cia, eschinancia, esquinencia, Spanish esquinancia, esquinencia, Italian squinanzia, Latin synanche, Greek sunagche, compounded of sun, with, together, and agch, to choke), an inflammation of the throat.

7. Squirrel (French écureuil, Latin seiuriolus, diminutive from sciurus, Greek skiouros, compounded of Greek skia, a shade, and oura, a tail, as if having its tail for a shade), the name of an animal. 8. Surgeon (Norman-French surigien, French chirurgien, Portuguese surgiao, cirurgiao, Spanish cirujano, Italian chirurgo, Latin chirurgus, Greek cheirourgos, compounded of Greek cheir, a hand, and erg, to work), a corruption of chirurgeon, literally a hand-worker.

SECTION CCCCXV.-HEBREW PORTION OF OUR LANGUAGE.

The Hebrew portion of our language includes,

I. Hebrew or Phoenician words, which have come to us through the Greek and Latin, and perhaps also through the Anglo-Saxon; as, Ass, bdellium, byssus. See Section CCCCXVI.

II. Hebrew names of letters, months, measures of capacity, weights and coins, offices, celestial beings, sacred vestments, festivals, and some miscellaneous terms, which have been transferred into our common English version; as, Aleph, Abib, homer, shekel, tirshatha, cherub, ephod, Sabbath, amen.

III. Hebrew words which have passed to the Occidental nations in connection with religion, and have been modified in the Greek; as, Jubilee, Pharisee, Essene.

IV. Terms which have been adopted from the Rabbinic or later Hebrew, on account of the connection of Christian and Jewish learning; as, Mishna, Talmud, Metheg; or the same with Occidental termination; as, Rabbinism, Talmudist, Karaite.

SECTION CCCCXVI. HEBREW OR PHOENICIAN WORDS THROUGH THE GREEK AND LATIN.

7.

1. Ass, a beast of burden. 2. Bdellium, an aromatic gum. 3. Byssus, fine linen or cotton. 4. Camel, the name of an animal. 5. Cune, a reed. 6. Cassia, a sweet spice or aromatic bark. Cinnamon, an aromatic bark. 8. Cumin or cummin, an aromatic plant. 9. Ebon or ebony, a hard, valuable wood. 10. Galban or galbanum, a resinous gum. 11. Hyssop, an aromatic herb. 12. Jasper, a hard, precious stone. 13. Maltha, a kind of bitumen. 14. Manna, a gum; 15. Myrrh, an aromatic gum. 16. Nitre, saltpetre. 17. Sapphire, a hard, precious stone. 18. Sycamine, a species of fig-tree.

SECTION CCCCXVII.-PREFIXES AMD SUFFIXES IN WORDS DERIVED FROM THE HEBREW AND CHALDAIC.

1. The prefix t, a common preformative in Hebrew and Chaldaic, is found in a few words; as, Talmud, literally "doctrine," the body of Jewish doctrine; Targum, literally" a translation," a Chaldaic translation or paraphrase of any part of the Old Testament.

2. The prefix al, the Arabic definite article adopted in Hebrew, is found in the word algum, or almug, a kind of costly wood. Also in the proper name Almodad.

3. The suffix an, on, a common termination of Hebrew nouns, is found in the following words: Corban, literally "an offering," something devoted to God; leviathan, literally "the winding one," the name of an animal; Abaddon, literally "the destroyer," a reproachful epithet of Satan. Also in the proper names Dagon, &c.

4. The suffix a or ah, the usual termination of feminine nouns in Hebrew and Chaldaic, is found in the following words: Cabala, literally" tradition," a kind of mystical science among the Jews; ephah, a Hebrew measure; gerah, literally "a bean," a Hebrew weight; masora, literally "tradition," a Jewish critical work on the Old Testament; mishna, literally "a repetition," a digest of Jewish traditions; shittah, the acacia; seah, a Hebrew measure.

5. The suffix im, the usual masculine plural termination of Hebrew nouns, is found in the following words: Cherubim, cherubs; elohim, literally "gods," used for the singular; nethinim, literally" offered ones, servants devoted to the service of the Jewish tabernacle and temple; purim, literally "lots," a festival of the Jews in commemoration of the lots cast by Haman; seraphim, seraphs; shittim, acacia logs; targumim, targums; teraphim, literally "givers of pleasures," household gods; tummim or thummim, literally "perfections;" urim, literally "lights." Also in some proper names; as, Anakim, Avim, Chemarim, Cherathim, Emim, &c.

6. The suffix in, the Chaldaic termination answering to the Hebrew im, is found in upharsin, literally " and they are dividing it."

