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OF THE

DISCOVERY AND SETTLEMENT

OF

THE VALLEY OF THE MISSISSIPPI,

BY

THE THREE GREAT EUROPEAN POWERS,

SPAIN, FRANCE, AND GREAT BRITAIN,

AND

THE SUBSEQUENT OCCUPATION, SETTLEMENT, AND EXTENSION OF
CIVIL GOVERNMENT BY

THE UNITED STATES,

UNTIL THE YEAR 1846.

BY

JOHN W. MONETTE, M.D.

"Westward the star of empire takes its way."

IN TWO VOLUMES.

VOL. II.

HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS,

82 CLIFF STREET, NEW YORK.

1848.

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Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1846, By HARPER & BROTHERS,

In the Clerk's Office of the Southern District of New York.

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CONTENTS OF VOL. II.

BOOK V.

THE UNITED STATES IN THE VALLEY OF THE MISSISSIPPI.

CHAPTER I.

MANNERS AND CUSTOMS OF THE FRONTIER POPULATION EAST AND SOUTH OF THE OHIO RIVER.-A.D. 1770 To 1810.

Argument.-Condition of the frontier Settlements of western Pennsylvania and Virginia. Characteristic Traits of the Pioneers generally.- Manners and Customs: 1. Costume of the Hunters: the Hunting-shirt; Pantaloons; Breech-cloth and Leggins; Moccasin.-2. Habitation: the Log Cabin; its Location; internal Appearance.-3. Employments: the respective Duties of Man and Wife.-4. Diet: Meats; wild Game; Bread; Pone; Journey-cake; Hog and Hommony; Substitutes for Tea and Coffee.-5. Settlement Rights: Nature and Extent; tomahawk Improvements. -6. Fort, or Station: Form and Construction; its Location and Use; Stations in Kentucky.-7. Hunters: Science of Hunting; a hunting Camp; Game; Hides; Peltries.-8. Caravans : annual Trips to Baltimore and Frederic; Equipment of Caravan; solitary Route across the Mountains; Order of March; Fare.-9. The moral Sense: state of Morals; natural Honesty and Sense of Honor the supreme Law; force of Public Opinion; "Lynch Law;" Regulators."-10. Social Virtues: Hospitality; Sociality; Conviviality; a marriage Party; Sports and Amusements.-11. Boatmen general Character; Costume; Habits; peculiar Traits of Character.-12. National Character: Diversity of People and Languages blended; Peculiarities of Feelings and Habits neutralized; Influence of free Government upon the Enterprise and moral Character.-13. Religious Traits: Religion disconnected with civil Power; Ministers dependent for Support upon their own Merit; religious "Awakenings," or "Revivals," in the West; "Camp-meeting" Scene; Origin of Camp Meetings in Kentucky and Tennessee; Camp Meeting at Cane Ridge; at Desha's Creek; at Cabin Creek; astonishing Influence of sylvan Preaching, and the attendant Circumstances; extraordinary Conversions; Disturbance of mental and nervous Systems

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CHAPTER II.

Page 1

INDIAN WARFARE, AND ITS EFFECTS UPON THE FRONTIER PEOPLE. -EMINENT PIONEERS OF KENTUCKY.-A.D. 1775 To 1794. Argument.-Man in his natural Condition the Creature of Circumstances, in Habits, Feeling, and Character.-The hostile Attitude and Jealousy of the Six Nations.Their Neutrality secured by "Treaty of German Flats," in 1776.-Indians paid to violate treaty Stipulations by the British Commissioners at Oswego in 1777, and take up Arms against the frontier People.-The frontier People become daring and vindictive. Influence of Indian Warfare upon Manners and Usages of the Whites.Compelled to adopt the Indian Revenge.-Volunteer Defense of the West.-Person. al Characteristics of frontier Soldiers. - Athletic Form and Strength.-Patience of Toil and Privation.-Recuperative Powers of the System.-State of Feeling on the Frontiers.-Exterminating Policy of Indians.-Cruelty of British Tories.-Spirit of Revenge in the People.-Their domestic Enjoyments.-Indian scalping Parties on

vi

the Frontier. Their cautious and destructe Movements.-Renegade white Men

associated with Indians.

Indian Implements of War.-The Riff-The Scalping-knife.-Tomahawk.-Battleax.-War-club.-Declaration of W-Torture.-Running the Gantlet.-Torture at the Stake by Fire.

Eminent Pioneers of Kentucky.-1. Daniel Boone.-His Nativity and early Habits.Personal Traits of Character.-His first Acquaintance with Kentucky in 1769 and 1771.-At Watauga in 1770.-Opens a Road from Holston to Kentucky River.-Captain at Boonesborough until 1778.-Captured by Indians at Blue Licks.-His Captivity and Escape.-An active Defender of Kentucky until 1783.-Abandons Kentucky in 1800.-Settles in Missouri.-His Remains and those of his Wife removed to Kentucky in 1845.-2. Simon Kenton.-His Character as a fearless Pioneer.-Nativity and Early Habits.-Youthful Indiscretion and subsequent Hardships. -A Hunter in Kentucky.-A Hunter in Western Virginia.-Attached to Dunmore's Army.-Becomes "a Hunter of Kentucky."-His personal Appearance at the Age of twenty-one Years.-His benevolent Disposition.—Attached to Kentucky Stations. -Accompanies Colonel Clark to Kaskaskia.-Returns to Harrod's Station.-Visits the Paint Creek Towns.-Captured by Indians.-Wild Horse Torture.-Divers Tortures and Punishments suffered during his Captivity.-Sold in Detroit.-Escapes to Kentucky. Serves under Colonel Clark in 1780 and 1782.-An active partisan Warrior until 1792.-Encounters Tecumseh.-Serves in Wayne's Army.- Abandons Kentucky in 1802.-Removes to Ohio.-Serves under Colonel Shelby in 1813.-Died in 1836.-3. