sorties and protect the works. Officers of the General Staff are assigned to them to transmit their orders and attend to the details of service.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 794.]

1159. The Colonels and Lieutenant Colonels of Infantry alternate for duty in the trenches; one or more are detailed daily; they superintend the service of the guards and workmen in the part of the work to which the General of the trenches assigns them, being posted with troops of their own regiments in preference. The commandant of the siege may place the Colonels on the roster with the Brigadier Generals.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 795.]

160. The commandants of Engineers and Artillery accompany the first troops before the place to examine the works and the approaches. When the Engineers have completed the reconnoissance of the works, and of each front as far as practicable, the commandant of Engineers makes a plan of the works as exact and detailed as possible, and, under the instructions of the General commanding the siege, draws up the general plan of the siege, and discusses it with the commandant of Artillery in regard to the best employment of that arm. These officers then submit their joint or separate opinions to the General, who decides on the plan of the siege, and gives the orders for the execution. The commandant of Engineers directs the construction of all the works of siege, under the authority of the General, and lays before him every day a report of his operations, and a plan showing the progress of the attack. The commandant of Artillery also makes daily reports to the General of all that relates to his branch of the service.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 796.]

1161. The Medical Director establishes the hospitals, and organizes the means for transporting the wounded to them.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 797.]

1162. The commanding General appoints a field officer of the trenches, who is aided by one or two Captains or Lieutenants.-[Regs. 1833, ¶ 798.]

1163. The field officer of the trenches is charged with all the details relative to the assembling of the guards and the workmen. He distributes the guards on the different points of the attack agreeably to the orders of the General of the trenches, and forms the detachments of workmen for the Engineers and Artillery; that he may be prepared for this distribution, he receives every day from the Adjutant General a statement of the details for the next day. -[Regs. 1863, ¶ 799.]

1164. On the arrival of the General of the trenches, the field officer of the trenches gives him all the information necessary to enable him to station the troops, attends him in his visit to the trenches, and takes his orders on the changes to be made in the position of the troops. The execution is intrusted to the commandants of the troops.— ↑ Regs. 1863, ¶ 800.]

1165. The field officer of the trenches sees that men and litters are always ready to bring off the wounded. One or more companies of the guards of the trenches are put under his immediate orders for the preservation of order and police in the trenches.— [Regs. 1863, ¶ 801.]

1166. The divisions, brigades, regiments, and battalions are encamped during the siege in the order of battle. The service of the camp is conducted as heretofore proscribed.-[Regs. 2863, ¶ 802.]

1167. The Infantry has two kinds of siege service-the guard of the trenches and the work of the trenches.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 803.]

1168. The guards of the trenches mount every day by battalions, in such order of detail that all the troops may take an equal share, and no part of the line be left too weak. If only one battalion be required, each division furnishes it alternately; if two, each division gives one; if three, one division furnishes two, the other one, alternately. The two battalions of the same division are not taken from the same brigade.[Regs. 1863, ¶ 804.]

1169. The detail for work of the trenches is by company, from all the regiments at one time, or in turn, and continues generally twelve hours. The detail from any regiment should never be less than a company. If only half a company be needed from all the regiments at a time, every other regiment furnishes a full company alternately.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 805.]

1170. The battalions for guard are detailed at least twelve hours in advance; they furnish no other details during this tour. If the whole regiment be called out, it leaves a sufficient police guard in camp.─[Regs. 1863, ¶ 806.]

1171. Twenty-four hours, or twelve at least, before mounting guard in the trenches, the battalions detailed for guard do not furnish workmen; and the companies of those battalions whose tour it would have been to work in the trenches do not go there for twenty-four hours after guard, if possible, or at the least twelve.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 807.] 1172. The workmen who are required for other work than that of the trenches are taken from the roster for fatigue from the battalions and companies not employed in the trenches.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 808.]

1173. The battalions first for detail for guard of the trenches, and the companies first for detail for work in the trenches, furnish no other details, and are held on picket, ready to march at the call of the field officer of the trenches.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 09.] 1174. Materials for the siege, such as fascines, gabions, hurdles, pickets, &c., are

furnished by the different corps, in the proportion ordered by the General.-[Regs. 1863, ¶810.]

