, offices ought to be abolished; whether any, and what, salaries or allowances ought to be reduced; what are the methods of procuring accountability in public officers or agents in the care and disbursement of public moneys; whether moneys have been paid out illegally; whether any officers or agents or other persons have been or are employed in the service without authority of law, or unnecessarily; and generally how, and to what extent, the expenses of the service of the country may and The committee was composed initially of Senators ought to be curtailed. George F. Edmunds (Vt.), George H. Williams (Oreg.), and Charles R. Buckalew (Pa.), and Representatives Robert S. Hale (N. Y.), Robert C. Schenck (Ohio), Thomas A. Jenckes (R. I.), Samuel J. Randall (Pa.), and John L. Thomas (Md.). Serving subsequently on the committee were Senator James W. Patterson (N. H.) and Representatives Charles H. Van Wyck (N. Y.), Samuel J. Randall (Pa.), John A. Logan (Ill.), William B. Washburn (Mass.), Martin Welker (Ohio), George A. Halsey (N. J.), John F. The committee was renewed Benjamin (Mo.), and Jacob Benton (N. H.). and continued in the 40th Congress; and a joint committee with the same and duties was authorized in the 41st Congress, to consider matpowers ters remaining undisposed of.

This committee is perhaps best known for its recommendations on the reform of the Civil Service (H. Rept. 47, 40 Cong., 2 sess., Serial 1358),

but its investigations pertaining to the Civil War included an inquiry into methods employed by the Treasury Department in printing U. S. bonds, notes, and securities (S. Rept. 273, 40 Cong., 3 sess., Serial 1362); and the investigation of a charge of the abstraction of registered bonds issued under an act of Mar. 3, 1863 (H. Rept. 23, 40 Cong., 2 sess., Serial 1357).

Record Group 128. --Only two reports from the Treasury Department; also the original of S. Rept. 273, 40 Cong., 3 sess.

Record Group 46. -- The originals of S. Repts. 47 and 256, 41 Cong., 2 sess., and 380, 41 Cong., 3 sess. (41A-D1).

40TH CONGRESS

Joint Select Committee on Ordnance

Authorized Mar. 30, 1867, "to investigate the purchases, contracts, and experiments of the ordnance department." The committee consisted of Senators Jacob M. Howard (Mich.), Simon Cameron (Pa.), and Charles D. Drake (Mo.), and Representatives Robert C. Schenck (Ohio), John A. Logan (Ill.), and Benjamin F. Butler (Mass.). Continuation of the committee in the 2d and 3d sessions of the 40th Congress was authorized.

The committee kept "distinct and separate, as they relate specifically to the two bureaus of ordnance," its investigations of the testing and procurement of heavy guns or cannon, projectiles and ammunition for smoothbore guns, projectiles and ammunition for rifled guns, muzzle-loading small arms and ammunition for them, breech-loading small arms and ammunition for them, and gun carriages. In the words of the preliminary report, the "importance of these inquiries will be appreciated when it is considered that during the late rebellion the purchases, contracts, and experiments made by the Ordnance Department of the army alone for the trial and supply of projectiles of this class cost the United States very nearly, if not altogether, the sum of seven millions of dollars. But more especially will it be felt when it is remembered how at Fort Fisher, Morris Island, and the many battle-fields of the Union, this arm of the service from some cause failed not only to realize the expectations of the people, but did, in fact, largely contribute to the disasters which befel [sic] us.

The committee found that certain correspondence between the Chief of Ordnance and his principal subordinates at armories and arsenals on the subjects under investigation had been destroyed "under the pretense that the whole of such correspondence was private and confidential"; it found furthermore that "for evident purposes of concealment, the Chief of Ordnance kept no record in his office of any of these transactions, and that the correspondence thus destroyed was the only written memoranda of the many official acts to which it related, and that these destroyed documents were, in fact, in form, and substance, official documents, under which the public business at said armories and arsenals was influenced and controlled." The committee's second report (S. Rept. 266, 40 Cong., 3 sess., Serial 1362) evaluated particularly the ordnance of the Navy (Ames, Rodman, and Dahlgren guns) and presented its conclusions with respect to the ordnance departments of both the Army and the Navy; the appended testimony includes that of Horatio Ames, Norman Wiard, and Rear Adm. John A. Dahlgren. The committee reported also on the petition of Horatio Ames for compensation for guns furnished the Navy Department (S. Rept. 201,

