Each store-ship should be marked, at the bow and stern, on both sides, in large characters, with a distinctive letter and number. A list is to be made of the stores on board of each vessel, and of the place where they are to be found in it; a copy of this list to be sent to the chief officer of the proper department in the expedition, or at the place of destination.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 879.]

ARTICLE LXIX.

TROOPS IN CAMPAIGN.

ORGANIZATION OF AN ARMY IN THE FIELD.

1012. The formation by divisions is the basis of the organization and administration of armies in the field.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 473.]

1013. A division consists usually of two or three brigades, either of Infantry or Cavalry, and troops of other corps in the necessary proportion.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 474.] 1014. A brigade is formed of two or more regiments.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 475.] 1015. As the troops arrive at the rendezvous, the General commanding-in-chief organizes them into brigades and divisions.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 477.]

1016. Brigades in divisions and divisions in corps receive permanent numerical designations, as first, second, and third. In a single army, corps are designated in like manner. If there be more than one army, corps are numbered consecutively from the first to the last one organized. In reports of military operations, brigades and divisions are designated by the name of the General commanding them.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 481. ] 1017. The General commanding-in-chief assigns the Generals of divisions and of brigades to their respective commands, when the assignment is not made by the Department of War.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 483.]

1018. The General of brigade inspects his troops in detail, by companies, when he takes the command and at the opening of the campaign, and as often as may be necessary to ascertain exactly their condition. The General of division makes similar inspections when he thinks proper. At these inspections the Generals examine the arms, clothing, equipments, harness, horses, &c., direct the necessary repairs, and designate the men and horses to remain in depot or march with the train.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 484.]

1019. Reports of inspections are made by the General of brigade to the General of division, and by the General of division to the next superior commander.—[Regs. 1863, ¶ 485.]

1020. During marches and all active operations, Generals of brigade keep themselves exactly informed of the actual strength of the regiments, so as always, especially after an engagement, to make accurate returns to the General of division.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 486.]

1021. Staff officers, and officers of Engineers, Ordnance, and Artillery, according to the nature of the service, are assigned to the headquarters of armies and divisions, and detached brigades, by order of the General commanding-in-chief, when the distribution of these officers has not been regulated by the War Department. The necessary Staff will be assigned to commanders of brigades.—[Regs. 1863, ¶ 487.] 1022. Staff officers, and officers of Engineers, Ordnance, and Artillery, report to 0.50 their immediate commanders the state of the supplies and whatever concerns the service under their direction, and receive their orders, and communicate to them those they receive from their superiors in their own corps.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 489.]

1023. The senior officer of Engineers, of Ordnance, and the departments of the general Staff serving at the chief headquarters in the field, will transmit to the bureau of his department at Washington, at the close of the campaign, and at such other times as the commander in the field may approve, a full report of the operations of his department, and whatever information to improve its service he may be able to furnish.[Regs. 1863, ¶ 490.]

1024. The report of the officer of Engineers will embrace plans of military works executed during the campaign, and, in case of siege, a journal of the attack or defense. -Regs. 1863,490.]

ORDERLIES.

1025. At the opening of a campaign, the commander of an Army determines and announces in orders the number of orderlies, mounted or foot, for the Generals. Orderlies for Corps, Division, and Brigade commanders of Infantry are detailed from the Infantry, and are mounted; for Artillery and Cavalry commanders from their commands.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 492.j

1026. Officers will not detach orderlies or body-guards from other commands and departments. When officers are transferred from one command or department to an

4.0.50/83

other, all orderlies or body-guards so detached will be sent to their regiments.-[G. O. 15, 1864.]

1027. In marches, the mounted orderlies follow the Generals, and perform the duty of escorts, or march with orderlies on foot at the head of the division or brigade. Regs. 1863, ¶ 493.]

1028. The Staff officer who distributes the orderlies to their posts sends with them a note of the time and place of departure; those relieved receive a like note from the Staff officer at the headquarters.—[ Regs. 1863, ¶ 494.]

TENTS AND BAGGAGE.

1029. In active campaign, troops must be prepared to bivouac on the march, the allowance of tents being limited, as follows: For the headquarters of an army corps, division, or brigade, one wall tent to the Commanding General, and one to every two officers of his Staff. For the Colonel, Field, and Staff of a full regiment, three wall tents; and for every other commissioned officer, one shelter tent each. For every two non-commissioned officers, soldiers, officers' servants, and authorized camp followers, one shelter tent. One hospital tent will be allowed for office purposes at corps headquarters, and one wall tent at those of a division or a brigade. All tents beyond this allowance will be left in depot.-[Regs. 1863, Ap. B, ¶ 43.]

