LONDON, SATURDAY, APRIL 17, 1909. CONTENTS.-No. 277. TOTES: John Noorthouck, 301 London: Origin of the UERIES:-The Rhine a French Boundary-Tobacconist's In a bookseller's catalogue issued by John Russell Smith in London, April, 1852, the original autograph manuscript of the life of John Noorthouck, author of the "History of the Man after God's own Heart," History of London," &c.,' was offered for sale, and was there described as an unprinted autobiography containing many curious literary anecdotes of the eighteenth century (Notes and Queries, 1st Ser. xii. 204)." I am afraid that the information here con makes it quite clear that in 1852 the box which I have had the privilege of opening, and which seemed to have a hundred years of dust upon it, had really been opened Highlander: his Bat, 307-Holt Castle-Author Wanted-veyed about this autograph manuscript Shairp and Mordaunt Families-James Burney, Portrait Painter-Spencer Cowper, Justice of the Common Pleas Sir Arthur Hesilrige-Fecamp Abbey: Brede ManorSt. Amelia and Santa Guglielma, Queens of Hungary, 308 -Cole's 'Calendar of Huntingdon-Lawrence the Wit **La pierre qui rage"-" Pickshaft," a Measure-Sainte-57 years ago, and that the sole contents Beuve on Castor and Pollux-Football at Scone, 309– Salt-Cellars with Raised Lobster and Shells-Hare forecasting Fire-Seventh Light Dragoons-Collar of SS (Ireland)-Thomas Shakspeare, 1613, 310. REPLIES:-Pimlico: Eyebright, 310 - Polhill Family: Cromwell Descent, 314"Punt" in Football, 315Master Pipe Maker"-Jews in Fiction-Authors of Quotations Wanted, 316-"Though lost to sight," &c.Dickens Quotation-William Clayton, Baron Sundon Tyrrell's March: Tyrrell's Pass-"Before one can say Jack Robinson," 317 Burial half within and half without a Church - Bruges: its Pronunciation-"Kersey "-Ben NOTES ON BOOKS:-'The People of the Polar North.' that were considered of value was this autobiography, the fate of which one would like to know. It is clear that John Noorthouck -perhaps on his death-bed-forwarded this box to Mr. Andrew Strahan, in the hope, I imagine, that he would publish after his death second editions of some of his works, and perhaps a collection of his pamphlets. Both the Classical Dictionary and the History of London' had been prepared by their author for new editions. The copies before me bear a thousand annotations, including revised title-pages. These new editions, however, never came, and the memory of John Noorthouck is virtually dead, not again, one imagines, to be resuscitated. It may, however, have some small value, from a bibliographical point of view, if I give a list of Noorthouck's various works, as contained in the box in question. Only two of them-the 'History of London' and the Classical Dictionary' -are under his name in the British Museum Library. 1. A Letter to the Rev. Dr. Samuel Chandler: From the Writer of the History of the Man after God's own Heart.' Procul ô, procul este Profani, Conclamat Vates, totoque absistite luco (Virgil). The Simple believeth every word: but the Prudent Man looketh well to his going (Proverbs xiv. 15). London: Printed for R. Freeman, in Pater-noster Row. 1762. in which the Long Agitated Question concerning 2. A Philosophical Survey of Nature: Human Liberty and Necessity is endeavoured to be Fully Determined from Incontestable Phænomena. Price One Shilling and Sixpence. London. 1763. 3. The Alphabet of Reason: Being An Essay towards constructing a Plan to facilitate the Art of Swift Writing, commonly called Short-Hand upon Rational Principles. London. Printed for the Author and sold by T. Becket and P. A. De Handt in the Strand; C. Henderson, under the Royal Exchange, and W. Nicoll, in St. Paul's Churchyard. 1763. Price One Shilling and Sixpence. 4. Observations on the Number and Misery of the Poor, on the Heavy Rates levied for their Maintenance; and, on the General Causes of Poverty: including Some Cursory Hints, For the Radical Cure of these Growing Evils. Humbly submitted to Public consideration. Who first, taught Souls enslav'd, and Realms undone, Th' enormous faith of Many made for One? (Pope.) London Printed for T. Becket and P. A. De Handt, in the Strand. 1765. (Price One Shilling.) 5. The Morality of the East; Extracted from the Koran of Mahommed: Digested under Alphabetical heads, with an Introduction, and occasional remarks. Unto every of you have we given a law, and an open path; and, if God had pleased, He had surely made you one people; but He hath thought fit to give you different laws, that He might try you in that which He hath given you respectively. Therefore strive to excel each other in good works; unto God shall ye all return, and then will He declare unto you that concerning which ye have disagreed (Koran, chap. v.). London, Printed for W. Nicoll, in St. Paul's Churchyard. 1766. (Price Two Shillings, sewed.) 6. A New History of London Including Westminster and Southwark. To which is added A General Survey of the Whole; Describing the Public Buildings, Late Improvements, etc. Illustrated with Copper Plates. By John Noorthouck. London. Printed for R. Baldwin, No. 47, Paternoster Row. 1773. (2 vols.) London; Printed for W. Richardson at the Royal Exchange. One Shilling. 1785. 12. Argumentum ad Hominem: A Discourse on the Clerical character and its parochial obligations: Composed under the idea of a Visitation Sermon. Let your light so shine before men, that they may see your good works, and glorify your Father Which is in heaven. Matt. vi. 16. Ye know not what manner of spirit ye are of! (Luke ix. 55.) London: Printed for T. Chapman, 151, Fleet Street. In addition to these, there is a volume of scraps-a kind of commonplace bookupon the cover of which is written "Fugitive Pieces by J. Noorthouck." It contains the writer's various contributions to The London Chronicle, The Gentleman's Magazine, and other periodicals of that epoch. There are, besides, many scraps of manuscript, not one of which would be worth republishing in our day, even as a curiosity. One of them gives the date of Noorthouck's birthday, indicating that he was fourteen years older than is stated in the 'Dictionary of National Biography' he was born on 12 June, Old Style, 1732. This we learn from a poem entitled 'A Farewell to the World,' dated "Oundle, August 13th, 1807, when 75 years of age.' This poem of sixteen foolscap pages is really the most interesting of all Noorthouck's efforts. On the cover he has written the words: "Not In his own handwriting Noorthouck has written on the title-page A Second Edition, with Considerable Improvements"; but I think that no second edition ever appeared. His copy is interleaved with plain paper, ever. upon which his "improvements written. are 7. A New History of London Including Westminster and Southwark. To which is added a General Survey of the Whole describing the Public Buildings, Late Improvements etc. Illustrated with Copper-Plates. By John Noorthouck. London Printed for R. Baldwin, No. 47, Paternoster Row. 1773.-Plates only. 8. Cursory Reflections on the Single Combat, Or Modern Duel. Addressed to Gentlemen in every class of life. London, Printed for R. Baldwin, at No. 47, Paternoster Row. 1773. 9. Sibylline Leaves Containing A Prophecy of Unknown Antiquity supposed to refer to the Year of Our Lord 1775. London. Printed for T. Evans, in the Strand, 1774. 10. An Historical and Classical Dictionary Containing the Lives and Characters of the Most Eminent and learned Persons in every age and nation, from the earliest Reviews to the present time. In two volumes. By John Noorthouck. London Printed for W. Strahan and T. Cadell in the Strand. 1776. 11. Outlines of a Ready Plan for Protecting London and its Environs from the Depredations of House-Breakers, Street and Highway Robbers. to be put into the hands of any Priest what CLEMENT SHORTER. LONDON: ORIGIN OF THE NAME. IN the review of Memorials of Old Lon don,' ante, p. 219, the following quotation is given from Mr. W. J. Loftie's chapter on 'London in Early Times':: "The Welsh Lynn is pronounced lunn. Dun or down has passed into English.'. A great authority, Mr. Bradley, is said to have stated that Lynn in London may be a personal name. "The ordinary interpretation,' continues Mr. Loftie, is so simple that it seems hardly worth while-unphilosophical, in fact-to search for another. Lynn, pronounced Lunn, is a lake. Dun is a down or hill. London, as the first syllable may be taken adjectively, will mean the Lake Hill.'" At the risk of being thought unphilosophical, I must demur to Mr. Loftie's reasoning. In early times London no doubt consisted in a great measure of marshland, bounded on the north by a low range of hills, from which several streams, confined by more or less rising ground, flowed down to the river. This marshland, by