2. WHAT is sometimes used as an adjective, either in the singular or plural number; as, "In what character Butler was admitted into the lady's service is not known;" "It is not material what names are assigned to them."

as,

3. WHAT is sometimes used as a pronominal adjective and a relative pronoun at the same time; "What god but enters yon forbidden field?" Here what god any god who. 4. WHAT Sometimes stands for an indefinite idea; as,

not what he says or does."

"He cares

5. WHAT sometimes stands for a sentence or clause; as, "I tell thee what, corporal, I could tear her."

explanatory of what.

Here "I could tear her" is

6. WHAT is sometimes used as an interjection; as, "What! can you lull the winged winds asleep?"

III. 1. THAT is a relative pronoun when it is converted into who or which.

2. THAT is a pronominal adjective when it defines or limits a substantive; as, "That flower is beautiful."

3. THAT is a demonstrative pronoun when it represents a noun and is not a relative. See Section CCCVII.

4. THAT is a conjunction when it serves merely to connect sentences; as, "I eat that I may live."

The word AS is sometimes used as a relative pronoun; as, man as rides to market.”

SECTION CCCX.-COMPOUND RELATIVES.

"The

WHO, WHICH, and WHAT have sometimes the words ever and soever annexed to them; as, Whoever, whichever, whatever, whosoever, whichsoever, and whatsoever. These words are a kind of compound relative, and have the same construction as what; as, "Whoever will follow Christ must expect reproach; ""At once came forth whatever

creeps.

WHOSO was anciently in use as the nominative of two verbs; as, "Whoso is out of hope to attain to another's virtue, will seek to come at even hand by depressing another's fortune."

SECTION CCCXI.-SUBJUNCTIVE AND PREPOSITIVE PRONOUNS.

The Relative Pronouns WHO, WHICH, and THAT have been called subjunctive, because they cannot introduce an independent sentence or proposition, but serve only to subjoin one to another which is previous.

The Personal Pronouns, on the other hand, have been called prepositive, because they are capable of leading or introducing a sentence, without having any reference, at least for the purposes of construction, to anything previous. Of the nature of subjunctive pronouns are the interrogative pronouns.

SECTION CCCXII.-INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS.

An INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN is a pronoun used in asking questions.

WHO, WHICH, and WHAT are called Interrogatives (Latin interrogare, to ask) when they are used in asking questions; as, "Who is there?" "Which is the book?" " What are you doing?" Interrogative pronouns are those by which the demonstrative relation of a person or thing is asked.

1. WHо, used interrogatively, is applied to persons; WHICH and WHAT to both persons and things.

2. WHETHER, signifying which of the two, was anciently used as an interrogative; as, "Whether is greater, the gold or the temple?" In this sense it is now obsolete, being replaced by WHICH.

3. A Relative refers to a subject that is antecedent; an Interrogative to one that is subsequent; as, "John, who did it;" "Who did it? John."

4. WHO inquires for the name; WHICH, for the individual; WHAT, for the character or occupation. Thus, "Who wrote the book?" "Mr. Murray." "Which of the Murrays?" "Lindley Murray." "What was he?" "A philologist.

5. WHO is applied to persons indefinitely, but WHICH is applied to persons definitely. "Who will go up with me to Ramoth-Gilead?' is indefinitely proposed to all who shall hear the question. "Which of you by taking thought can add one cubit unto his stature? interrogation addressed to an individual, as appears from the partitive form of the words "which of you" what one of you all."

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SECTION CCCXIII.—COMPARATIVE ETYMOLOGY.

DECLENSION IN ANGLO-SAXON OF HWÆT WHAT, AND HWA WHO.

is an

WHICH: Anglo-Saxon lic, like; hwa, who; Moso-Gothic hvêleiks; Old High German huëlih; Anglo-Saxon huilic, hvile; Old Frisian hwelik; Danish hvilk-en; Scotch whilk; English which. In its origin it is a compound.