1030. Hospital tents are for the sick and wounded, and, except those allowed for army corps headquarters, must not be diverted from their proper use.-[Regs. 1863, Ap. B, ¶ 46.]

1031. Officers' baggage will be limited to blankets, one small valise or carpet-bag, and a moderate mess-kit. The men will carry their own blankets and shelter tents, and reduce the contents of their knapsacks as much as possible.-[Regs. 1863, Ap. B, ¶ 44.]

1032. The Depot Quartermaster will provide storage for a reasonable amount of officers' surplus baggage, and the extra clothing and knapsacks of the men.—[ Regs. 1863, Ap. B, ¶ 45.]

CAMPS.

1033. A camp is the place where troops are established in tents, in huts, or in bivouac. The camping-party is a detachment detailed to prepare a camp.―[ Regs. 1863, ¶ 498.]

1034. Reconnoissances should precede the establishment of the camp. For a camp of troops on the march, it is only necessary to look to the health and comfort of the troops, the facility of the communications, the convenience of wood and water, and the resources in provisions and forage. For an intrenched camp, or a camp to cover a country, or one designed to deceive the enemy as to the strength of the army, the ground must be selected, and the camp arranged for the object in view.-[Regs. 1863, 499.]

1035. The camping-party of a regiment consists of the regimental Quartermaster and Quartermaster Sergeant, and a Corporal and two men per company. The General decides whether the regiments camp separately or together, and whether the police guard shall accompany the camping-party, or a larger escort shall be sent.-[ Regs, 1863, ¶ 500.]

1036. Neither baggage nor led horses should be permitted to move with the camping-party.-[Regs. 1863. ¶ 501.]

1037. When the General can send in advance to prepare the camp, he gives his instructions to the chief of the Quartermaster's Department, who calls on the regiments for their camping-parties, and is accompanied, if necessary, by an Engineer to propose the defenses and communications.—[ Regs. 1863, ¶ 502.]

1038. The watering-places are examined, and signals placed at those that are dangerous. Any work required to make them of easier access is done by the police guard or Quartermaster's men. Sentinels, to be relieved by the guards of the regiment when they come up, are placed by the camping-party over the water if it is scarce, and over the houses and stores of provisions and forage in the vicinity.-[ Regs. 1863, ¶503.]

1039. If the camping-party does not precede the regiment, the Quartermaster attends to these things as soon as the regiment reaches the camp. -[Regs. 1863, ¶ 504.] 1040. The Generals establish the troops in camp as rapidly as possible, particularly after long, fatiguing marches.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 506.]

1041. On reaching the ground, the Infantry form on the color front, the Cavalry in rear of its camp.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 505.]

1042. The number of men to be furnished for guards, pickets, and orderlies; the fatigue parties to be sent for supplies; the work to be done, and the strength of the working parties; the time and place for issues; the hour of marching, &c., are then announced by the Brigadier Generals to the Colonels, and by them to the field officersthe Adjutant and Captains formed in front of the regiment, the 1st Sergeants taking

post behind their Captains. The Adjutant then makes the details, and the 1st Sergeants warn the men. The regimental officer of the day forms the picket, and sends the guards to their posts. The colors are then planted at the centre of the color line, and the arms are stacked on the line; the fatigue parties to procure supplies, and the working parties, form in rear of the arms; the men not on detail pitch the tents.[Regs. 1863, ¶ 507.]

1043. If the camp is near the enemy, the picket remains under arms until the return of the fatigue parties, and, if necessary, is re-enforced by details from each company.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 508.]

1044. The Artillery is parked near the troops to which it is attached, so as to be protected from attack, and to contribute to the defense of the camp. Sentinels for the park are furnished by the Artillery, and, when necessary, by the other troops.— [Regs. 1863, ¶ 537.]

1045. In the Cavalry, each troop moves a little in rear of the point at which its horses are to be secured, and forms in one rank; the men then dismount; a detail is made to hold the horses; the rest stack their arms and fix the picket rope; after the horses are attended to, the tents are pitched, and each horseman places his carbine at the side from the weather, and hangs his sabre and bridle on it. The standard is then carried to the tent of the Colonel.-[Regs. 1863, ¶¶ 509, 510.]

1046. The terms front, flank, right, left, file, and rank, have the same meaning when applied to camps as to the order of battle.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 511.]

1047. The front of the camp is usually equal to the front of the troops. The tents are arranged in ranks and files. The number of ranks varies with the strength of the companies and the size of the tents.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 512.]

1048. No officer will be allowed to occupy a house, although vacant and on the ground of his camp, except by permission of the commander of the brigade, who shall report it to the commander of the division.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 513.]

1049. The Staff officer charged with establishing the camp will designate the place for the shambles. The offal will be buried.—[Regs. 1863, ¶ 514.]

