whenever the road allows it. If a wagon breaks, it is at once removed from the road; when repaired, it takes the rear; when it cannot be repaired, its load and horses are distributed to some of the other wagons kept in the rear for that purpose.—[ Regs. 1863, ¶ 764.]

1240. Convoys by water are escorted on the same principles. Each boat has a small Infantry guard; one portion of the escort precedes or follows the convoy in boats. The Cavalry march opposite the convoy; the advance and rear guard move by land, and all are connected by flankers with the convoy. Where a river runs through a narrow valley, the body of the Infantry moves by land to prevent the enemy from occupying the heights and disturbing the convoy.-[ Regs. 1863, ¶ 765.]

1241. Convoys halt every hour to let the horses take breath and the wagons close up. Long halts are made but seldom, and only in places that have been reconnoitred and found favorable for defense. At night the park is arranged for defense, and in preference at a distance from inhabited places, if in an enemy's country.-[Regs. 1863, 766.]

1242. The wagons are usually parked in ranks, axle against axle, the poles in the same direction, and with sufficient space between the ranks for the horses. If an attack is feared, they are parked in square, the hind wheels outside, and the horses inside.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 767.]

1243. On the appearance of the enemy during the march, the commander closes up the wagons and continues his march in order; he avoids fighting; but if the enemy seizes a position that commands his road, he attacks vigorously with the mass of his force, but is not to continue the pursuit far from the convoy. The convoy halts, and resumes the march when the position is carried.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 768.]

1244. When the enemy is too strong to be attacked, the convoy is parked in square if there be room; if not, closed up in double file; at the front and rear the road is blocked by wagons across it. The drivers are dismounted at the heads of the horses. They are not permitted to make their escape. The light troops keep the enemy at a distance as long as possible, and are supported when necessary, but prudently, as the troops must be kept in hand to resist the main attack.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 769.]

1245. If a wagon take fire in the park, it must be removed if possible. If this be not practicable, the ammunition wagons shall first be removed, then those to leeward of the fire.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 770.]

1246. When a whole convoy cannot be saved, the most valuable part may sometimes be by abandoning the rest. If all efforts fail, and there is no hope of succor, the convoy must be set on fire and the horses killed that cannot be saved; the escort may then cut its way through.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 771.]

1247. If the convoy be of prisoners of war, every effort should be made to reach a village or strong building where they may be confined; if forced to fight in the field, the prisoners must be secured and made to lie down until the action is over.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 772.]

ARMY TRAINS AND BAGGAGE.

1248. There will be allowed for headquarters train of an army corps, four wagons; of a division or brigade, three; a full Infantry regiment, six; and a Light Artillery battery, or squadron of Cavalry, three. This is the maximum allowance, always to be proportionately reduced according to the number of officers and men actually present.— [Regs. 1863, Ap. B, ¶ 41.]

1249. The following extract of special orders issued from Headquarters Armies of the United States, under date of February 23, 1865, is here inserted:

Special Orders, No. 44, of date June 28, 1864, from these headquarters, prescribing the means of transportation, camp and garrison equipage for the armies in the field operating against Richmond, is republished, with changes and additions, to read as follows:

1. For the headquarters of the Lieutenant General commanding the armies of the United States in the field, and Major Generals commanding separate armies, such wagons, light spring carriages, saddle horses, and camp equipage, as may be deemed necessary, from time to time, to be assigned by the Chief Quartermaster at general headquarters.

2. For the headquarters of an army corps, 2 wagons or 8 pack mules for baggage, &c.; 1 two-horse wagon, 1 two-horse spring wagon, and 10 extra saddle horses for contingent wants; 2 wall tents for the personal use and office of the Commanding General; 1 wall tent for every two officers of his staff.

3. For the headquarters of a division, 1 wagon or 5 pack mules for baggage, &c.; 1 two-horse spring wagon, 1 two-horse wagon, and 5 extra saddle horses for contingent wants; 1 wall tent for the personal use and office of the Commanding General; 1 wall tent for every two cilicers of his staff.

