579. Post Traders will be permitted to erect buildings for the purpose of carrying on their business upon such part of the military reservation or post where they are assigned as the commanding officer may direct. Such buildings will be in convenient reach of the garrison.-[Circ. A. G. O., Aug. 28, 1879.]

580. When a Trader is removed from his post, he has a right to remove and dispose of the materials of the buildings erected by him as his own property. He cannot lease or sell his buildings to another Post Trader without permission of the military authorities; but such permission would have the same force as a license to a new Post Trader to erect such a building at that spot.-[G. O. 89, 1872.]

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581. Post Traders will have the exclusive right of trade upon the military reserve. 24f to which they are appointed; and no other person will be allowed to trade, peddle, or sell goods, by sample or otherwise, within the limits of the reserve. This shall not be held to prohibit the sale, by producers, of fresh fruit or vegetables by permission of the post commander.-[Circ. A. G. O., Aug. 28, 1879.]

582. Post Traders in the Indian country have no right to maintain a traffic in goods with the Indians, unless they be properly licensed for such trade.-[G. O. 112, 1879.]

583. For the exclusive privilege set forth in paragraph 581, Post Traders will be assessed and held to pay, for the benefit of the post fund, at a rate to be determined by the Post Council of Administration, not exceeding ten cents per month, for every officer and enlisted man serving at the post-the monthly average to be determined equitably by the Council.-[G. O. 24, 1878; Circ. A. G. O., Aug. 28, 1879.]

584. The Council of Administration will once in six months, and not oftener, examine the Post Trader's goods and invoices or bills of sale, and will, subject to the approval of the post commander, establish the rates and prices [which should be fair and reasonable] at which the goods shall be sold. A copy of the list thus established will be kept posted in the Trader's store. Should the Post Trader feel himself aggrived by the action of the Council of Administration, he may appeal therefrom, through the post commander, to the War Department.-[Circ. A. G. O., Aug. 28, 1879.] 585. In determining the rate of profit to be allowed, the Council will consider not only the prime cost, freight, and other charges, but also the fact that the Trader has no lien on the soldier's pay, and is without security in this respect.—[Circ. A. G. O., Aug. 28, 1879.]

586. Post Commanders will report to the War Department any misconduct, breach of military regulations, or failure on the part of Post Traders to comply with the requirements of this regulation.-[Circ. A. G. O., Aug. 28, 1879.]

587. When any cause of complaint against a Trader arises, the post commander will place the same before the Council of Administration, and the Council will examine the evidence for and against the Trader, and make a report of the facts, through the post commander, to the Adjutant General of the Army, for the action of the Secretary of War, in whom alone is the power vested to remove a Post Trader.-[Circ. A. G. O., Aug. 28, 1879.]

588. When a new Trader is selected by the Council of Administration under the act of Congress, and his appointment is issued, the appointment of the former Trader will be revoked; but, in order that injustice may not be done the former Trader in the total loss of his investment in buildings and goods, the new appointee will be required to purchase a portion or all of the same at a fair valuation-the articles to be so purchased and the appraisement of their value to be determined by the Council of Administration. The former Trader shall not be debarred from withdrawing his goods if he so elect, nor from entering upon the reservation to attend to the settlement of his business until the same has been closed; such privilege, however, shall not entitle him to continue to trade at the post.-[Circ. A. G. O., Aug. 28, 1879.]

ARTICLE XLVI.

HONORS TO BE PAID BY THE TROOPS.

589. The following officers will be received with standards and colors dropping, officers and troops saluting, and the bands, trumpets, or field-music playing, as indicated in each case:

1. The President. Music: "The President's March."

2. The General commanding-in-chief. Music: "The General's March."

3. The Lieutanant General. Trumpets sounding three flourishes, or drums beating three ruffles.

4. A Major General. Two flourishes, or two ruffles.

5. A Brigadier General. One flourish, or one ruffle.-[Regs. 1863, ¶¶ 238, 240; Tactics.]

590. Officers of the Navy are received with the honors due their assimilated rank, which is as follows: Admiral, General; Vice Admiral, Lieutenant General; Rear

Admiral, Major General; Commodore, Brigadier General; Captain, Colonel; Commander, Lieutenant Colonel; Lieutenant Commander, Major; Lieutenant, Captain; Master, 1st Lieutenant; Ensign, 2d Lieutenant.-[Tactics.]