[Directions for forming camps will be found in the authorized Tactics for the several arms.]

BIVOUACS.

1050. A regiment of Cavalry being in order of battle, in rear of the ground to be occupied, the Colonel breaks it by platoons to the right. The horses of each platoon are placed in a single row, and fastened as prescribed for camps; near the enemy, they remain saddled all night, with slackened girths. The arms are at first stacked in rear of each row of horses; the sabres, with the bridles hung on them, are placed against the stocks.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 540.]

1051. The forage is placed on the right of each row of horses. Two stable-guards for each platoon watch the horses -[Regs. 1863, ¶ 541.]

1052. A fire for each platoon is made near the color line, twenty paces to the left of the row of horses. A shelter is made for the men around the fire, if possible, and each man then stands his arms and bridle against the shelter.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 542.] 1053. The fires and shelter for the officers are placed in rear of the line of those for the men.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 543.]

1054. The interval between the squadrons must be without obstruction throughout the whole depth of the bivouac.-[ Regs. 1863, ¶ 544.]

1055. The interval between the shelters should be such that the platoons can take up a line of battle freely to the front or rear.-[ Regs. 1863, ¶ 545.]

1056. The distance from the enemy decides the manner in which the horses are to be fed and led to water. When it is permitted to unsaddle, the saddles are placed in the rear of the horses.-[Regs. 1863, ¶546.]

1057. For Infantry, the fires are made in rear of the color line, on the ground that would be occupied by the tents in camp. The companies are placed around them, and, if possible, construct shelters. When liable to surprise, the Infantry should stand to arms at daybreak, and the Cavalry mount until the return of the reconnoitring parties. If the arms are to be taken apart to clean, it must be done by detachments, successively. -Regs. 1863, ¶ 547.]

CANTONMENTS.

1958. Cantonments are the inhabited places which troops occupy for shelter when not put irto barracks.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 498.]

1959. The regimental commander indicates the place where the command shall assemble in case of alarm. It should generally be outside the cantonment; the egress from it should be free; the retreat upon the other positions secure, and roads leading to it on the side of the enemy obstructed.—[Regs. 1863, ¶ 549.]

1060. Near the enemy, companies or platoons should be collected, as much as possible, in the same houses. If companies must be separated, they should be divided by platoons or squads. All take arms at daybreak.—[ Regs. 1863, ¶ 551.]

1061. When Cavalry and Infantry canton together, the latter furnish the guards by night, and the former by day.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 552.]

1062. Troops cantoned in presence of the enemy should be covered by advanced guards and by natural or artificial obstacles. Cantonments taken during a cessation of hostilities should be established in rear of a line of defense, and in front of the point on which the troops would concentrate to receive an attack. The General commanding-in-chief assigns the limits of their cantonments to the divisions, the commanders of divisions to brigades, and the commanders of brigades post their regiments. The position for each corps in case of attack is carefully indicated by its commanding officer.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 553.]

INTRENCHED POSTS.

1063. Any intrenchment that requires Artillery is considered as a post, and a guard or garrison and commander are assigned to it.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 645.]

1064. The General who establishes an intrenched post gives to its commander detailed instructions in regard to its defense, and the circumstances under which the defense should cease.--[ Regs. 1863, ¶ 646.]

1065. The commander reconnoitres his post; distributes the troops; posts the officers and non-commissioned officers; forms a reserve; gives orders for all contingencies he can foresee, and arranges his troops so as to prepare them for attack, day or night.-[ Regs. 1863, ¶ 647.]

HEADQUARTERS.

1066. General officers take post at the centre of their commands, on the main lines of communication. If troops bivouac in the presence of the enemy, all general officers should bivouac with them.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 554.]

DEPOTS.

1067. The grand depots of an army are established where the military operations would not expose them to be broken up. Smaller depots are organized for the divisions and the several arms. They are commanded by officers temporarily disabled for field service, or by other officers if necessary, and comprise, as much as possible, the hospitals and depots for convalescents. When conveniently placed, they serve as points for the halting and assembling of detachments. They receive the disabled from the corps on the march; and the officers in command of the depots send with the detachments to the Army those at the depots who have become fit for service.—[ Regs. 1863, ¶ 497.]

ISSUES OF RATIONS.

1068. The time and period for the issues of rations will depend on circumstances, and be regulated in Orders. When a command is not moving, rations are generally issued for four days at a time. Issues to the companies of a regiment, and the fatigues to receive them, are superintended by an officer detailed from the regiment. Issues are made from one end of the line to the other, beginning on the right and left, alternately. When an issue to a regiment is commenced, it will not be interrupted for another entitled to precedence, but not in place at the time.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 561.]

ORDERS AND DISPATCHES.