a stretch of the imagination, might perhaps be termed a lake, and as I have said, there were hills, though only the low spurs bounding one or two brooks were included in the old Lon dinium. But there is absolutely no historical confirmation of Mr. Loftie's theory. We do not even know that the Welsh lynn, pronounced lunn, was a part of the current speech of the Londoner. I was under the impression that this theory had been refuted by Mr. Bradley in a letter that appeared in The Athenæum last year. I cannot give the exact reference, as I am abroad; but unless my memory betrays me, Mr. Bradley said, not that Lynn in London might be a personal name, but that Londinium originated from Londinos, a personal name meaning. I think, fierce or cruel. If Mr. Bradley, in the midst of his other important duties, could spare the time to place on record in these columns his views on this interesting point, it would, I think, be a great advantage to the readers and correspondents of ' N. & Q.' W. F. PRIDEAUX. Grand Hotel, Locarno. [Mr. Bradley's letter appeared in The Athenaeum of 7 March, 1908, in a communication from Mr. T. Rice Holmes, who had touched on the derivation of London in a foot-note in his 'Ancient Britain and the Invasions of Julius Cæsar.' Two letters from Sir George Birdwood on the same subject were printed in The Athenæum of 14 March and 11 April 1908.] is Llundain, pronounced approximately (the approximation is not very close), "Hlindine.' I do not, however, know the relation of this to the English form. H. I. B. HANGING ALIVE IN CHAINS. (See ante, p. 221.) ONE might be content to leave the matter here, letting the records of the character of these two serious writers stand against the denunciation of them as "hare-brained, irresponsible chatterers." But let us turn to the records to see whether we can discover any cases of the infliction of the punishment of hanging in chains. As I shall show later, there are many such cases recorded in connexion with political offences, for hanging in chains seems to have been regarded as a meet punishment for rebellion. The record of cases of non-political crime and its punishment is extremely scanty. There is, however, one great murder case, the stories of which throw light on what hanging in chains meant. This is one of the most remarkable of all stories of murder committed in England. Master Thomas Arden of Feversham was the Chief Comptroller of Customs there. He had once been Mayor of the town. He Without wishing to claim any authority was married to a near relative of Sir as to the etymological questions involved Edward North, and, through his family or to propound a rival theory, I think it influence and official connexions, procured worth while to point out that the passage grants from the Crown of a considerable as to the name London quoted in your review part of the lands of the dissolved abbey of of Memorials of Old London' is in one or Feversham. His wife had a lover, Thomas two respects not quite exact. Mr. Loftie Mosbie, a tailor, and resolved to get rid of takes the word as Lynn-dun="Lake Hill," her husband. She first got poison from a and says of Lynn, "The Welsh Lynn is painter of the town, and administered it to pronounced lunn." Llyn, as the word Arden. This attempt failing, she hired should be written, is pronounced, when it a ruffian, robber and murderer, Black Will, stands alone, not lunn, but, as nearly as an ex-soldier, to assassinate Arden. Amthe sound can be represented, hlin. In bushes having failed, Arden was at last composition it might perhaps acquire the murdered in his own house in the presence u sound which Mr. Loftie gives to it. Nor of his wife, who is said to have herself does dun mean quite hill." The Celtic stabbed him with a knife. The body of the root which in Irish appears as dun, in Welsh murdered man was conveyed out of the as din, means not a hill, but a (hill-) fort; house and laid in a meadow. It was averred cf. Welsh dinas, "city." Supposing London that for long after the grass would not grow were really Llyndin, the meaning would where the body had lain, a barren spot not be Lake Hill," but Fortress Lake." showing exactly the form of the body. In Welsh the adjective (and here lyn is, The murder was at once discovered, and ex hypothesi, used adjectively) must either the murderers were brought to justice. follow the noun, or, if it