591. Officers of Marines and of the Volunteers and Militia, when in the service of the United States, receive the honors due to like grades in the Regular service.— [Tactics.]

592. To the Vice President, the members of the Cabinet, the Chief Justice, the President of the Senate, the Speaker of the House of Representatives of the United States, and to Governors, within their respective States and Territories, the same honors are paid as to a General commanding in chief.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 244.]

593. American and foreign envoys or ministers are received with the compliments due to a Lieutenent General.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 246; Tactics.]

594. Officers of a foreign service are complimented with the honors due to their rank.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 245.]

595. The national or regimental colors passing a guard or other armed body are to be saluted, the trumpets sounding and the drums beating a march.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 247.] 596. No honors are paid when troops are en route, on marches, or in trenches; and no salute is rendered when marching in double time, at trot or gallop.-[Regs. 1853, ¶¶ 702, 820; Tactics.]

597. The commanding officer is saluted by all commissioned officers in command of troops or detachments.-[¶ 792, Auth. Inf. Tactics.]

598. All officers salute each other on meeting, and in making or receiving official reports. When under arms the salute is made with the sword or sabre, if drawn; otherwise with the hand. A mounted officer dismounts before addressing a superior not mounted. In all cases the junior first salutes.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 254; Tactics.]

599. On official occasions officers when under arms indoors do not uncover, but they salute with the sword or hand, according as the sword is drawn or in the scabbard; when indoors and not under arms they uncover and stand at attention, but do not salute.-[¶ 790, Auth. Inf. Tactics.]

600. A non-commissioned officer or private in command of a detachment without arms salutes all officers with the hand. If the detachment be on foot, and armed with the rifle or carbine, he brings the pieces to a carry, and he salutes as prescribed for a Sergeant. If the detachment be armed with the sabre, he salutes with the sabre, if drawn; otherwise as if he were unarmed.-[Tactics.]

601. An enlisted man armed with the sabre, when out of the ranks and not a filecloser, salutes all officers with the sabre, if drawn; if not, he salutes with the haná. If on foot, and armed with a rifle or carbine, he salutes as prescribed for a Sergeant.— [Tactics.]

602. Whenever a non-commissioned officer or soldier without arms passes an officer, he salutes him, using the hand farthest from the officer. If mounted, he saiutes with the right hand.-[Tactics.]

603. A non-commissioned officer or soldier being seated, and without particular occupation, rises on the approach of an officer, faces toward him, and salutes. If standing, he faces toward the officer for the same purpose. If the parties remain in the same place or on the same ground such compliments need not be repeated. Soldiers actually at work do not cease it to salute an officer unless addressed by him.[Regs. 1863, ¶ 257; Tactics.]

604. An enlisted man makes the prescribed salute with the weapon he may be armed with, or (if unarmed) with the hand, before addressing an officer. He also makes the same salute after receiving a reply.-[Tactics.]

605. Indoors a non-commissioned officer or soldier when unarmed uncovers and stands at attention, but does not salute; in all other cases he salutes as heretofore prescribed, without uncovering.-[Tactics.]

606. A mounted soldier in passing an officer salutes with the sabre, if drawn; otherwise with his hand. He dismounts before addressing an officer not mounted.— [Tactics.]

607. When an officer enters the room where there are soldiers the word "Attention" is given by some one who perceives him, when all rise and remain standing in the position of a soldier until the officer leaves the room. Soldiers at meals do not rise.

Officers in citizens' dress are saluted in the same manner as when in uniform.— [Tactics.]

608. Soldiers, at all times and in all situations, pay the same compliments to officers of the Army, Navy, and Marines, and to all officers of the Volunteers and Militia in the service of the United States, as to officers of their own particular regiments and corps. Regs. 1863, ¶ 253; Tactics.]

609. Officers will at all times acknowledge the courtesies of enlisted men, and when returning their salute officers salute as prescribed in the Tactics. When several officers in company are saluted, all who are entitled to the salute return it.-[Tactics.]