40 Cong., 3 sess., Serial 1362); on the memorial of Norman Wiard concerning the annulment of wartime contracts with the Navy Department for the manufacture of guns (H. Rept. 6, 40 Cong., 3 sess., Serial 1388); and on Bvt. Maj. Gen. A. B. Dyer's request that formal charges be preferred against him (S. Rept. 189, 40 Cong., 2 sess., Serial 1320).

Record Group 46. --The only extant committee paper is a petition of Norman Wiard for the abolition of government "manufactories" (40A-H27). There is also the incomplete original of the committee's preliminary report, which was printed as S. Rept. 173, 40 Cong., 2 sess., Serial 1320 (40A-D1).

42D CONGRESS

Joint Select Committee to Inquire Into the Condition of the Late Insurrectionary States

Although this committee concerned itself primarily with postwar conditions, focusing its attention upon the "Ku Klux Conspiracy" (the subtitle of its final report), the testimony it heard frequently related to wartime events or conditions. The committee was created by a joint resolution agreed to by the House on Mar. 20, 1871, and by the Senate on Apr. 17. It was composed initially of Senators John Scott (Pa.), Zachariah Chandler (Mich.), Benjamin F. Rice (Ark.), John Pool (N. C.), Daniel D. Pratt (Ind.), Francis P. Blair, Jr. (Mo.), and Thomas F. Bayard (Del.); and Representatives Luke P. Poland (Vt.), Horace Maynard (Tenn.), Glenni W. Scofield (Pa.), Burton C. Cook (Ill.), John Coburn (Ind.), Job E. Stevenson (Ohio), Charles W. Buckley (Ala.), William E. Lansing (N. Y.), Samuel S. Cox (N. Y.), James B. Beck (Ky.), Daniel W. Voorhees (Ind.), Philadelph Van Trump (Ohio), Alfred M. Waddell (N. C.), and James C. Robinson (Ill.). In the 2d session of the 42d Congress Cook, Buckley, Voorhees, and Waddell were dropped from the committee and John F. Farnsworth (Ill.), Benjamin F. Butler (Mass.), and James M. Hanks (Ark.) were added.

By the creating resolution the committee was directed "to inquire into the condition of the late insurrectionary States, so far as regards the execution of the laws and the safety of the lives and property of the citizens of the United States." It held its first meeting on Apr. 20, 1871. Its final report (S. Rept. 41, 42 Cong., 2 sess., Serials 1484-1496) consists of 13 volumes, as follows:

Part 1. Report of the committee and the views of the minority. Part 2. Testimony taken by the committee in relation to North Carolina, and the report of the trials in the United States circuit court held at Raleigh.

Parts 3-4. Testimony taken by the committee in relation to South Carolina, and the report of the trials in the United States circuit court held at Columbia.

Parts 6-7. Testimony taken by the committee in relation to Georgia. Parts 8-10. Testimony taken by the committee in relation to Alabama. Parts 11-12. Testimony taken by the committee in relation to Missis sippi.

Part 13. Miscellaneous testimony taken by the committee, testimony in relation to Florida, and miscellaneous documents.

2

Record Group 128. --The committee's journal, incomplete (Feb. 10, 17, and 19, 1872), identified as "Journal of Kuklux Committee."

Record Group 46. --The originals of the committee's reports, as follows: S. Repts. 6, 7, 15, and 41, 42 Cong., 2 sess. (42A-D1).

SENATE

The Senate of the United States was established by Article I, Section 1, of the Constitution. Until the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment the two Senators from each State were chosen by State legislatures; this was, therefore, the practice during the Civil War. Although the Senate shares the lawmaking power with the House of Representatives, the House has the sole right to originate bills to raise revenue, and by custom the House originates general appropriation bills. Although revenue and appropriation bills originate in the House, the Senate may approve or amend them.