4. For the headquarters of a brigade, 1 wagon or 5 pack mules for baggage, 1 two-horse spring wagon, and 2 extra saddle horses for contingent wants; i wall tent for the personal use and office of the Commanding General; 1 wall tent for every two officers of his staff.

5. The allowance of wagons and pack mules to officers detached: to every three company officers when detached or serving without wagons, 1 pack mule; to every twelve company officers when detached, 1 wagon or 4 pack mules; to every two staff officers when not attached to any headquarters, 1 pack mule; to every ten staff officers when serving similarly, 1 wagon or 4 pack mules.

6. These wagons and pack mules will include transportation for all personal baggage, mess chests, cooking utensils, desks, papers, &c. The weight of officers' baggage, specified by Army Regulations, will be reduced so as to bring it within the foregoing schedule.

All excess of transportation, camp and garrison equipage, now with the army corps, divisions, brigades, regiments, or batteries, over the allowance herein prescribed, will be immediately turned in to the Quartermaster's Department at the general depot, now at City Point.

7. Commissary stores and forage will be transported in the supply trains. When they are not convenient of access, and when troops act in detachments, the Quartermaster's Department will assign wagons or pack mules for that purpose, but the baggage of officers or troops, or camp equipage, will not be carried in the wagons or on animals so assigned.

8. For each regiment of Infantry, Cavalry, and Heavy Artillery of less than three hundred (300) men, for baggage, camp equipage, &c., one (1) wagon; over three (300) hundred and less than seven (700) hundred, two (2) wagons; over seven (700) hundred, three (3) wagons. Three wall tents for field and staff; 1 shelter tent for every other commissioned officer; 1 shelter tent for every two non-commissioned officers, soldiers, servants, and camp followers.

9. For each battery: for personal baggage, mess chest, cooking utensils, desks, papers, &c., 1 wagon, 2 wall tents, for officers; shelter tents same allowance as for Infantry and Cavalry regiments.

10. For the Artillery and small-arm ammunition train: the number of 12-pounder guns multiplied by 122 and divided by 112; the number of rifled guns multiplied by 50 and divided by 140; the number of 20-pounder guns by 2, and the number of 4-inch guns multiplied by 24 will give the number of wagons allowed.

The number of guns in horse batteries multiplied by 100 and divided by 140, will give the wagons allowed.

For the Reserve Artillery, ammunition of 20 rounds to each gun in the armies, the number of wagons allowed will be obtained as follows: multiply the number of 12-pounders by 20 and divide by 112, and the number of rifled guns by 20 and divide by 140.

For every 1,000 men present, armed and equipped for duty, of Cavalry, Infantry, and Heavy Artillery, for small-arm ammunition, 3 wagons.

For carrying fuzes, powder, and primers, with the Reserve Artillery ammunition train, 2 wagons. 11. For general supply train, to each 1,000 men, Cavalry, Infantry, and Heavy Artillery, for forage, subsistence, &c., 7 wagons, suflicient to carry eight days' supply; to each Cavalry division, exclusively for forage, 50 wagons; to each battery, for its proportion of subsistence, forage, &c., 4 wagons; to each horse battery, for the same purpose, 4 wagons; to every 25 wagons of the Artillery ammunition train, wagons additional for the forage of the animals of the ammunition and additional wagons, baggage, camp equipage, and subsistence of wagon-masters and teamsters. Ammunition trains will be loaded exclusively with ammunition, so far as practicable. The baggage of the drivers will be carried in the additional wagons allowed for that purpose.

5

To each brigade of Infantry, Cavalry, and Artillery, of not less than 1,500 men, for hospital supplies, 2 wagons; for every one thousand men additional, 1 wagon.

To each army corps, except the Cavalry, for intrenching tools, 8 wagons.

To each army corps headquarters, for subs stence, forage, and other stores not provided for herein, 3 wagons.

To each division headquarters, for similar purposes, 2 wagons.

To each brigade headquarters, for similar purposes, 1 wagon.

To each brigade of Cavalry, Infantry, and Artillery, for commissary stores for sale to officers, 1

wagon.

For the ambulance train of each division, 2 wagons; for the ambulance train of an independent command, less than a division, batteries excepted, I wagon.

To each division of Cavalry and Infantry, for armorers' tools, parts of muskets, extra arms, and accoutrements, 2 wagons.

It is expected that each ambulance and wagon, except those of the Artillery ammunition train, will carry the necessary forage for its own teams

As these armies are increased, the ratio of wagons to each 1,000 men must be proportionately diminished.

12. The unit of organization for the supply trains of subsistence, ordnance, and forage, will be by division. Division Quartermasters will be responsible for them. Brigade Quartermasters will be responsible for the brigade baggage trains. Regimental Quartermasters will be responsible for regimental property and baggage.

Quartermasters will attend in person to the drawing of necessary supplies at depots, and will habitnally accompany their trains on marches.

13. If Corps, Division, or Brigade Commanders take their guards or escorts from commands already furnished with the full allowance of transportation, a corresponding amount shall be taken by them to headquarters, but if they have not been provided for at all, then a proper number of wagons will be transferred by the Depot Quartermaster, on the requisition of the Chief Quartermaster, certified to and approved by the Cominanding General.

14. As a rule, Quartermaster and Commissary Sergeants will not be allowed to ride public horses, nor will citizens or soldier clerks, except on the written order of a Corps or other independent Commander, setting forth the necessity.

15. It has been shown by experience that the advantage of keeping up regularly organized pack trains is not commensurate with the expense.

Two hundred pack saddles will be carried in the wagon trains of each corps. Whenever it becomes necessary to pack officers' baggage, provisions, or ammunition for short distances, over rough roads and broken country, pack trains will be made up temporarily by taking mules from the wagons, not to exceed two to any one wagon.

16. The maximum allowance of forage per day, for horses and mules, will be for horses, public and private, six pounds of hay and fourteen pounds of grain; for mules six pounds of hay and twelve pounds of grain. On a march the ration will be only ten pounds of grain.

17. A report of all property captured from the enemy, or seized for the public service, will be made monthly to the Chief of the Department at these headquarters to which it appertains.

18. That there may be a uniformity in the amount of stores to be kept at the front, Generals commanding the armies operating against Richmond are instructed to keep on hand not more than 60 rounds of small-arm ammunition per man, and 8 days' subsistence and forage, besides the prescribed amount of Artillery ammunition. No more subsistence, forage, and ammunition shall be kept at the front than can be conveniently put into wagons in case of a sudden movement.

1250. Surplus wagons will be turned over to the Chief Quartermaster, to be organized, under direction of the Commanding Generals, into supply trains, or sent to the nearest depot. The requisite supply trains, their size depending upon the state of the roads and character of the campaign, will be organized by the Chief Quartermaster, with the approval of the Commanding Generals, subject to the control of the War Department.-[Regs. 1863, Ap. B, ¶ 41.]

1251. The baggage train of general headquarters and the trains of the several divisions are each under the charge of an officer of the Quartermaster's Department.

These officers command and conduct the trains under the orders they receive from their respective headquarters, in such manner as not to obstruct the movement of the troops. When the trains of different divisions march together, or the train of a division marches with the train of general headquarters, the senior Quartermaster directs the whole.[Regs. 1863, ¶ 773; Ap. B, ¶ 47.]