precedes, cause The murder excited enormous interestmutation of the initial consonant. Thus how great may be measured by the fact "Lake Hill" should be either Dinlyn or Llynddin (dd=th in this); cf. Creuddin ("bloody fortress ")=crau+din. 66 Personally I very much doubt the derivation Llyndin. The Welsh name of London that, of nine and a half columns given by Holinshed to the events of the year 1551, seven and a half are devoted to the story of this crime. The playwrights seized on the story: The Tragedy of Master Arden of Feversham' long held the stage; Shake- Mary, c. 17) was passed to take away his speare is thought to have had a hand in benefit of clergy. It is a remarkable Act retouching the piece. A ballad telling the in the form of a narrative and petition by story is still extant. That nothing might "Yo" true Subjecte and dayly Oratrice be wanting, Arden was perhaps the first | Margerie Rufforde widowe.' whose tragic fate was cited as proof of the widespread belief that evil befell those who held abbey lands. The painter concerned in the first attempt on Arden's life fled, and was never more heard of. Nine persons paid with their lives for complicity in this great crime. One villain, known indifferently as Loosebag or Shakebag, took sanctuary, was decoyed thence, as it seems, and was murdered in Southwark. Black Will escaped for the time and got across the sea in an oyster boat, but was taken later and burnt on a scaffold at Flushing. The rest met their fate at the hands of the justice of their country. One suffered unjustly. Bradshaw had unwittingly conveyed a criminal letter, but he had been a fellow-soldier of Black Will in Boulogne, and this sealed his fate. Mistress Arden, the wife, and Elizabeth Stafford, a servant, were both burnt, as guilty of petty treason. Michael Sanderson, also a servant, was drawn, hanged, and quartered as guilty of petty treason. Mosbie, the lover, and his sister Cicely Pounder, widow, were hanged in Smithfield. Bradshaw, the innocent victim, and Greene, who had escaped, but was taken later, were hanged in chains. Statements as to the several punishments made in the various accounts do not quite tally; but the records of the Privy Council contain notes of instructions given with respect to each of the executions ordered. Twice the order is for Mosbie and Cicely Pounder to be hanged, while the order respecting Bradshaw and Greene is that they should be hanged in chains. Why this difference if the punishment were the same in the two cases, except that in one case the unimportant detail of hanging in chains after execution was meant ? We find the same feature in another great murder case occurring a little later. In 1555 Benedict or Benet Smith, Smyth, or Smythe was found guilty of hiring two men, John Spenser and Francis Conyers, to murder Giles Rufford. As the law then stood, a murderer could not claim his clergy, unless he were a clerk of the rank, at least, of subdeacon. But, not being the actual murderer, Smyth was in a position to claim his clergy. An Act (2 and 3 Phil. and From Machyn we learn the fate of the three malefactors : 1555/6. "The Fryday the vij day of Marche was hangyd in chaynes besyd Huntyntun on [one] Conears, and Spenser after-ward, for the kyllyng of a gentyllman," &c. "The xxvij day of Marche was hangyd beonde Huntyngtun in cheynes on [one] Spenser, for the deth of master Rufford of Bokynghamshyre, by ys fellow Conears hangys [hangs].' The entry regarding Smyth is as follows: Benett Smyth in Bokyngham-shyre, for the deyth "The ix day of Marche was hangyd at Brykhyll of master Rufford, gentyllman, the wyche Conears and Spenser sluw."- Diary,' Camden Society, 1848, pp. 102-3. Here it is even more difficult to suppose that the punishment was the same for all three, except as regards a comparatively unimportant detail as to what was done to the bodies after execution. The punishment was greater in the case of Conyers and Spenser, their offence being greater as the law then stood. Nor is there here or elsewhere indication that the sentence carried hanging by the neck prior to hanging in chains. 155, Adelaide Road, N.W. ALFRED MARKS. (To be continued.) EDWARD FITZGERALD.