7. The suffix oth, the usual feminine plural termination of Hebrew nouns, is found in the following words: Behemoth, literally "beasts," the plural of excellence of behemah," a beast," used for the singular; mazzaroth, literally, perhaps, "presagers," the signs of the zodiac; sabaoth, hosts. Also in some proper names; as, Kerioth, Succoth, &c.

8. The suffix i, denoting my in Hebrew, is found in a few words; as, Rabbi, literally "my rab or master;" rabboni, literally my great rab or master," both titles of honour in the Jewish schools.

9. Some Hebrew words derived into the English language from the Greek have received Greek suffixes: (1.) ee; as, Pharisee, literally "separate," one of a particular sect among the Jews; Sadducee, one of a particular sect among the Jews; also in Maccabee, a surname of the sons of Mattathias, a Jewish family; (2.) ene; as, Essene, literally a physician," one of a particular sect among Jews; (3.) ism; as, Rabbinism, the doctrine of the Rabbins; (4.) ist; as, Rabbinist, a follower of the Rabbins; Talmudist, one versed in the Talmud; Targumist, the writer of a Targum; (5.) ite; as, Caraite, among the Jews, one that rejects the Talmud.

the

SECTION CCCCXVIII.-FOREIGN WORDS.

Exotic or foreign terms from various living languages, owing to civil, commercial, or literary intercourse, form a third constituent part or element of the present English language.

Words, more or less numerous, have been borrowed from most of the nations with which we have any intercourse, to express objects or things common among them, or in which we have been instructed by them. The meaning of such words has often afterward been extended. The classes of these words may be arranged according to the proximity of the languages, beginning with the nearer, and passing to the more remote. The numerous proper names of sons and places among the various nations and tribes of men, which are of course transferred, not translated, into our language, do not come here into consideration.

per

1. Words borrowed from existing Celtic dialects, as Welsh or Cymric, Erse or Gaelic. The language of Britain was anciently Celtic. Bard, a Celtic minstrel; a poet generally. Clan, a Gaelic tribe or race; a sect or party, in contempt. Kilt, a short petticoat worn by the Highlanders of Scotland. Pibroch, a Highland air. Plaid, cloth worn by the Highlanders of Scotland; an imitation of the same. Reel, a lively Scotch dance.

These words are attributable to a later intercourse of the English people with the Celtic tribes, and are not to be confounded with Celtic words supposed to be amalgamated with Anglo-Saxon.

2. Words borrowed from Gothic or Teutonic dialects, kindred to the Anglo-Saxon, as Danish, Dutch, German, Swedish.

Boom, a sea-term for a long pole or spar-Dutch. Boor, a farmer, rustic-Dutch. Bursch, a German University student. Guilder, a Dutch coin. Grave (in landgrave, margrave), a German count or earl. Schooner, a vessel with two masts-Dutch. Sloop, a vessel with one mast-Dutch. Stadtholder, a Dutch chief magistrate. Stiver, a Dutch coin. Waltz, a German dance.

3. Words borrowed from the modern Latin languages.

(1.) From the French: Belles-lettres, polite literature. Bon-mot, a jest. Bon vivant, a luxurious liver. Bouquet, a bunch of flowers. Depot, a place for starting or stopping on a railroad. Eclat, burst of applause, splendour.

These words usually vacillate between the French and a more anglicised pronunciation.

(2.) From the Spanish and Portuguese :-Caste, an hereditary order among the Hindoos. Cortes, an assembly of the states in Spain or Portugal. Don and Donna, the title of a gentleman and lady in Spain. Embargo, a restraint on the sailing of ships. Infante and Infanta, a son and a daughter of the King of Spain, when not the heir or heiress apparent. Musquito, a species of gnat. Platinum, a metal discovered in the mines of Choco, in Peru.

(3.) From the Italian ;-Dilettante, a lover of the fine arts. Doge, the chief magistrate in Venice or Genoa. Macaroni, a paste formed chiefly of flour, and moulded into strings, used for food. Sketch, an outline or general delineation of anything. Piano-forte, a keyed musical instrument. Piaster, an Italian coin. Piazza, a covered walk, supported by pillars. Stanza, a strophe.

Also numerous words in o, the common termination of substantives and adjectives in Italian: Adagio, allegro, arpeggio, falsetto, fresco, gusto, intaglio, sirocco, solo, stiletto, stucco, virtuoso, volcano.

4. Words borrowed from the Slavonic languages, as Russian, Servian, Polish, Bohemian.

Czar, a title of the Emperor of Russia. Hospodar, the Governor of Moldavia or Wallachia, appointed by the Porte Slavonic. Ukase, an edict of the Emperor of Russia. Waiwode, a prince, a magistrateRussian and Polish.