610. Officers arriving at the Headquarters of a Military Geographical Division, or

Department, or of any organized military command, or at a military post, will, as soon thereafter as may be practicable, call upon the commander thereof, and, if there be time, register their names in the office of the Assistant Adjutant General or Adjutant of the command. If the visiting officer be senior to the commander the former may send a card, when it will become the duty of the commander to make the first call.

SALUTES WITH CANNON.

611. Salutes are fired only between sunrise and sunset, and, as a rule, never on Sunday. The national colors must always be displayed at the time of firing salutes. 612. The national salute is determined by the number of States composing the Union, at the rate of one gun for each State; and is fired at noon on the anniversary of the Independence of the United States, at each military post or camp provided with Artillery.—[ Tidball's Man. of Hvy. Art., ¶ 703; Regs. 1863, ¶ 258.]

613. The President, on both his arrival at and departure from a military post, or when passing in the vicinity, receives a salute of twenty-one guns, and no other personal salute is fired in his presence.-[Tidball's Man. of Hvy. Art., ¶ 701.]

614. The General-in-chief receives a salute of seventeen guns; the Lieutenant General, fifteen guns; a Major General, thirteen guns; and a Brigadier General, eleven guns. [Regs. 1863, ¶¶ 259-263; Tactics.]

615. An officer assigned to duty according to brevet rank is entitled to the salute prescribed for the grade to which he is assigned.-[ Tactics.]

616. As a rule, a personal salute is fired when the personage entitled to it enters the post.-[Tidball's Man. of Hvy. Art., ¶ 707.]

617. A General officer is saluted but once a year at each post, and only when notice of his intention to visit the post has been given. When several persons, each of whom is entitled to a salute, arrive together at a post the one highest in rank or position is alone saluted. If they arrive successively, each is saluted in turn.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 268; Tidball's Man. of Hvy. Art., ¶ 707.]

618. Officers of the Navy are saluted according to their assimilated rank. Officers of Marines and of the Volunteer forces or Militia in the service of the United States, are saluted according to rank.-[ Regs. 1863, ¶ 265; Tactics.]

619. The Vice President and the President of the Senate receive a salute of nineteen guns; members of the Cabinet, the Chief Justice, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, a committee of Congress officially visiting a military post, and Governors, within their respective States and Territories, receive seventeen guns.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 260; Tactics.]

620. American or foreign envoys or ministers receive fifteen guns; Ministers Resident accredited to the United States, thirteen guns; Chargés d'Affaires, eleven guns; Consuls-General accredited to the United Sates, nine guns.-[ Tidball's Man. of Hvy. Art., 701; Regs. 1863, ¶ 267; Tactics.]

621. A sovereign or chief magistrate of any foreign country receives the salute prescribed for the President; members of a royal family receive the salute due to their Sovereign. [Tactics.]

622. Officers of foreign services visiting any post or station are saluted according to rank.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 266.]

623. The salute of a national flag is twenty-one guns.-[Tactics.]

624. It is the custom of foreign ships-of-war, on entering a harbor, or in passing in the vicinity of a fortification, to hoist at the fore the flag of the country in whose waters they are, and to salute it. On the completion of the salute to the flag, a salute of twenty-one guns is to be promptly returned by the nearest fort or battery. If there be several forts or batteries in sight, or within six miles of each other, the principal one only will return the salute. United States vessels return salutes to the flag in United States waters only where there is no fort or battery to do so. United States vessels do not salute United States forts or posts.

When a civil functionary entitled to a salute arrives at a military post, the commanding officer meets or calls upon him as soon as practicable. The commanding officer will tender him a review, provided the garrison of the place is not less than four batteries of Artillery, or their equivalent of other troops.

When an officer entitled to a salute visits a post within his own command, the troops are paraded and he receives the honor of a review, unless he directs otherwise. When a salute is to be given an officer junior to another present at a post, the senior will be notified to that effect by the commanding officer.

Military or naval officers, of whatever rank, arriving at a military post or station are expected to call upon the commanding officer.

Under no circumstances is the flag of a military post dipped by way of salute or compliment.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 264; Tidball's Man. of Hvy. Art., ¶¶ 705, 712.]