1252. The wagons allowed to a regiment, battery, or squadron, must carry nothing but forage for the teams, cooking utensils and rations for the troops, hospital stores, and officers' baggage. One wagon to each regiment will transport exclusively hospital supplies, under the direction of the regimental Surgeon; the one for regimental headquarters will carry the grain for the officers' horses; and the three allowed for each battery or squadron will be loaded with rations and forage in proper proportions for the same number of days' supply of each. Stores in bulk and ammunition will be carried in the regular or special supply trains.-[Regs. 1863, Ap. B, ¶ 42.]

1253. The regimental Quartermaster has charge of the wagons, horses, equipments, and all means of transport employed in the service of the regiment. Under the orders of the Colonel, he assembles them for the march, and maintains the order and police of the train in park and on the march. On marches, the regimental trains are under the orders of the Quartermaster of the division. When the march is by brigade, the senior regimental Quartermaster in the brigade, or the Quartermaster of the brigade, has the direction of the whole. The necessary wagon-masters, or noncommissioned officers to act as such, are employed with the several trains.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 774.]

1254. None but the authorized wagons are allowed to march with the train. The wagons of the several headquarters, the regimental wagons, and the wagons of traders authorized by orders from headquarters to march with the train, are all to be conspicuously marked.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 775.]

1255. The General whose headquarters train is to be guarded regulates the strength of the guard. The regimental trains are loaded, unloaded, and guarded, as far as practicable, by convalescents and men not effective in the ranks; in the Cavalry, by dismounted men. When the guard of a train is the escort for its defense, the regulations in regard to convoys and escorts take effect.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 776.]

1256. In large commands the roads, if possible, are left to the Artillery and trains. The order of march should state whether the troops or trains have the right of way. The order for the movement of the divisions, brigades, and regiments contains the necessary directions in regard to the assembling and marching of the respective trains. The several trains march in an order analogous to the rank of the Generals, and the order of battle of the troops to which they belong. Trains are not allowed in any case to be in the midst of the troops, or to impede the march of the troops.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 777.]

1257. The wagon-masters, under the orders of the officers of the Quartermaster's Department, exercise the necessary restraints over the teamsters and servants under their control, and are responsible that they do not leave their teams, ill-treat their animals, or pillage.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 778.]

1258. General officers will not permit any General or Staff officer or regiment under their orders, or any person whatsoever attached to their command, to have more than the authorized amount or means of transportation. For this purpose they will themselves make, and cause to be made, frequent reviews and inspections of the trains. They will see that no trooper is employed to lead a private horse, no soldier to drive a private vehicle, and that no trooper is put on foot to lend his horse to an officer. They will not permit the wagons of the Artillery or of the train to be loaded with anything foreign to their proper service, nor any public horse, for any occasion, to be harnessed to a private carriage.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 779.]

1259. The officers of the Quartermaster's Department, the wagon-masters, and all conductors of trains, are charged with watching that the regulations respecting transportation allowances are strictly observed.—[Regs. 1863, ¶ 780.]

AMBULANCES.

[Act March 11, 1864, in G. O. 106, 1864.]

1260. The following are the rules for a uniform system of ambulances in the armies of the United States:

The Medical Director, or chief Medical officer, of each army corps shall, under the control of the Medical Director of the army to which such army corps belongs, have the direction and supervision of all ambulances, medicine and other wagons, horses, mules, harness, and other fixtures appertaining thereto, and of all officers and men who may be detailed or employed to assist him in the management thereof, in the army corps in which he may be serving.

The commanding officer of each army corps shall detail officers and enlisted men for service in its ambulance corps, upon the following basis, viz: One Captain, who

shall be commandant of said ambulance corps; one 1st Lieutenant for each division; one 2d Lieutenant for each brigade; one Sergeant for each regiment; three privates for each ambulance, and one private for each wagon. The officers and non-commissioned officers of the ambulance corps shall be mounted.