Throughout the Indo-European tribes the interrogative or relative idea is expressed by k, or by a modification of k; e. g., qu, hv or h; as, Sanscrit kas, who; kataras, which of two; katama, which of many; Lithuanic kas, who; koks, of what sort; Russian kto, who ; kolik, how great; Bohemian kotory, which; Latin quot, qualis, quan- · tus; Ionic Greek kóσog, kočos, kótɛ; Moso-Gothic huer; English who what, why, which, where.

SECTION CCCXIV.-ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS.

An ADJECTIVE PRONOUN is a pronoun which partakes of the nature of an adjective.

Pronouns cannot be conveniently classed without admitting many words which may also be considered as adjectives. "All words which, instead of naming or describing an object, enable us to distinguish it by some relations, are pronouns, or have a pronominal character."-BUTTMAN. It matters little whether the words under consideration are called adjective pronouns or pronominal adjectives. For all practical purposes, the terms may be considered as con

vertible.

EACH, Anglo-Saxon alc; Scotch ilka, the l being dropped, as in which and such. It is sometimes called a distributive, because it denotes all the individuals of a number taken separately; as, “The four beasts had each of them six wings." In this passage each is a substitute for the "four beasts." "The prince had a body-guard of a thousand men, each of whom was six feet high." In these two examples each is used in its pronominal character. "He exacted of each man fifty shekels." In this passage each is an adjective.

EVERY, Old English everich, everech, everilk one, is alc preceded by the word ever. It denotes all the individuals of a number greater than two, separately considered. "Each and every of the clauses and conditions." Here every is a pronoun. "Every man's performances." Here every is an adjective.

وو

"I will

EITHER, Anglo-Saxon ægper, denotes one of two, but not both. "Either of the roads is good." Here either is a pronoun. take either road at your pleasure.' Here either is an adjective. Either has also sometimes the meaning of each; as, "Seven times the sun had either tropic viewed;" "Two thieves were crucified on either side."

NEITHER not either, is used as a pronoun and as an adjective; as, "Neither office will fit the candidate, though neither of the offices is filled."

OTHER, Anglo-Saxon, oder, is used as a pronoun, and opposed to one; as, "All rational evidence is derived from one or other of these

two sources." It is also used as an adjective; as, "Other sheep I

have which are not of this fold." When used without a substantive it takes a plural, other, others. Other indicates separation, and means one more, or one of the same class or kind.

ANOTHER is the Anglo-Saxon an, one, and over = one other. "Let another praise thee, and not thine own mouth." Here another is a pronoun. "Another soldier was killed." Here another is an adjective. Another is used in the possessive case; as, " Another's aid."

ONE, a numeral adjective, is also used as a pronoun. One, when contrasted with other, sometimes represents plural nouns; as,

"The

reason why the one are ordinarily taken for real qualities, and the other for bare powers, seems to be," &c.-LOCKE. There are many whose waking thoughts are wholly employed on their sleeping ones. -ADDISON. It frequently is not easy to distinguish between the one here described, and the one described in Section CCCXVI. One often stands in company with every, any, no, some.

In

ANY, Anglo-Saxon wenig, Old High German einîc — any, and einac single. In Anglo-Saxon ânega means single. In New High German einig means, 1. A certain person; 2. Agreeing; einzig, meaning single. În Dutch enech has both meanings. This indicates the word án — one, as the root of the word in question. ANY has several meanings: 1. After negative words, and such words and phrases as have a negative force, "any" marks the exclusion of all. "He did it without any hesitation." "We cannot make any difference between you." So after" scarcely," and comparatives, and in questions where the expected answer is nobody, none. "Scarcely any one," "He is taller than any of his schoolfellows;" "Can any man believe this?" 2. It is sometimes equivalent to" any you please," ," "everybody;" as, "Anybody can do that." 3. Again, it is sometimes indefinite, being equivalent to some one; as, "Shall we tell anybody of our misfortunes?"