625. The interchange of official compliments and visits between foreign military or naval officers and the authorities of a military post are international in character. In all cases it is the duty of the commandant of a military post, without regard to

his rank, to send a suitable officer to offer civilities and assistance to a vessel-of-war (foreign or otherwise) recently arrived.

After such offer it is the duty of the commanding officer of the vessel to send a suitable officer to acknowledge such civilities, and request that a time be specified for his reception by the commanding officer of the post.

The commanding officer of a military post, after the usual offer of civilities, is always to receive the first visit without regard to rank. The return visit by the commanding officer of the military post is made the following day, or as soon thereafter as practicable.-[Tidball's Man. of Hvy. Art., ¶ 708.]

626. When a military commander officially visits a vessel-of-war he gives notice of his visit to the vessel previously thereto, or sends an officer to the gangway to announce his presence, if such notice has not been given. He is then received at the gangway by the commander of the vessel, and is accompanied there on leaving by the same officer. The officer who is sent with the customary offer of civilities is met at the gangway of a vessel-of-war by the officer-of-the-deck; through the latter he is presented to the commander of the vessel, with whom it is his duty to communicate. A vessel-of-war is approached and boarded by commissioned officers by the starboard side and gangway, when there are gangways on each side.

In entering a boat, the junior goes first and other officers according to rank; in leaving a boat, the senior goes first. The latter is to acknowledge the salutes which are given at the gangway of naval vessels.

Naval vessels fire personal salutes to officers entitled to them when the boat containing the officer to be saluted has cleared the ship. It is an acknowledgment for his boat to "lie on her oars" from the first until the last gun of the salute, and for the officer saluted to uncover, then at the conclusion to "give way."

The exchange of official visits between the commanding officers of a post and vessel opens the door to both official and social courtesies among the other officers.-[Tidball's Man. of Hvy. Art., ¶ 709.]

ESCORTS OF HONOR.

627. Escorts of honor may be composed of Cavalry or Infantry, or both, according to circumstances. They are guards of honor for the purpose of receiving and escorting personages of high rank, civil or military. The troops for this purpose will be selected for their soldierly appearance and superior discipline.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 271.]

FUNERAL HONORS.

628. On the receipt of official intelligence of the death of the President of the United States, at any post or camp, the commanding officer shall, on the following day, cause a gun to be fired at every half hour, beginning at sunrise and ending at sunset. When posts are contiguous, the firing will take place at the post only commanded by the superior officer.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 275.]

629. On the day of the interment of a General-in-chief, a gun will be fired at every half hour until the procession moves, beginning at sunrise.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 276.]

630. When the funeral of an officer entitled, when living, to a salute takes place at or near a military post, minute-guns are fired while the remains are being borne to the place of interment; but the number of such guns is not to exceed that which the officer was entitled to as a salute when living. After the remains are deposited in the grave, a salute corresponding to the rank of the deceased officer will be fired in addition to three salvos of artillery or three volleys of musketry.

In the event of a flag-officer of the Navy, whether of the United States or of a foreign country, dying afloat, and the remains are brought ashore, minute-guns are fired from the ship while the body is being conveyed to the shore. If it be in the vicinity of a military post, the flag of the latter is displayed at half-staff, and minute-guns are fired from the post while the procession is moving from the landing-place. These minuteguns are not to exceed in number that which the officer was entitled to as a salute when living.

During the funeral of a civil functionary entitled, when living, to a salute, the flag is displayed at half-staff, and minute-guns fired as before; but neither salute nor salvos are fired after the remains are deposited in the grave.

On the death of an officer at a military post, the flag is displayed at half-staff, and kept so, between the hours of reveille and retreat, until the last salvo or volley is fired over the grave, or, if the remains are not interred at the post, until they are removed therefrom.

During the funeral of an enlisted man the flag is displayed at half-staff, and is hoisted to the top after the final volley or gun is fired.

All military posts in sight, or within six miles of each other, display their flags at half-staff upon the occasion of either one doing so. The same rule is observed toward a vessel-of-war.

