1087. Form of a safeguard:

By authority of

A safeguard is hereby granted to [A. B -; stating precisely the place, nature, and description of the person, property, or buildings.] All officers and soldiers belonging to the Army of the United States are therefore commanded to respect this safeguard, and to afford, if necessary, protection to [the person, family, or property of

the case may be.]

Given at Headquarters, the - day of

C. D

A. B

Major General commanding-in-chief.

a8

Adjutant General.

[Fifty-seventh Article of War.]

Whosoever, belonging to the Armies of the United States in foreign parts, or at any place within the United States or their Territories during rebellion against the supreme authority of the United States, forces a safeguard, shall suffer death.—[ Regs. 1863, ¶ 792.]

MILITARY EXERCISES.

1088. When troops remain in camp or cantonment many days, the commanding officers of regiments will require them to be exercised in the school of the battalion. The troops must not be exercised at the firings without the authority of the General commanding-in-chief. The practice of the drums must never begin with the "general," or the "march of the regiment;" nor the trumpets with the sound "to horse." The hour for practice is always announced.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 555.]

GENERAL POLICE.

1089. Persons with the Army, such as guides of the country, interpreters, &c., but not officers or soldiers, will carry about them certificates of their employment from the headquarters employing them.-[ Regs. 1863, ¶ 783.]

1090. Private servants will not be allowed to wear the uniform of any corps of the Army, but each will be required to carry with him a certificate from the officer who employs him, verified, for regimental officers, by the signature of the Colonel; for other officers under the rank of Colonel, by the chief of their corps or department.— [Regs. 1863, ¶ 782.]

1091. Deserters from the enemy, after being examined, will be secured for some days, as they may be spies in disguise; as opportunities offer, they will be sent to the rear; after which, if they are found lurking about the Army, or attempting to return to the enemy, they will be treated with severity.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 784.]

1092. The arms and accoutrements of deserters will be turned over to the Ordnance Department, and their horses to the corps in want of them, after being branded with the letters "U. S." The compensation to be accorded to deserters, for such objects, will be according to appraisement made under the direction of the Quartermaster's Department.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 785.]

1093. The enlistment of deserters from the enemy, without express permission from General Headquarters, is prohibited.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 785.]

1094. Plundering and marauding, at all times disgraceful to soldiers, when committed on the persons or property of those whom it is the duty of the Army to protect, become crimes of such enormity as to admit of no remission of the awful punishment which the military law awards against offenses of this nature.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 787.]

POLICE GUARD.

1095. In each regiment a police guard is detailed every day, consisting of two Sergeants, three Corporals, two drummers, and men enough to furnish the required sentinels and patrols. The men are taken from all the companies-from each in proportion to its strength. The guard is commanded by a Lieutenant, under the supervision of a Captain, as regimental offic r of the day. It furnishes ten sentinels at the campone over the arms of the guard; one at the Colonel's tent; three on the color front, one of them over the colors; three, fifty paces in rear of the field officers' tents; and one on each flank, between it and the next regiment. If it is a flank regiment, one more sentinel is posted on the outer flank.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 573.]

1096. An advanced post is detached from the police guard, composed of a Sergeant, a Corporal, a drummer, and nine men to furnish sentinels and the guard over the prisoners. The men are the first of the guard roster from each company. The men of the advanced post must not leave it under any pretext. Their meals are sent to the

post. The advanced post furnishes three sentinels-two a few paces in front of the post, opposite the right and left wing of the regiment, posted so as to see as far as possible to the front, and one over the arms.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 574.]

1097. In the Cavalry, dismounted men are employed in preference on the police guard. The mounted men on guard are sent in succession, a part at a time, to groom their horses. The advanced post is always formed of mounted men.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 575.]

1098. In each company a Corporal has charge of the stable-guard. His tour begins at retreat, and ends at morning stable-call. The stable-guard is large enough to relieve the men on post every two hours. They sleep in their tents, and are called by the Corporal when wanted. At retreat the Corporal closes the streets of the camp with eords, or uses other precautions to prevent the escape of loose horses.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 576.]

