2. When the subjunctive mode suppresses the conjunction if or though, the Subject-nominative follows the verb; as, Were (Sub.)

it true, I should rejoice."

3. When neither or nor is used for and not, the Subject-nominative follows the verb; as, 66 The eye that saw him shall see him no more, neither shall his (Sub.) place any more behold him." was his fear, nor was his (Sub.) apprehension groundless."

"This

4. When a Neuter or a Passive verb is preceded by a preposition and its case, or by the adverbs here, hence, these, thence, now, then, hereafter, thus, the Subject-nominative follows the verb; as, "Here was the (Sub.) tomb," &c.

5. After such verbs as to say, to think, the Subject-nominative follows the verb; as, "Trim,' said my (Sub.) uncle Toby."

6. When the sentence begins with an emphatic adjective, the Subject-nominative follows the verb; as, “Wonderful are thy (Sub.)

works."

7. When the adverb there precedes the verb, the Subject-nominative follows the verb; as, "There was neither (Sub.) knocker nor (Sub.) bell-handle at the door where Oliver and his master stopped."

EXERCISES IN SYNTAX.

1. In these exercises some of the examples have the letters C. S. affixed to them, to indicate Correct Syntax. This class of examples is intended to illustrate the corresponding rule or note, and impress it on the memory of the learner. The Teacher, after the example has been read, is expected to ask the Pupil to state the rule or note, and also its particular application to the example. Thus the rule is made to explain the syntax of the example, and the example to illustrate the meaning of the rule.

2. Some of the examples have the letters F. S. affixed to them, to indicate False Syntax. Examples of this class the learner is expected to correct, and to give the rule or note for the correction, as before.

3. Some of the examples have the sign of equality (=) affixed to them, to indicate Grammatical Equivalents, which the pupil is expected to give. The practice of finding grammatical equivalents, if persevered in, will be of great value in giving the pupil command of language. See Section DXL.

4. It is also earnestly urged upon the Teacher that he should require the Pupils to select examples from other books under each rule and note. This will both test and increase their knowledge of the rule or note in its practical application.

RULE I.-a. God tempers the wind to the shorn lamb. C. S. (In this example, God is the Subject of the verb tempers, and is in the nominative case.)

b. Truth is the daughter of Time. C. S. Here daughter is the Predicate of the verb is, and is in the nominative case.

c. Penn, despairing of relief in Europe, bent the whole energy of his mind to accomplish the establishment of a free government in the New World. C. S.

d. Brutus was, from his youth up, a student of philosophy, and well versed in the systems of the Greeks. C. S.

e. Them are the books purchased for the free library. F. S.

f. The nations not so bless'd as thee

Must, in their turn, to tyrants fall;

While thou shalt flourish great and free,

The dread and envy of them all.-THOMSON. F. S.

Note I.-a. At length, the Russians being masters of the field of battle, our troops retired, the uproar ceased, and a mournful silence ensued. C. S.

b. Shame being lost, all virtue is lost.

C. S.

c. The atmosphere's being clear, and my sight good, I beheld the ship in the far distance approaching. F. S.

d. Him being on deck, we gave three cheers to the good ship. F. S.

e. There being many other passages relative to the subject, he refuses to make a premature decision.

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f.

Can the Muse,

Her feeble wing all damp with earthly dew,
Soar to that bright empyreal?

Note II. -a. O Faithful Love, by poverty embraced !
Thy heart is fire, amid a wintry waste;

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Thy joys are roses, born on Hecla's brow;

Thy home is Eden, warm amid the snow.-ELLIOTT. C. S.

b. O full of all subtlety and mischief, thee child of the devil,

F. S.

Note III.-a. My friends, do they now and then send a wish or a thought after me?— COWPER. C. S.

b. And the souls of thine enemies; them shall he sling as out of the middle of a sling. C. S.

Note IV. A sail! a sail! How speaks the telescope? C. S.

Note V.-The Royal Exchange. The Duke of Wellington. C. S.

Note VI. Thus Satan; and him thus the Anarch old,
With faltering speech, and visage incomposed,
Answered.-MILTON. C. S.

Note VII.-a. Who invented the safety-lamp? Sir Humphry Davy.

b. Who discovered America? Columbus.

Here let the pupils bring forward examples which they have selected to illustrate the rule and notes. /

SECTION CCCCLXXXIII.-POSSESSIVE OR GENITIVE CASE.

RULE II.-A Noun used to limit another noun by denoting PosSESSION OF ORIGIN is put in the Possessive Case; as, "Washington's prudence saved his country." "Solomon's Temple was for generations the glory of Palestine."

In the last example, Temple denotes any temple; Solomon's limits it to the particular one which Solomon built. So in the first example, the noun prudence is limited by the noun Washington's.

Note I.—The limited Substantive is frequently omitted, that is, understood, when no mistake can arise; as, "Let us go to St. Paul's;" that is, church. "Nor think a lover's are but fancied woes;" that is, a lover's woes. In these cases there is an ellipsis of the governing word. See figures of Syntax. In Latin, ad Diance = ad ædem Diana.