5. Words borrowed from the Armenian and Georgian languages. Vartabed, an Armenian ecclesiastic.

6. Words borrowed from the modern Persian.

Bazar, an Oriental market-place. Pagoda, an Oriental temple for idols. Shah, a title of the King of Persia. Sabah, an East Indian province. Subahdar, the viceroy of an East Indian province. Zemindar, an East Indian landholder under the Mogul empire.

7. Words borrowed from the modern Sanscrit languages. Banian, an East Indian fig-tree. Brahmin, a priest of Brahma, the divinity of the Hindoos. Grooroo, a priest among the Sikhs of India. Purana, a species of mythological or legendary work among the Hindoos. Shaster, a sacred book among the Hindoos. Veda, a more ancient and sacred book among the Hindoos.

8. Words borrowed from the modern Arabic. Amber, a hard, semi-pellucid substance, which possesses electrical properties. Azimuth, an astronomical term. Camphor, a resin from certain Asiatic trees. Gazelle, a species of antelope. Giraffe, a camelopard. Nabob, a deputy in India, subordinate to the subahdar; a man of great wealth. Nadir, the point opposite to the zenith. Salam, the Oriental salutation. Sunna, the oral tradition of the Mohammedans. Tamarind, the East Indian date-tree. Tariff, a list of duties on goods. Zenith, the point directly over head.

Also Cadi, caliph, chemistry, coffee, cotton, dragoman, emir, fetwa, hajji, harem, hegira, imam, Islam, Islamism, kebla, Koran, mameluke, minaret, molla, mosque, Moslem, mufti, Mussulman, rais, ramadan, sheikh, sherif, sultan, wadi, vizier.

Also many terms commencing with al, the Arabic definite article; as, Albicore, alcaid, alcanna, alchemy, alcohol, alcor, alcove, Aldebaran, alembic, algebra, alhenna, alkahest, alkali, Alkoran, Almagest, almanac, almucantar.

9. Words borrowed from the Mongolian stock of languages. Chop, a Chinese mark or stamp. Hong, the Chinese name of a

foreign factory. Khan, a Tartar prince. King, one of the five ancient sacred books among the Chinese. Lama, a Thibetan priest. Tea, a Chinese plant.

Also Bohea, hyson, oolong, pouchong, souchong, names of particular

teas.

10. Words borrowed from the African stock of languages: Chimpanzee, gnu, koba, korin, zebra, zerda.

11. Words borrowed from the American stock of languages: Cacao, cacique, calumet, cariboo, chocolate, hackmatack, hommoc, hominy, inca or ynca, maize, moccasin, Mohawk, moose, mush, papoose, potato, powwow, quahaug, sachem, sagamore, sagoin, samp, sapajo, squash, squaw, succotash, tobacco, tomahawk, tomato, wampum, wigwam, Yankee; also Carcajou, condor, lama, pecan, raccoon.

12. Words borrowed from the Oceanic stock of languages.

(1.) From the Malay: Bamboo, gong, orang-outang, ratan, sago. (2.) From the Polynesian languages: Tabu, tattoo.

SECTION CCCCXIX.-ENGLISH WORDS OF MIXED ORIGIN.

Words not reducible to either of the three preceding heads form a fourth constituent part or element of the English language. These include proper English words of mixed origin, and malformations and hybrid words.

Proper English Words of Mixed Origin.-There is a large class of English words, rightly formed, whose root or essential part is of Latin, Greek, Hebrew, or foreign origin, but whose inflection or termination is Teutonic. These are peculiarly English words, as the English language freely intermingles Latin and Teutonic elements in this way, while other languages do not. Here are included,

1. Latin or foreign words with Teutonic inflections, to wit:

All genitives and plurals of Latin nouns; as, Muse's, muses; choir's, choirs; hero's, heroes; tribe's, tribes; face's, faces. All comparatives in er and superlatives in est of Latin adjectives; as, Firmer, firmest ; grander, grandest. All participles in ing and ed from Latin verbs; as, Ceding, ceded. All part tenses in ed and inflected persons of Latin verbs; as, Cedest, cedes, cededst.

2. Latin or foreign words with Teutonic suffixes, to wit:—

Verbs in en from adjectives of Latin origin; as, Chasten, from chaste. Adjectives in some from substantives and verbs of Latin origin; as, Humorsome, tendsome. Adjectives in ful from substantives of Latin origin; as, Ireful, fateful, artful, useful, merciful, bountiful. Adjectives in less from Latin substantives; as, Causeless, nerveless, artless, useless, motionless, merciless. Substantives in er of the active subject from many Latin verbs; as, Tender, "one that tends;" vexer, seducer, subscriber. Verbal substantives in ing from many Latin verbs; as, Tending, vexing, visiting. Abstract substantives in hood from adjectives and attributives of Latin origin; as, Falsehood, priesthood. Abstract substantives in dom from attributives of Latin origin;