1069. In the field, verbal orders and important sealed orders are carried by officers, and, if possible, by Staff officers. When orders are in writing, the place and time of departure will be marked on them, and place and time of delivery on the receipt.— [Regs. 1863, ¶ 556.]

1070. Dispatches, particularly for distant corps, should be intrusted only to officers to whom their contents can be confided. In a country occupied by the enemy, the bearer of dispatches should be accompanied by at least two of the best mounted men; should avoid towns and villages, and the main roads; rest as little as possible, and only at out-of-the-way places. Where there is danger, he should send one of the men in advance, and be always ready to destroy his dispatches. He should be adroit in answering questions about the Army, and not be intimidated by threats.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 557.]

1071. Mounted soldiers are to be employed to carry important dispatches only in special and urgent cases.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 495.]

1072. The precise time when the dispatch is sent off, and the rate at which it is to be conveyed, are to be written clearly on the covers of all letters transmitted by a mounted orderly, and the necessary instructions to him, and the rate of travel going and returning, are to be distinctly explained to him.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 496.]

WATCHWORDS.

1073. The parole and countersign are issued daily from the principal headquarters of the command. The countersign is given to the sentinels and non-commissioned officers of guards; the parole to the commissioned officers of guards.-[Regs. 1863, 1558.]

1074. When the parole and countersign cannot be communicated daily to a post or detachment which ought to use the same as the main body, a series of words may be sent for some days in advance.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 559.]

1075. If the countersign is lost, or one of the guards deserts with it, the commander on the spot will substitute another, and report the case at once to the proper superior, that immediate notice may be given to headquarters.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 560.]

CONTRIBUTIONS.

1976. When the wants of the Army absolutely require it, and in other cases, under special instructions from the War Department, the General commanding the Army may levy contributions in money or kind on the enemy's country occupied by the troops. No other commander can levy such contributions without written authority from the General commanding-in-chief.—[Regs. 1863, ¶ 491.]

SEIZURE AND CONVERSION OF PROPERTY.

1077. While the general laws and necessity of war may, in certain cases, justify the seizure and conversion of private property for the subsistence, transportation, and other public uses of the Army, yet the Rules and Articles of War denounce the severest penalties against pillage, and the taking or appropriation of property for private purposes, whether the offense be committed within the United States or in an enemy's country.-[Regs. 1863, Ap. B, ¶ 21; Art. War 42, 55, 58.]

1078. All property, public or private, lawfully taken from the enemy, or from the inhabitants of an enemy's country, by the forces of the United States, instantly becomes the public property of the United States, and must be used and accounted for as such.-[Art. War 9; Regs. 1863, Ap. B, ¶ 21.]

1079. It is forbidden to purchase horses without ascertaining the right of the party to sell. Stolen horses shall be restored. Estrays, in the enemy's country, when the owner is not discovered, are taken for the Army.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 786.]

1080. Officers will be held strictly responsible that all property taken from alleged enemies by them, or with their authority, is inventoried and duly accounted for. If the property taken be claimed as private, receipts must be given to the claimants or their agents, and it must be accounted for in the same manner as any public property.-[Regs. 1863, Ap. B, ¶ 22.]

1081. When a foraging party is sent out for provisions or other stores, the commanding officer will be held accountable for the conduct of his command, and that a trac report is made of all the property taken.-[Regs. 1863, Ap. B, ¶ 23.]

1082. No officer or soldier will, without authority, leave his colors or ranks, to take private property, or to enter a private house for that purpose. All such acts are punishable with death, and any officer who shall permit them will be equally guilty with the actual pillager.-[Art. War 42; Regs. 1863, Ap. B, ¶ 24.]

SAFEGUARDS.

1083. Safeguards are protections granted to persons or property in foreign parts by the commanding general, or by other commanders within the limits of their comrand.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 788.]

1084. Safeguards are usually given to protect hospitals, public establishments, establishments of religion, charity, or instruction, museums, depositories of the arts, mills, post-offices, and other institutions of public benefit; also to individuals whom it may be the interest of the Army to respect.—[Art. War 57; Regs. 1863, ¶ 789.]

1085. A safeguard may consist of one or more men of fidelity and firmness, generally non-effective non-commissioned officers, furnished with a paper setting out clearly the protection and exemptions it is intended to secure, signed by the commander giving it, and his Staff officer; or it may consist of such paper, delivered to the party whose person, family, house, and property it is designed to protect. These safeguards must be numbered and registered.-[ Regs. 1863, ¶ 790.]

1086. The men left as safeguards by one corps may be replaced by another. They are withdrawn when the country is evacuated; but if not, they have orders to await the arrival of the enemy's troops, and apply to the commander for a safe conduct to the outposts.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 791.]