Note II.-When the thing possessed is the common property of two or more possessors, the sign of the possessive is suffixed only to the last noun; as, John, Thomas, and James's house;" that is, a house of which the joint ownership is vested in these three persons.

Note III.-But when the thing possessed is the individual and separate property of two or more possessors, the sign of the possessive is suffixed to each noun; as, "He has the surgeon's and the physician's opinion;" that is, he has the opinion of the surgeon and the opinion of the physician, and these opinions may differ the one from the other. "For thou art Freedom's now, and Fame's;

One of the few, the immortal names

That were not born to die."-HALLECK.

Note IV.-The possessive case may sometimes be resolved into the Objective with the preposition of; as, "Napoleon's army" may be changed into "the army of Napoleon." This is an instance of Grammatical equivalents. Napoleon's army the army of

Napoleon.

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But though the Saxon or English Genitive is often convertible into what has been called the Norman or the Analytic Genitive, yet in some cases it cannot be. Thus, "the Lord's day" is the Christian Sabbath; "the day of the Lord is the day of Judgment. When the general relation of simple possession is intended, either may be used. But when the one substantive denotes merely the substance or matter, or some quality or thing characteristic of the other, the Norman form is used; as, "A crown of gold;" man of wisdom." These are not convertible into the English Genitive. "Cloth of wool" cannot be converted into "". wool's cloth;" 66 nor a cup of water" into "water's cup ;" nor the "idea of an angel" into " an angel's idea."

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a

Note V.-When the thing possessed is only one of a number belonging to the possessor, both the possessive case and of are used; as, "A friend of his brother's," implying that his brother has more friends than one; "the picture of my friend's," signifying that it is one of several belonging to him. For these we have the Grammatical equivalents: "one of his brother's friends;" "this is one of my friend's pictures." "This picture of my friend" suggests a different meaning, namely, a likeness of my friend. The form indicated by this rule has been called the double possessive.

Note VI.-A Noun depending upon a Participle used as a noun, is put in the possessive case; as, He was averse to the nation's involving itself in war ;"" the time of William's making the experiment at length arrived." Here involving in the one case, and making in the other, are used as nouns, and are governed by the prepositions to and of.

Note VII.-Sometimes two or three words in a state of Government may be dealt with as a single word in the possessive; as, "The King of Saxony's army." In this expression three things are evident: 1. That the army is spoken of as belonging not to the country Saxony, but to the king of that country. 2. That the sign of the possessive naturally comes after the word King; as, "The King's army." 3. That, as the expression stands, the army appears to be spoken of as belonging to Saxony. Yet this is not the fact. The truth is, that the whole expression is dealt with as a single word. So we say "Simpkin and Marshall's bookseller's shop."

Note VIII. The possessive case, like the adjective, belongs to the Attributive combination, and is often a Grammatical equivalent to the adjective. The King's cause = the Royal cause. Caesar's party the Caesarean party. So closely connected in force is the possessive case with the adjective, that some grammarians call it an adjective. Note IX.-Ambiguous expressions, like the following, should be avoided, when it can be done. Thus, the love of God may mean, objectively, "our love to him ;" or, subjectively, "his love to us.' The injuries of the Helvetii the injuries done by them, subjectively, or the injuries done to them, objectively. "The reformation of Luther" denotes either the change on others, the object, or the change on himself, the subject. "The reformation by Luther, or in Luther," removes the ambiguity. The connection will sometimes explain the meaning of such expressions.

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Note X.-The frequent recurrence either of the Analytic possessive or of the Inflective possessive should be avoided. See Exercises.

Note XI.-When the first noun ends in s, the s is often annexed to the apostrophe in prose, but frequently omitted in poetry; as, "James's book ;" "Miss's shoes ;" "Achilles' wrath to Greece the direful spring."

Note XII.-The s after the apostrophe is omitted when the first noun has the sounc of 8 in each of the last two syllables, and the second noun begins with that of s; as, For righteousness' sake; for conscience' sake. When the second noun does not begin with 8, the practice is various; as, "But we are Moses' disciples," John ix. 28. "Again, such is his (Falstaff's) deliberate exaggeration of his own vices, that it does not seem quite certain whether the account of his hostess's bill found in his pocket, with such an out-of-the-way charge for capons and sack, with only a halfpenny worth of bread,

was not put there by himself as a trick to humour the jest upon his favourite propensities and as a conscious caricature upon himself."-HAZLITT'S Lectures.

SECTION CCCCLXXXIV.-COLLOCATION.

= hominis

In the present English the Genitive or Possessive case always precedes the noun which it limits; as, The man's hat pileus; never the hat man's pileus hominis.

SECTION CCCCLXXXV.-ATTRIBUTIVE RELATION OF THE GENITIVE CASE.

A substantive in the possessive case, or under the government of the preposition of, is said, when it is the genitive relation, to be joined to a substantive attributively. The different kinds of attributive genitive relations are,

1. The relation of the active subject or agent to an action or effect: "The course of the sun;" "Solomon's temple" the temple built by Solomon; "the march of an army."