-Extinctus amabitur idem may be said truly of him, and though FitzGerald has been dead more than twenty-three years, many united a few days ago in commemorating his memory. Almost everything known of him has been gleaned and brought together as worthy of preservation. One circumstance occurs to me which I have not seen alluded to, namely, that Naseby battle-field belonged either to him or to his ancestors. Well do I remember, some twenty years ago, visiting that field. On that occasion I recited to a friend who accompanied me Macaulay's stirring lyric purporting to be " The Battle of Naseby, by Obadiah Bind their Kings in Chains, and their Nobles with Links of Iron, Sergeant in Ireton's regiment." Near the field is a pedestal, literally covered with pencil names, erected by John and Mary FitzGerald, Lord and Lady of the Manor of Naseby. Only one short month before his death Dr. Arnold, then in his full vigour, came over from Rugby with Thomas Carlyle to visit Naseby. JOHN PICKFORD, M.A. Newbourne Rectory, Woodbridge. [MR. JOHN T. PAGE contributed at 9 S. xi. 461 an article entitled Naseby Revisited,' in which he printed in full the inscription on the obelisk erected by the father and mother of Edward FitzGerald. MR. PICKFORD on 2 Aug., 1879, gave a long account in 'N. & Q.' (5 S. xii. 81) of his then recent visit to Naseby. References to the subject will be found in Letters of Edward FitzGerald to Fanny Kemble' and 'More Letters of Edward FitzGerald.] MECHANICAL ROAD CARRIAGES. Early references to mechanical road traction are worth noticing in these days of the triumphant motor-car. Here are two of more than ordinary interest. In The Daily Advertiser of 4 March, 1742, it was announced that "several gentlemen that had seen the curious chaise that travels without horses, lately arriv'd from Bern in Switzerland, are charm'd with the easy manner in which it is perform'd, it being capable of going forty miles a day, with very little trouble to the rider; and we are further assur'd that on Thursday next it will be exposed to publick view at the Mitre Tavern, CharingCross." On 23 April, 1742, this is advertised as being shown at "the Great Booth near the Steps in Middle Moorefields." In the following August Pinchbeck had this road-carriage, or one of his own construction; and The Daily Advertiser an nounces : "We are assur'd that last Wednesday evening Mr. Pinchbeck's curious machine chaise that travels without horses ran from Hampstead to Tottenham Court in less than forty minutes in the sight of several hundreds of people; at which place it will continue to be shewn during the time of the fair, with two other very curious and surprising pieces of mechanism which were never before expos'd to publick view." ALECK ABRAHAMS. 66 "HIGH LIFE," THE SIGN IN MODERN GREEK.-The English words High Life are pretty common in France as a sign or title, e.g., on tailors' shops. In Smyrna is (or was when I was there last year) a shop-a café, I think with the following Greek rendering, AÏ-AAÏÞ, as a sign or title. It is interesting to observe that whereas the French spell the words correctly, but pronounce them Eegleef," the Greeks, in this instance at all events, throw the spelling to the winds, but keep the true sound almost exact. There is, of course, nothing in Modern Greek which represents the sound of the English aspirated H. 66 ROBERT PIERPOINT. 66 I remember how, when, more than fifty years ago, I used to be taken at rare times to some of the large Midland towns, I always looked for the shop doors at which stood, or from the lintels swung, the wooden images "—signs of various trades, for the most part all black, though in Irongate, Derby, stood, I think, an almost lifesize Highlander in full “ war paint," coloured. It seems to me that the expression tha' woodin image " is a sort of recollection of those wooden figure signs of years ago. Worksop. 66 THOS. RATCLIFFE. [The wooden Highlander at tobacconists' shops was discussed recently at considerable length; see 10 S. vii. 47, 92, 115, 137, 457. See also Tobacconist's Highlander: his Bat,' post, p. 307.] SHAKESPEARE ALLUSION.-I believe this has not yet been collected : "The Players have a Play, where they bring in a Tinker, and make him believe himself a Lord, and when they have satisfied their humour, they made him a plain Tinker again; Gentlemen, but that this was a great while agoe, I should have thought this Play had been made of me; for if ever two cases were alike, 'tis the Tinkers and mine."- - The Lord Henry Cromwels Speech in the House. Printed, Anno Dom. 1659,' p. 5. G. THORN-DRURY. |