In addition to the legislative function, the Constitution vests certain other powers in the Senate. Section 3 of Article I provides that "The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments, "and Section 5 provides that "Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Returns, and Qualifications of its own Members"; thus the Senate has occasional judicial functions. Article II, which sets forth the powers of the President, vests in him the power to make treaties and to appoint certain officers of the United States but limits that power with the proviso requiring the advice and consent of the Senate.

The Senate occupied a small chamber in the Capitol until 1859, when it moved to a larger chamber in the newly constructed Senate Wing. By the outbreak of the Civil War, as now, the general structure of the Senate had changed very little since it was created. At the beginning of each Congress new members were sworn in and committees were reorganized. The chief changes in the organization of the Senate that concern those interested in Senate records are the changes that have affected the committees. An explanation of such changes during the Civil War is given below.

When secession was imminent, the South Carolina Senators in the 36th Congress--James Chesnut, Jr., and James H. Hammond--withdrew from the Senate on Nov. 10 and 11, 1860. On Jan. 21, 1861, David Levy Yulee (Fla.), Stephen R. Mallory (Fla.), Clement C. Clay, Jr. (Ala.), Benjamin Fitzpatrick (Ala.), and Jefferson Davis (Miss.) announced in the Senate their intention to withdraw, and they did so before Jan. 24. Albert G. Brown (Miss.) withdrew on Jan. 12, 1861; Alfred Iverson (Ga.) withdrew on Jan. 28; Robert Toombs (Ga.) did not occupy his seat after Feb. 4; Judah P. Benjamin and John Slidell (La.) withdrew on Feb. 4; and Alfred O. P. Nicholson (Tenn.) withdrew on Mar. 3. Although a few Senators from the seceded States returned in the 37th Congress, their seats were declared vacant by Senate resolution of Mar. 14, 1861; and the Arkansas and North Carolina Senators were expelled on July 11, 1861 (after their States had seceded in May). Virginia was represented in the Senate of the 37th Congress by Waitman T. Willey and John S. Carlile, after the withdrawal and expulsion of James M. Mason and Robert M. T. Hunter, and in the Senate of the 38th Congress by Carlile and Lemuel J. Bowden; the new State of West Virginia was represented in the 38th Congress; but the seats of Senators from the following seceded States remained vacant from the 38th Congress until the States' readmission after the war: Alabama,

Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina,
South Carolina, Tennessee, and Texas.

As Vice President of the United States, Hannibal Hamlin presided over the Senate in the 37th and 38th Congresses; in his absence the successive Presidents pro tempore of the Senate in these Congresses were Solomon Foote and Daniel Clark. Asbury Dickens and John W. Forney served successively as Secretary of the Senate.

The printed journals of the Senate for the Civil War period are in the congressional serials as follows:

Record Group 46. --The Senate records consist only of those pertaining to the official business of the Senate that were filed with the Secretary of the Senate or that remained in the hands of Senate committees and eventually were transferred to the National Archives. The records therefore do not include personal papers of the presiding officer of the Senate or of individual Senators, but the official records are useful in conjunction with the personal papers deposited elsewhere. For this reason the chairmen of standing committees and the members of select committees of the Senate in the period covered by this Guide are named below in the sections devoted to such committees.

For the three Congresses of primary concern for Civil War research (36th, 37th, and 38th) the Senate legislative proceedings consist of legislative journals (8 vols.), bills and resolutions originating in the Senate (19 ft.), and bills and resolutions originating in the House and considered in the Senate (12 ft.). The records also include the election records, pertaining to electoral votes and the credentials of Senators (4 ft.), and miscellaneous other records, including the record of yeas and nays and messages from the House of Representatives (2 ft.).

There are about 14 feet of original Senate committee reports for the three Congresses, and about 18 feet of papers of Senate committees (both standing and select). Petitions, memorials, resolutions of State legislatures, and related documents--usually but not always referred to commit