1099. The police guard and the advance post pay the same honors as other guards. They take arms when an armed body approaches.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 578.]

1100. The sentinel over the colors has orders not to permit them to be moved except in presence of an escort; to let no one touch them but the color-bearer, or the Sergeant of the police guard when he is accompanied by two armed men.a.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 579.]

110. The sentinels on the color front permit no soldier to take arms from the stacks, except by order of some officer, or a non-commissioned officer of the guard. The sentinel at the Colonel's tent has orders to warn him, day or night, of any unusual movement in or about the camp.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 580.]

1102. The sentinels on the front, flanks, and rear see that no soldier leaves camp with horse or arms unless conducted by a non-commissioned officer. They prevent non-commissioned officers and soldiers from passing out at night, except to go to the sinks, and then mark if they return. They arrest, at any time, suspicious persons prowling about the camp, and at night every one who attempts to enter, even the soldiers of other corps. Arrested persons are sent to the officer of the guard, and by him, if necessary, to the officer of the day.—[Regs. 1863, ¶ 581.]

1103. The sentinels on the front of the advanced post have orders to permit neither non-commissioned officers nor soldiers to pass the line without reporting at the advanced post; to warn the advanced post of the approach of any armed body, and to arrest all suspicious persons. The Sergeant sends persons so arrested to the officer of the guard, and warns him of the approach of any armed body.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 582.] 1104. The sentinel over the arms at the advanced post guards the prisoners, and suffers no one to converse with them without permission. They are only permitted to go to the sinks one at a time, and under a sentinel.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 583.]

1105. If any one is to be passed out of camp at night, the officer of the guard sends him under escort to the advanced post, and the Sergeant of the post has him passed over the chain.-[ Regs. 1863, ¶ 584.]

1106. At retreat, the Sergeant of the police guard, accompanied by two armed soldiers, folds the colors and lays them on the trestle in rear of the arms. He sees that the trader's stores are then closed, and that the men leave them; also that the kitchen fires are put out at the appointed hour.-[ Regs. 1863, ¶ 585.]

1107. The officer of the day satisfies himself frequently during the night of the vigilance of the police guard and advanced posts. He prescribes patrols and rounds to be made by the officer and non-commissioned officers of the guard. The officer of the guard orders them when he thinks necessary. He visits the sentinels frequently.— [Regs. 1863, ¶ 586.]

1108. Át reveille, the Sergeant replants the colors in place. At retreat and reveille the advanced post takes arms; the Sergeant makes his report to the officer of the guard when he visits the post.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 587.]

1109. When necessary, the camp is covered at night with small outposts, forming a double chain of sentinels. These posts are under the orders of the commander of the police guard, and are visited by his patrols and rounds. -[Regs. 1833, ¶ 588.]

1110. When the regiment marches, the men of the police guard return to their companies, except those of the advanced post. In the Cavalry, at the sound "boots and saddles," the officer of the guard sends one-half the men to saddle and pack; when the regiment assembles, all the men join it.-[ Regs. 1863, ¶ 590.]

1111. When the camping-party precedes the regiment, and the new police guard marches with the camping-party, the guard, on reaching the camp, forms in line thirty paces in front of the centre of the ground marked for the regiment. The officer of the guard furnishes the sentinels required by the commander of the camping-party. The advanced post takes its station.-[Regs. 1833, ¶ 591.]

THE PICKET.

1112. The detail for the picket is made daily, after the details for duty of the first class, and from the next for detail on the roster of that class. It is designed to furnish

detachments and guards unexpectedly called for in the twenty-four hours; it counts as a tour of the first class to those who have marched on detachment or guard, or who have passed the night in bivouac.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 593.]

1113. Detachments and guards from the picket are taken from the head of the picket-roll in each company, and, if possible, equally from each company. The picket of a regiment is composed of a Lieutenant, two Sergeants, four Corporals, a druinmer, and about forty privates. For a smaller force, the picket is in proportion to the strength of the detachment.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 595.]