On all occasions where the flag is displayed at half-staff it is lowered to that position

from the top of the staff. It is afterwards hoisted to the top before being finally lowered.-[Tidball's Man. of Hry. Art., ¶ 713.]

631. Funeral escorts are allowed as follows: General-in-chief-a regiment of Infantry, a battalion of Cavalry, and two batteries of Artillery; a Lieutenant General-a regiment of Infantry, a battalion of Cavalry, and a battery of Artillery; a Major General-a regiment of Infantry, two companies of Cavalry, and a battery of Artillery; a Brigadier General-a regiment of Infantry, a company of Cavalry, and a platoon of Artillery; a Colonel-a regiment; a Lieutenant Colonel-six companies; Major-four companies; Captain-one company; Subaltern-half a company; noncommissioned Staff officer and a Sergeant-sixteen privates, commanded by a Sergeant; Corporal-twelve privates, commanded by a Corporal; private-eight privates, commanded by a Corporal.-[ Tactics.]

632. The escorts for officers of Light Artillery are as follows: Colonel-twelve pieces; Lieutenant Colonel and Major-eight pieces; Captain-six pieces; Lieutenanttwo pieces; enlisted man-one piece. If more convenient, the caissons need not accompany their pieces.-[¶ 979, Art. Tactics.]

633. An officer's escort, when practicable, is commanded by an officer of the same grade.-[Tactics.]

634. At the funeral of an officer, as many in commission of the Army-division, brigade, or regiment-according to the rank of the deceased as can conveniently be spared from other duties will join in the procession in uniform, and with side-arms. The funeral of a non-commissioned officer or private will be attended, in like manner, by the non-commissioned officers or privates of the regiment or company, according to the rank of the deceased, with side-arms only. The pall-bearers, six in number, will be selected from the grade of the deceased, or from the grade or grades next above or below it.-[Regs. 1863, ¶¶ 296, 297; Tactics.]

635. Persons joining in the procession follow the coffin in the order of their rank.— [Regs. 1863, ¶ 298; Tactics.]

636. The usual badge of military mourning is a picce of black crape around the left arm above the elbow, and also upon the sword-hilt, and will be worn when in full or in undress.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 299.]

637. As family mourning, crape will be worn by officers (when in uniform) only around the left arm.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 300.]

638. The drums of a funeral escort will be covered with black crape or thin black serge. [Regs. 1863, ¶ 301.]

ARTICLE XLVII.

MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE.

639. The several Chiefs of Staff Corps, Departments, and Bureaus will submit directly to the Secretary of War all communications requiring his action or that of the President except such as relate to subjects requiring information from, or to be of record in, the Adjutant General's Office, which latter will be addressed to the Adjutant General, and be by him submitted to the Secretary of War, with the remarks of the General of the Army thereon.-[G. O. 66, 1877.]

640. When business upon which a Board is to be assembled lies solely within the sphere of duties of a particular Staff Corps or Department, and the members of the Board are to be exclusively of that Corps or Department, to meet at a post or station under their immediate control, and to be composed of officers at the post or station, the details therefor may be made by the Chief of the Staff Corps or Department. When, however, the officers to compose the detail are to be drawn from other stations than that at which the Board is to assemble, the orders in the case will be issued by direction of the Secretary of War.-[G. O. 75, 1880.]

641. Whenever Chiefs of Staff Corps or Departments desire to send officers belonging thereto on duty peculiar to their own Staff Corps or Departments, they shall-except in " the case of officers employed under the appropriation for the improvement of rivers and harbors-make application to the Secretary of War, setting forth the purpose of the journey, when, should he assent, orders in the case will be issued in the usual form prescribed in the regulations.-[G. O. 75, 1880.]

642. The following classes of communications must be submitted to the Secretary of War by the Chiefs of Staff Corps, Departments, and Bureaus, through the Adjutant General:

1. All communications concerning appointments, promotions, and commissions of officers of the Army.

2. All communications concernin, details for Boards, when composed of officers from more than one Staff Corps or Department, or when the subjects to be acted upon relate to the affairs of different Staff Corps or Departments, or to other portions of the Army. All orders for such details, when authorized by the General of the Army or Secretary of War, must issue from the Adjutant General's Office, the authority being

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