1175. Guards and workmen going to the trenches march without beat of drum or music.--[Regs. 1863, ¶ 811.]

1176. At all times, and especially on the day the trenches are opened, every thing is avoided likely to attract the attention of the enemy. With this view, the General may vary the hour of relieving guards.—[Regs. 1863, ¶ 812.]

1177. The chiefs of Engineers and Artillery make requisitions for workmen in advance, that the details may be made in time to prevent any delay in the work. They should exceed the number strictly required, that there may be a reserve for unforeseen wants. If this reserve be found insufficient, the General directs the field officer of the trenches to call on the picket.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 813.]

1178. Before the guards and workmen march, the field officer of the trenches arranges them so that each detachment can reach its ground without confusion. The troops are posted in the trenches according to the position of their regiments in the order of battle, and, as far as possible, the companies of workmen in like order. The reserves of workmen are placed at the depot of the trenches, or the nearest suitable place to the works. -[Regs. 1863, 814.]

1179. The workmen leave their knapsacks and swords in camp, and march with their fire-arms and cartridge-boxes, which they place near them while at work. They always carry their overcoats, to cover them in resting or when wounded.-[Regs. 1863, ¶815.]

1180. The guards always enter the trenches with arms trailed, and the workmen also, unless they carry materials or tools, when the arms are in the sling.-[ Regs. 1863, ¶ 816.]

1181. The guards and detachments of workmen send a Corporal to the openings of the trenches to guide the relief. They march out of the trenches by the flank, with trailed arms.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 817.]

1182. Sand-bags, forming loop-holes, are placed at intervals on the parapet to cover the sentinels; they are more numerous than the sentinels, so that the enemy may not know where the sentinels are placed.-[ Regs. 1863, ¶ 818.]

1183. When detachments are placed at night in advance of the trenches, to cover the workmen, the men sit or lie down, with their fire-arms in their hands, to hide themselves better from the enemy; the sentinels put their ears to the ground frequently, that they may hear troops coming out of the place. To prevent mistakes, the workmen are told what troops cover them.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 819.]

1184. No honors are paid in the trenches. When the General commanding the siege visits them, the guards place themselves in rear of the banquette, and rest on their arms. The colors are never carried to the trenches unless the whole regiment marches to repulse a sortie or make an assault. Even in this case they are not displayed until the General commanding the siege gives a formal order.-[Regs. 1863, T820.]

1185. The materials of the siege of all kinds, together with the tools, are collected in part at the depots of the trenches, and in part at the openings of the trenches, or in such other place as has been appointed for the convenience of the service by the field officer of the trenches, on the advice of the chiefs of Artillery and Engineers. They are in charge of officers of Engineers and of Artillery, with guards or non-commissioned officers of both corps. But if these corps cannot furnish them, the chiefs apply for assistance from the Infantry.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 821.]

1186. The workmen, in going to the trenches, carry such tools and materials as are required by the Artillery and Engineers. In this case, the field officer of the trenches has notice and superintends.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 822.]

1187. The soldiers sent to the trenches go with their cartridge-boxes filled. Cartridges, when needed, are sent to the trenches on the requisition of commanders of battalions, approved by the General of the trenches.-[ Regs. 1863, ¶ 823.]

1188. In the case of a sortie, the guards move rapidly to the places that have been designated by the General of the trenches, and which afford the best defense for the head of the works, the batteries, the communications, or the flanks, or best enable them to take the sortie itself in flank or reverse. Having lined the banquette to fire on the enemy, the troops form on the reverse of the trench to receive him. The workmen take arms, retain their positions, or retire with their tools, as ordered. The officers commanding the detachments of workmen see that their movements are made promptly and in good order, so as to avoid all confusion in the communications.Regs. 1863, ¶ 824.]

1189. The troops that advance beyond the trenches to repulse the sortie must not follow in pursuit. The General takes care that they return to the trenches before the retreat of the sortie allows the artillery of the place to open on them. When the workmen return, the officers and non-commissioned officers of the detachments call the roll without interrupting the work, which is immediately resumed.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 825.]

1190. When it is necessary to dismount Cavalry and send them to the trenches, they should be employed as near their camp as possible, and posted between the detachments of Infantry.-[ Regs. 1863, ¶ 826.]

1191. Men belonging to the Cavalry may, in assaults, be employed in carrying fascines and other materials to fill ditches and make passages.-[Regs. 163, ¶ 827.] 1192. The general officers of Cavalry are more particularly employed in the service of posts and detachments placed in observation to protect the siege. They and the field officers of this arm are employed in the command of escorts to convoys, of whatever arms the escorts may be composed. When these duties are not sufficient to employ them, they take their share of the duty of the trenches.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 828.]

1193. The officers of Engineers and Artillery of the trenches make to the General of the trenches a return of all losses in their troops, and such other reports on the work as he requires, in addition to the reports direct to their respective chiefs on the details of the service.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 829.]

1194. At the end of each tour, the field officer of the trenches draws up a report for the twenty-four hours to the General of the trenches. The General of the trenches reports to the General commanding the siege.-[ Regs. 1863, ¶ 830.]

1195. The commanders of the several corps in the trenches report, when relieved, to their respective headquarters the losses during the tour, and the conduct of the officers and men.-[Regs. 1863, 831.]

1196. However practicable the breach may appear, or however ruined the works in rear of it, the heads of columns must always be supplied with ladders to get over unexpected obstacles.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 832.]

1197. The General commanding the siege designates picked companies to protect property and persons, and prevent pillage and violence, from the moment the place is carried. The officers exert themselves to restrain the men.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 833.]

1198. The General designates the places requiring particular protection, such as churches, asylums, hospitals, colleges, schools, and magazines. The order for their protection should remind the soldiers of the penalty of disobeying it.-Regs. 1863, ¶834.]

1199. Whether the place be taken by assault or by capitulation, the provisions and military stores, and the public funds, are reserved for the use of the Army.—[ Regs. 1863, 835.]

1200. The commander of Engineers will keep a journal of the siege, showing the operations of each day in detail, the force employed on the work, the kind and quantity of materials used in them, &c. He will also mark on a plan of the ground the daily progress of the works, and make the necessary drawings explanatory of their construction.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 836.]

1201. The commander of the Artillery will keep a daily journal of the operations under his direction, showing the number and kind of pieces in battery, the force employed in serving them, the kind and quantity of ammunition expended, the number of rounds fired from each piece of ordnauce, the effect of the fire, and all other particulars relative to his branch of the service.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 837.]

1202. These journals and drawings will be sent, after the siege, with the report of the General, to the War Department.-[ Regs. 1863, ¶ 838.]

1203. In war, every commander of a fortified place shall always hold himself prepared with his plan of defense, as if at any time liable to attack. He arranges this plan according to the probable mode of attack; determines the posts of the troops in the several parts of the works, the reliefs, the reserves, and the details of service in all the corps. He draws up instructions for a case of attack, and exercises the garrison according to his plan of defense. In sea-coast works, he provides the instructions for the different batteries on the approach of ships.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 839.]

1204. In framing his plan, he studies the works and the exterior within the radius of attack and investment, the strength of the garrison, the artillery, the munitions of war, subsistence and supplies of all kinds, and takes immediate measures to procure whatever is deficient of troops or supplies, either by requisition on the government or from the means put at his disposal.—[Regs. 1863, ¶ 840.]

1205. On the approach of an enemy, he removes all houses and other objects, within or without the place, that cover the approaches, or interrupt the fire of the guns or the movements of the troops. He assures himself personally that all posterns, outlets, embrasures, &c., are in proper state of security.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 841.]

1206. He shall be furnished by the War Department with a plan of the works, showing all the details of the fortifications and of the exterior within the radius of attack; with a map of the environs within the radius of investment; with a map of the vicinity, including the neighboring works, roads, water-channels, coasts, &c.; with a memoir explaining the situation and defense of the place, and the relations and beatings of the several works on each other, and on the approaches by land and water-all which he carefully preserves, and communicates only to the council of defense.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 842.]

1207. He consults his next in rank and the senior officer of the Engineers and of

the Artillery, either separately or as a council of defense. In the latter case he designates an officer to act as secretary to the council, and to record their proceedings and their joint or separate opinions, which are to be kept secret during the siege. The members may record their opinions under their own signature. In all cases the commander decides on his own responsibility.-[ Regs. 1863, ¶ 843.]

1208. The commander of the place and the chiefs of Engineers and of Artillery shall keep journals of the defense, in which shall be entered, in order of date, without blank or interlineation, the orders given or received, the manner in which they are executed, their results, and every event and circumstance of importance in the progress of the defense. These journals and the proceedings of the council of defense shall be sent after the siege to the War Department.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 844.]

1209. There shall be kept in the office of the commandant of the place, to be sent after the siege to the War Department, a map of the environs, a plan of the fortifications, and a special plan of the front of attack, on which the Chief Engineer will trace in succession the positions occupied, and the works executed by the enemy from the investment; and also the works of counter approach or defense, and the successive positions of the Artillery and other troops of the garrison during the progress of the siege.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 845.]

1210. The commander shall defend in succession the advanced works, the covered way and outworks, the body of the work, and the interior intrenchments. He will not be content with clearing away the foot of the breaches, and defending them by abattis, mines, and all the means used in sieges, but he shall begin in good time, behind the bastions or front of attack, the necessary intrenchments to resist assaults on the main work.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 846.]

1211. He shall use his means of defense in such manner as always to have a reserve of fresh troops, chosen from his best soldiers, to resist assaults, retake the outworks, and especially to resist the assaults on the body of the place; and a reserve of provis ions for the last period of the siege, and of ammunition for the last attacks.-[Regs. 1863, ¶847.]

1212. He must, in every case, compel the besieging force to approach by the slow and successive works of siege, and must sustain at least one assault on a practicable breach in the body of the place.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 848.]

1213. When the commander thinks that the end of the defense has come, he shall still consult the council of defense on the means that may remain to prolong the siege. But in all cases he alone will decide on the time, manner, and terms of the surrender. In the capitulation he shall not seek or accept better terms for himself than for the garrison, but shall share their fate, and exert his best endeavors for the care of the troops, and especially of the sick and wounded.-[ Regs. 1863, ¶ 849.]

1214. No commander in the field shall withdraw troops or supplies from any fortified place, or exercise any authority over its commandant, unless it has been put subject to his orders by competent authority.—[Regs. 1863, ¶ 850. ]

RECONNOISSANCES.

1215. Near an enemy, daily reconnoissances are made to observe the ground in front, and to discover whether the advanced guards of the enemy have been increased or put in motion, or any other sign of his preparation for march or action.—[ Regs. 1863, ¶ 656.]

1216. Reconnoissances are made by small parties of Cavalry and Infantry, from the brigade, under direction of the General of division or the General of a separate brigade, and to less distance by the patrols of the grand guard, and are not repeated at the same hour or by the same route. On the plain, they are made by Cavalry; among mountains, by Infantry, with a few horsemen to carry intelligence.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 657.]

1217. Reconnoitring parties observe the following precautions: To leave small posts, or sentinels at intervals, to transmit intelligence to the advanced posts of the Army, unless the return is to be by a different route; to march with caution, to avoid fighting; and see, if possible, without being seen; to keep an advanced guard; to send well-mounted men ahead of the advanced guard, and on the flanks of the party; to instruct the scouts that no two should enter a defile or mount a hill together, but to go one at a time, while one watches to carry the news if the other is taken.-[Regs. 1863, ¶¶ 658, 659.]

1218. Before daybreak the advanced guard and scouts are drawn closer; the party then marches slowly and silently, stops frequently to listen, and keeps the horses that neigh in the rear. The party should enter no wood, defilé, village or inclosure until it has been fully examined by the scouts.-[ Regs. 1863, ¶ 659.]