2. The relation of possessor to the thing possessed: "The king's crown;" "the boy's hat;" "the garden of the poet."

3. The mutual relation of one person to another: "The boy's Father;" ." " a man's Friend."

4. The relation of a whole to its parts: "The top of a tree;" "the wheels of a carriage." This relation is also called that of the partitive genitive.

5. The relation of a quality to a person or thing: "A ring of gold," "a man of honour." The genitive formed by inflection, or the Saxon Genitive, is generally used to express the relation of the possessor, and sometimes to express the relation of the agent to an action, and the mutual relation of persons. The analytic genitive, or the Norman Genitive, as it is sometimes called, is almost always used to express the relation of quality.

EXERCISES UNDER RULE II. (THE POSSESSIVE CASE.)
RULE II.-a. Man's extremity is God's opportunity. C. S.

b. Thy forest, Windsor, and thy green retreats,
At once the monarch's and the Muse's seats,
Invite my lays.-POPE. C. S.

c. A letter on his father's table, the next morning, announced that he had accepted a commission in a regiment about to embark for Portugal.-CHARLES LAMB. C. S. d. Gray hairs are death's blossoms. C. S.

e. A mother tenderness and a father's care are nature's gifts for man advantage. F. S.

f. Whose works are these? They are Cicero's, the most eloquent of men. C. S. Note I.-Will you go to the Lord Mayor's this evening? C. S.

Note II.-a. The captain, mate, and seamen's exertions brought the ship, under Providence, safely to port. C. S.

b. Peter's, John's, and Andrew's occupation was that of fishermen. F. S.

Note III.-a. He has obtained the governor's and the secretary's signature to that document. C. S.

b. This measure gained the king as well as the people's approbation. F. S. Note IV.- -a. England's glory he promoted.

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Note V.-a. This is a discovery of Sir Isaac Newton's. C. S.

b. This is a picture of Raphael's. C. S.

Note VI.-a. Such will ever be the effect of youth's associating with vicious companions. C. S.

b. This coolness was occasioned by the queen intercepting certain letters. F. S. Note VII.-a. The anniversary of King William and Queen Mary's accession to the throne approached. C. S.

b. The Bishop's of London charge gave great offence. F. S.

Note VIII. He fought and died in defence of England's liberty

equivalent.

Note IX.-. He was influenced by the love of Christ.

equivalents.

b. He was stimulated to take arms by the injuries of England.

Give the

Note X.-a. The extent of the prerogative of the King of England is sufficiently ascertained. F. S.

b. That is my father's brother's daughter's house. F. S.

Note XI.-. Burns's poetry is the offspring of genius. C. S.

b. St. Agnes' eve-ah, bitter cold it was!

The owl, for all his feathers, was a-cold.-KEATS. C. S.

Note XII.- a. I was here introduced to Justus' son, a very pleasing young man. C. S.

b. If ye suffer for righteousness' sake, happy are ye. C. S.

SECTION CCCCLXXXVI. THE OBJECTIVE OR ACCUSATIVE CASE.

RULE III.—A noun depending on a Transitive verb is in the OBJECTIVE CASE; as, "God rules the world which he created." The objective case is complementary to a Transitive verb, and is necessary to complete the sense.

Note I.-A noun in the objective case follows an Intransitive verb when the two are kindred in Signification; as, "To live a life of virtue;" "to die the death of the righteous."

On the same principle, some transitive verbs take a second objective; as, "He struck him a severe blow."

Under this.rule may be ranged certain idioms, namely, that of using after verbs transitive or intransitive certain nouns which are not the objects of the verb nor of the same signification, but which are the names of the result of the verb's action, or closely connected with it; as, "And on their hinges grate harsh thunder."——MILTON. The crisped brook ran nectar," "grin horribly a ghastly smile;" "let them go their way;" "they turn their eyes this way and that way;" ""to look the subject in the face."

Note II.-Two nouns, the one denoting a Person and the other a Thing, each in the objective case, follow certain verbs, -namely, verbs signifying to allow, ask, deny, envy, fine, give, offer, pay, cost, promise, send, teach, tell, and some others; as, "He taught them logic;" 66 a ring cost the purchaser a sovereign," "I gave him the book," "he offered them his advice." Whom, them, and him are remains of the dative case in the Anglo-Saxon. In strictness, the word give, and a few others, govern the Dative case with the Accusative, without the preposition. In the expressions "give it to him," to whom shall I give it ?" no prepositional aid is necessary.

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Will it be said that the phrase "ask him his opinion" is elliptical for "ask of him his opinion?" This will hardly satisfy a grammarian. According to the true idea of a transitive verb, him must be the object in the phrase under consideration as much as in this, "Ask him for a guinea;" or in this, "Ask him to go." In other languages, some transitive verbs, in like manner, govern two accusatives.

In the following we have a variety of the same construction :

"Did I request thee, Maker, from my clay

To mould me man ?"-MILTON, x. 744. See Section DXI.

Note III.-Nouns in the objective case follow certain verbs in the Passive voice,namely, the verbs mentioned in the preceding note as governing two objectives in the active voice; as, "I was offered a lucrative situation," "I was promised a ship in five days;" "I was allowed great liberty.”