The officers, non-commissioned officers, and privates detailed for each army corps shall be examined by a board of Medical officers of the same as to their fitness. Such as are found to be not qualified shall be rejected, and others detailed in their stead. There shall be allowed and furnished to each army corps two-horse ambulances, upon the following basis: Three to each regiment of Infantry of five hundred men or more; two to each regiment of Infantry of more than two hundred and less than five hundred men; and one to each regiment of Infantry of less than two hundred men; two to each regiment of Cavalry of five hundred men or more; and one to each regiment of Cavalry of less than five hundred men; one to each battery of Artillery, to which it shall be permanently attached; to the headquarters of each army corps, two such ambulances; and to each division train of ambulances two army wagons. Ambalances shall be allowed and furnished upon the same basis to divisions, brigades, and commands not attached to any army corps.

Each ambulance shall be provided with such number of stretchers and other appliances as shall be prescribed by the Surgeon General.

Horse and mule litters may be adopted or authorized by the Secretary of War, in lien of ambulances, when judged necessary, under such rules and regulations as may be prescribed by the Medical director of each army corps.

The Captain shall be the commander of all the ambulances, medicine and other wagons in the corps, under the immediate direction of the Medical director, or chief Medical officer, of the army corps to which the ambulance corps belongs. He shall pay special attention to the condition of the ambulances, wagons, horses, mules, harness, and other fixtures appertaining thereto, and see that they are at all times in readiness for service; that the officers and men of the ambulance corps are properly instructed in their duties, and that their duties are performed, and that the regulations which may be prescribed by the Secretary of War, or the Surgeon General, for the government of the ambulance corps are strictly observed by those under his command. It shall be his duty to institute a drill in his corps, instructing his men in the most easy and expeditious manner of moving the sick and wounded, and to require in all cases that the sick and wounded shall be treated with gentleness and care, and that the ambulances and wagons are at all times provided with attendants, drivers, horses, mules, and whatever may be necessary for their efficiency; and it shall be his duty also to see that the ambulances are not used for any other purpose than that for which they are designed and ordered.

The 1st Lieutenant assigned to the ambulance corps for a division shall have complete control, under the Captain of his corps and the Medical director of the army corps, of all the ambulances, medicine and other wagons, horses, mules, and men in that portion of the ambulance corps. He shall be the Acting Assistant Quartermaster for that portion of the ambulance corps, and will receipt for and be responsible for all the property belonging to it, and be held responsible for any deficiency in anything appertaining thereto. He shall have a traveling Cavalry forge, a blacksmith, and a saddler, who shall be under his orders, to enable him to keep his train in order. He shall have authority to draw supplies from the Depot Quartermaster, upon requisitions approved by the Captain of his corps, the Medical director, and the commander of the army corps to which he is attached. It shall be his duty to exercise a constant supervision over his train in every particular, and keep it at all times ready for service. The 2d Lieutenant shall have command of the portion of the ambulance corps for a brigade, and shall be under the immediate orders of the 1st Lieutenant, and he shall exercise a careful supervision over the Sergeants and privates assigned to the portion of the ambulance corps for his brigade; and it shall be the duty of the Sergeants to conduct the drills and inspections of the ambulances, under his orders, of their respective regiments.

It shall be the duty of the Medical director, or chief Medical officer, of the army corps, previous to a march, and previous to and in time of action, or whenever it may be necessary to use the ambulances, to issue the proper orders to the Captain for the distribution and management of the same, for collecting the sick and wounded and conveying them to their destination. And it shall be the duty of the Captain faithfully and diligently to execute such orders.

The officers of the ambulance corps, including the Medical director, shall make such reports, from time to time, as may be required by the Secretary of War, the Surgeon General, the Medical Director of the Army, or the commanding officer of the army corps in which they may be serving; and all reports to higher authority than the commanding officer of the army corps shall be transmitted through the Medical director of the army to which such army corps belongs.

The ambulances in the armies of the United States shall be used only for the transportation of the sick and wounded, and, in urgent cases only, for Medical supplies,

and all persons shall be prohibited from using them, or requiring them to be used for any other purpose. It shall be the duty of the officers of the ambulance corps to report to the commander of the army corps any violation of the provisions of this paragraph, or any attempt to violate the same. And any officer who shall use an ambulance, or require it to be used, for any other purpose than as provided in this paragraph, shall, for the first offense, be publicly reprimanded by the commander of the army corps in which he may be serving, and for the second offense shall be dismissed from the service.

No person, except the proper Medical officers, or the officers, non-commissioned officers, and privates of the ambulance corps, or such persons as may be specially assigned, by competent military authority, to duty with the ambulance corps for the occasion, shall be permitted to take or accompany sick or wounded men to the rear, either on the march or upon the field of battle.

The officers, non-commissioned officers, and privates of the ambulance corps shall be designated by such uniform or in such manner as the Secretary of War shall deem proper. Officers and men may be relieved from service, and others detailed in the ambulance corps, subject to the examination provided in section 3 of this paragraph, in the discretion of the commanders of the armies in which they may be serving.

It shall be the duty of the commander of the army corps to transmit to the Adjutant General the names and rank of all officers and enlisted inen detailed for service in its ambulance corps, stating the organizations from which they may have been detailed. When officers and men belonging to Volunteer organizations are detailed for such service, the Adjutant General shall, thereupon, notify the Governors of the several States in which such organizations were raised.

It shall be the duty of the commander of the army corps to report to the Adjutant General from time to time the conduct and behavior of the officers and enlisted men of the ambulance corps, and the Adjutant General shall forward copies of such reports, so far as they relate to officers and enlisted men of Volunteer organizations, to the Governors of the States in which such organizations were raised.

Nothing in these regulations shall be construed to diminish or impair the rightful authority of the commanders of armies, army corps, or separate detachments, over the Medical and other officers and the non-commissioned officers and privates of their respective commands.

1261. All ambulances for the transportation of the sick and wounded, before being issued, will be painted as prescribed by the specifications for ambulances approved by the Secretary of War October 31, 1877.

1262. The ambulance depot, to which the wounded are carried or directed for immediate treatment, is generally established at the most convenient building nearest the field of battle.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 736.]

1263. The hospital and ambulance flags of the Army are as follows: For general hospitals, yellow bunting 9 by 5 feet, with the letter H, 24 inches long, of green bunt&ing, in centre.

For post and field hospitals, yellow bunting 6 by 4 feet, with letter H, 24 inches long, of green bunting, in centre.

For ambulances and guidons to mark the way to field hospitals, yellow bunting 14 by 28 inches, with a border, 1 inch deep, of green.—[ G. O. 9, 1864.]

MARCHES.

1264. The object of the movement and the nature of the ground determine the order of march, the kind of troops in each column, and the number of columns.—[ Regs. 1863,

677.]

1265. The "general," sounded one hour before the time of marching, is the signal to strike tents, to load the wagons, and pack horses, and send them to the place of assembling.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 681.]

1266. When the troops should form suddenly to meet the enemy, the signal" to arms" is sounded or the "long roll" is beaten. The troops after assembling on their company parades form rapidly in front of their camps. In the Cavalry, if the troops are to form mounted, the signal "to horse" will be sounded.—[ Regs. 1863, ¶ 683; Auth. Car. Tactics.]

1267. Batteries of Artillery and their caissons move with the corps to which they are attached; the field train and ambulances march at the rear of the column, and the baggage with the rear guard.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 684.]

1268. Cavalry and Infantry do not march together, unless the proximity of the enemy makes it necessary.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 685.]

1269. In Cavalry marches, when distant from the enemy, each regiment, and, if possible, each squadron, forms a separate column, in order to keep up the same gait from front to rear, and to trot, when desirable, on good ground. In such cases, the Cavalry may leave camp later, and can give more rest to the horses, and more attention to the shoeing and harness. Horses are not bridled until the time to start. The