1114. Officers and men of the picket who march on detachment or guard before retreat will be replaced.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 596.]

1115. The picket is assembled by the Adjutant at guard-mounting; it is posted twelve paces in rear of the guard, and is inspected by its own commander. When the guard has marched in review, the commandant of the picket marches it to the left of the police guard, where it stacks its arms, and is dismissed; the arms are under charge of the sentinel of the police guard.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 597.]

1116. The picket is only assembled by the orders of the Colonel or officer of the day. It forms on the left of the police guard.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 598.]

1117. The officer of the day requires the roll of the picket to be called frequently during the day; the call is sounded from the police guard. At roll-calls and inspections, Infantry pickets assemble with knapsacks on, Cavalry on foot. The picket is assembled at retreat; the officer has the roll called, and inspects the arms.-[ Regs. 1863, ¶ 599.]

1118. The officers, non-commissioned officers, and soldiers of the picket are at all times dressed and equipped; the horses are saddled, and knapsacks and valises ready to be put on.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 594.]

1119. The picket does not assemble at night except in cases of alarm, or when the whole or a part is to march; then the officer of the day calls the officers, who call the non-commissioned officers, and the latter call the men; for this purpose each ascertains the tents of those he is to call. They are assembled without beat of drum or other noise. At night, Cavalry pickets assemble mounted.—[ Regs. 1863, ¶ 600.]

GRAND GUARDS AND OTHER OUTPOSTS.

[For grand guard mounting, vide Tactics.]

1120. Grand guards are the advanced posts of a camp or cantonment, and should cover the approaches to it. Their number, strength, and position are regulated by the commanders of brigades; in detached corps, by the commanding officer. When possible, the grand guards of Cavalry and Infantry are combined, the Cavalry furnishing the advanced sentinels. When the Cavalry is weak, the grand guards are Infantry, but accompanied by a few Cavalry soldiers, to obtain and carry intelligence of the enemy. [Regs. 1863, ¶ 602.]

1121. The strength of the grand guard of a brigade depends on its object and the strength of the regiments, the nature of the country, the position of the enemy, and the disposition of the inhabitants. It is usually commanded by a Captain.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 603.]

1122. The grand guards are specially under the direction of a field officer of the day of each brigade, supervised by the Generals of division and brigade. In case of necessity, Captains may be added to the roster of Lieutenant Colonels and Majors for this detail.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 604.]

1123. Grand guards usually mount at the same time as the other guards, but may mount before daybreak if the General of brigade thinks it necessary to double the outposts at that time. In this case they assemble and march without noise, and during their march throw out scouts-a precaution which should always be taken in the first posting of a grand guard. The doubling of guards weakens the corps and fatigues the men, and should seldom be resorted to, never when preparing to march or fight.— [Regs. 1863, ¶ 606.]

1124. A grand guard is conducted to its post, in the first instance, by the field officer of the day, guided by a Staff officer who accompanied the General in his reconnoissance. After the post has been established, the commander sends to the field officer of the day, when necessary, a soldier of the guard to guide the relieving guard to the post. He also sends to him in the evening a Corporal or trusty man of the guard for the note containing the parole and countersign, which he communicates before dark to the detached posts. He will not suffer his guard to be relieved except by a guard of the brigade, or by special orders.--[Regs. 1863, ¶ 607.]

1125. If there is no pass to be watched or defended, the grand guards are placed near the centre of the ground they are to cover, in a sheltered, and, if possible, high position, the better to conceal their strength and observe the enemy; they ought not to be placed near the edge of a wood. When, during the day, they are placed very near or in sight of the enemy, they fall back at night on posts selected further to the rear. [Regs. 1863, ¶ 608.]

1126. Grand guards are chiefly to watch the enemy in front; their flanks are protected by each other, and the camp must furnish posts to protect their rear and secure their retreat.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 610.]

1127. In broken or mountainous countries, and particularly if the inhabitants are ill-disposed, intermediate posts must be established when it is necessary to post the grand guard at a distance from the camp.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 609.]

1128. The General of division, if he thinks proper, changes the stations and orders of these guards, and establishes posts to connect the brigades or protect the exterior flanks.-Regs. 1863, ¶ 612.]

1129. The commander of a grand guard receives detailed instructions from the General and field officer of the day of the brigade, and instructs the commanders of the small posts as to their duties and the arrangements for defense or retreat. The commanders of grand guards may, in urgent cases, change the positions of the small posts. If the small posts are to change their positions at night, they wait until the grand guard is in position and darkness hides their movements from the enemy; then march silently and rapidly under the charge of an officer.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 614.]

1130. Staff officers, sent from division headquarters to inspect the posts of grand guards, give them orders only in urgent cases, and in the absence of the field officer of the day of the brigade.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 605.]

1131. The following are standing instructions to grand guards, beside the special orders which may be given in each case: To inform the nearest posts and the field officer of the day, or the General of brigade, of the movements of the enemy, and of the attacks they receive or apprehend; to examine every person passing near the post, particularly those coming from without; to arrest suspicions persons, and all soldiers and camp-followers who try to pass out without permission, and to send to the General, unless otherwise directed, all country people who come in.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 616.]

1132. If a body of troops attempt to enter the camp at night, unless their arrival has been announced, or the commander is known to, or is the bearer of a written order to the commander of the grand guard, he stops them, and sends the commander under escort to the field officer of the day, and warns the posts near him.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 638. ] 1133. Bearers of flags are not permitted to pass the outer chain of sentinels; their faces are turned from the post or army; if necessary, their eyes are bandaged; a noncommissioned officer stays with them to prevent indiscretion of the sentinels.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 639.]

1134. The commandant of the grand guard receipts for dispatches from the enemy, and sends them to the field officer of the day or General of brigade, and dismisses the bearer; but if he has discovered what ought to be concealed from the enemy, he is detained as long as necessary.-[ Regs. 1863, ¶ 640.]

1135. Deserters are disarmed at the advanced posts, and sent to the commander of the grand guard, who gets from them all the information he can. If many come at night, they are received cautiously, a few at a time. They are sent in the morning to the field officer of the day, or to the nearest post or camp, to be conducted to the General of the brigade. All suspected persons are searched by the commanders of the posts.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 641.]

1136. Grand guards are often charged with the care and working of telegraphic signals.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 619.]

1137. After a grand guard is posted, the first care of the commander and of the field officer of the day is to get news of the enemy; then to reconnoitre his position, and the roads, bridges, fords, and defiles. This reconnoissance determines the force and position of the small posts and their sentinels day and night. These posts, according to their importance, are commanded by officers or non-commissioned officers; the Cavalry posts may be relieved every four or eight hours.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 613.]

1138. In detached corps, small posts of picked men are at night sent forward on the roads by which the enemy may attack or turn the position. They watch the forks of the roads, keep silence, conceal themselves, light no fires, and often change place. They announce the approach of the enemy by signals agreed upon, and retreat, by routes examined during the day, to places selected, and rejoin the guard at daybreak.— [Regs, 1863, ¶ 615.]

1139. The commandants of grand guards visit the sentinels often; change their positions when necessary; make them repeat their orders; teach them under what circumstances and at what signals to retire, and particularly not to fall back directly on their guard if pursued, but to lead the enemy in a circuit.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 626.] 1140. The fires of grand guards should be hidden by some sort of screen. Το deceive the enemy, fires are sometimes made on ground rot occupied. Fires are not permitted at small posts liable to surprise.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 636.]

1141. The horses of Cavalry guards are watered or fed by detachments; while some are feeding the rest are ready to mount.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 637.]

1142. Advanced posts will not take arms for inspection or ceremony when it would expose them to the view of the enemy.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 618.]

1143. The sentinels and videttes are placed on points from which they can see furthest, taking care not to break their connection with each other or with their posts. They are concealed from the enemy as much as possible by walls, or trees, or elevated ground. It is generally even of more advantage not to be seen than to see far. They should not be placed near covers, where the enemy may capture them.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 620.]

1144. If the post of a sentinel must be where he cannot communicate with the guard, a Corporal and three men are detached for it, or the sentinels are doubled, that one may communicate with the guard. During the day the communication may be made by signals, such as raising a cap or handkerchief. At night sentinels are placed on low ground, the better to see objects against the sky.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 622.]

1145. A sentinel should always be ready to fire; videttes carry their pistols or carbines in their hands. A sentinel must be sure of the presence of an enemy before he fires; once satisfied of that, he must fire, though all defense on his part be useless, as the safety of the post may depend on the alarm thus given. Sentinels fire on all persons deserting to the enemy.-[ Regs. 1863, ¶ 621.]

1146. At night, half the men of the grand guard off post watch under arms, while the rest lie down, arms by their side. The horses are always bridled; the horsemen hold the reins, and must not sleep.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 627.]

1147. All out-guards stand to arms at night on the approach of patrols, rounds, or other parties; the sentinel over the arms has orders to call them out.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 617.]

1148. To lessen the duty of rounds, and keep more men on the alert at night, sentinels are relieved every hour. To prevent sentinels from being surprised, it is sometimes well to precede the countersign by concerted signals, such as striking the rifle with the hand, striking the hands together, &c.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 623.]

1149. With raw troops, or when the light troops of the enemy are numerous or active, and when the country is broken or wooded, the night stormy or dark, sentinels should be doubled. In this case, while one watches, the other, called a flying sentinel, moves about, examining the paths and hollows.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 625.]

1150. On the approach of any one at night, the sentinel orders "Halt!" If the order is not obeyed after once repeated, he tires. If obeyed, he calls-"Who goes there?" If answered-"Rounds" or "Patrol,” he says "Stand; advance one with the countersign." If more than one advance at the same time, or the person who advances fails to give the countersign or signal agreed on, the sentinel fires, and falls back on his guard. The sentinel over the arms, as soon as his hail is answered, turns out the guard, and the Corporal goes to reconnoitre. When it is desirable to hide the position of the sentinel from the enemy, the hail is replaced by signals; the sentinel gives the signal, and those approaching the counter signal.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 624.]

1151. When a grand guard of Cavalry is so placed as not to be liable to a sudden attack from the enemy, the General may permit the horses to be fed during the night, unbridling for this purpose a few at a time-the horsemen being vigilant to prevent them from escaping.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ C28.]

1152. The commander of a grand guard regulates the numbers, the hours, and the march of patrols and rounds, according to the strength of his troop and the necessity for precaution; and, accompanied by those who are to command the patrols and rounds during the night, he reconnoitres all the routes they are to follow.—[ Regs. 1863, ¶ 630.]

1153. Patrols and rounds march slowly, in silence, and with great precaution, and halt frequently to listen and examine the ground. The rounds consist of an officer or non-commissioned officer and two or three men.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 631.]

1154. Cavalry patrols should examine the country to a greater distance than Infantry, and report to the Infantry guard everything they observe. The morning patrols and scouts do not return until broad daylight; and when they return, the night sentinels are withdrawn, and the posts for the day resumed.-[Regs. 1863, ¶33.]

1155. When patrols are sent beyond the advanced posts, the posts and sentinels should be warned.-[ Regs. 1863, ¶ 634.]

1156. On their return, cominanders of patrols report in regard to the ground and everything they have observed of the movements of the enemy, or of his posts, and the commandant of the grand guard reports to the field officer of the day.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 635.]

SIEGES.

1157. In the following regulations the besieging force is supposed to be two divisions of Infantry and a brigade of Cavalry. The same principles govern in other cases.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 793.]

1158. The Brigadier Generals of Infantry serve, in turn, as Generals of the trenches; one or more of them are detailed daily, according to the front and number of attacks; they superintend the operations, and dispose the guards of the trenches to repulse