"Ob

SUCH, Anglo-Saxon svile, Old Saxon sulic, German solch. jects of importance must be portrayed by objects of importance; such as have grace by things graceful."-CAMPBELL'S Rhetoric. Such here supplies the place of a noun, though it retains its adjectival character, and the noun may be added.

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AUGHT, Anglo-Saxon aht, auht, awuht. It means anything. is sometimes improperly spelled ought. It is etymologically related to whit. The word naught is aught preceded by the negative particle. "Doth Job serve God for naught?" = not anything nothing. SOME, Anglo-Saxon sum. "Some to the shores do fly, some to the woods." In cases like this it has a pronominal character. "Some men and some women were present. Here some is adjectival. Some with numerals is used to signify about. "Some fifty years ago." Objections have been made to this phraseology; but it is a good old Saxon idiom. "Sum is often combined with the genitive plural of the cardinal numbers, and signifies about; as, Sume ten gear, some ten years.' "RASK.

FORMER, LATTER; the one denotes priority, the other posteriority. Their nouns are frequently understood. Used substantively in the singular, they have a regular genitive; as, "The former's phlegm, the latter's vivacity."

BOTH, Anglo-Saxon butu, Danish baade. "Abraham took sheep and oxen, and gave them to Abimelech, and both of them made a Covenant." Here both is the representative of Abraham and Abimelech. "He will not bear the loss of his rank, because he can bear the loss of his estate; but he will bear both, because he is prepared

for both." Here, too, it is pronominal in its character. "To both the preceding kinds the term burlesque is applied."-CAMPBELL'S Rhetoric. Here it is adjectival.

OWN, Anglo-Saxon agen, from agan, to possess. In its adjectival character it is intensive, being added to words to render the sense emphatical; as, "This is my own book." In the following example it has a pronominal character: "That they may dwell in a place of their own."-2 Sam. vii. 10. In this example a substantive cannot follow own. So this: "This is an invention of his own."

A similar examination could be applied to all the words which have been denominated adjective pronouns. For a list of this class of words, see Section CCLXV. It should be added that many of

them are now considered to be indefinite numerals.

SECTION CCCXV.-RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS.

A RECIPROCAL PRONOUN is one that implies the mutual action of different agents. EACH OTHER and ONE ANOTHER are our reciprocal forms, which are treated exactly as if they were compound pronouns, taking for their genitives each other's, one another's. Each other is properly used of two or more, and one another of more than two.

SECTION CCCXVI.-INDETERMINATE PRONOUNS.

MAN. In Anglo-Saxon the word MAN often takes the place of an indeterminate pronoun; as, "Man geaf him," they gave him. In Old English, the use of the plural noun superseded that of the singular in phrases like this: "Men it herd, they heard it."

ME. At the beginning of the twelfth century the pronoun ME made its appearance, whether it be a corruption of man, or grew out of ho-mo, ne-mo, gu-ma, Anglo-Saxon, a man. "Ne me tundeth not a lanterne and putteth it under a bushel, but on a candlestick.”— WICLIF, Matt. v. In expressions like these, me seems to be used as an indefinite pronoun: "But as he was by diverse principal young gentlemen, to his no small glorie, lifted up on horseback, comes me a page of Amphialus, who, with a humble, smiling reverence, delivered a letter unto him from Clinias."—Arcadia, b. iii.

IT. The pronoun IT is often used in an indeterminate sense, and in a plural signification:

"'Tis these that early taint the female soul."-POPE. "Take to you handfuls of ashes of the furnace, and let Moses sprinkle it towards heaven."-Exod. ix. 8. "It seems," "it pleased him," are instances of the same indeterminate use of it. In the phrases it rains, it hails, it thunders, it refers to the face of external nature, which is supposed to be in the notice of all parties. Hence the phrases are perfect in themselves, and require nothing antecedent or consequent to explain them.

ONE. ONE, as used in the phrases one does so and so; one is in doubt, has been called an indeterminate pronoun. One says they

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