1219. Special reconnoissances are made under the direction of the general officer in command, by such officers and with such forces as he may direct.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 660.] 1220. Offensive or forced reconnoissances are to ascertain with certainty points in the enemy's position, or his strength. They are sometimes preludes to real actions,

and sometimes only demonstrations. They drive in his outposts, and sometimes engage special corps of his line. They are only made by the order of the General commanding-in-chief, or the commander of an isolated corps.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 661.]

1221. In all reports of reconnoissances, the officer making them shall distinguish expressly what he has seen from the accounts he has not been able to verify personally.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 662.]

1222. In special and offensive reconnoissances, the report must be accompanied by a field-sketch of the localities, the dispositions and defenses of the enemy.-[Regs. 1863, 663.]

CONVOYS AND THEIR ESCORTS.

1223. The strength and composition of the escort of a convoy depend on the country, the nature and value of the convoy, and the dangers it may incur. A larger escort is required for a convoy of powder, that the defense may not be near the train.— [Regs. 1863, ¶ 748.]

1224. Cavalry is employed in escorts chiefly to reconnoitre; the proportion is larger as the country is more open.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 749.]

1225. Pioneers or working parties are attached to convoys to mend roads, remove obstacles, and erect defenses. The convoys should always be provided with spare wheels, poles, axles, &c.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 750.]

1226. The commandant of the escort should receive detailed instructions in writing. [Regs. 1863, ¶ 751.]

1227. As far as the defense permits, the commander of the escort shall refer to the officer in charge of the convoy for the hours of departure, the halts, the parking and order of the train, and the precautions against accidents.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 752.]

1228. Officers who accompany the convoy but do not belong to the escort shall exercise no authority in it except by consent of the commander. If these officers be junior to the commander he may assign them to duty if the defense requires it.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 753.]

1229. Large convoys are formed into divisions, each with a conductor. The distance between the wagons is four paces. A small party of Infantry is attached to each division.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 754.]

1230. Generally munitions of war are at the head of the convoy, subsistence next, and then other military stores; the traders last. But that part of the convoy which is most important to the Army shall always be where it is most secure from danger.[Regs. 1863, ¶ 755.]

1231. The commandant should send out reconnoitring parties, and never put the convoy in motion until their reports have been received. He always forms an advance and rear guard, and keeps the main body under his immediate order at the most important point, with small guards or posts at other points.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 756.]

1232. In an open country the main body marches by the side of the road, opposite the centre of the convoy; in other cases at the head or rear of the column, as the one or the other is more exposed.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 757.]

1233. The advance guard precedes the convoy far enough to remove all obstacles to its advance. It examines the woods, defiles, and villages, and by mounted men gives information to the commander, and receives his orders. It reconnoitres places for halts and parks.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 758.]

1234. If the head of the column be threatened, the advanced guard seizes the defiles and places which the enemy might occupy, and holds them until the main body advances to the front and relieves it; the main body holds the positions until the head of the convoy arrives, and then leaves detachments which are relieved by the parties marching with the divisions; the posts are not abandoned until the whole convoy has passed and the position is no longer important.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 759.]

1235. When the rear is threatened, like measures are taken; the rear guard defends the ground and retards the enemy by breaking the bridges and blocking the road.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 760.]

1236. If the flanks be threatened, and the ground is broken, and many defiles are to be passed, the defense of the convoy becomes more difficult; the advance and rear guards must be reduced, the flanks strengthened, and positions which will cover the march of the convoy must be occupied by the main body of the troops before the head of the convoy reaches them, and until it has passed.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 761.]

1237. If the convoy be large, and has to pass places that the force and position of the enemy make dangerous, the loss of the whole convoy must not be risked; it must pass by divisions, which reunite after the passage. In this case the greater part of the troops guard the first division; they seize the important points, and cover them with light troops, or, if necessary, with small posts, and hold them until all the divisions have pased.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 762.]

1238. If there be Artillery in the convoy, the commander of the escort uses it for the defense.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 763.]

1239. To move faster and make the defense easier, the wagons move in double file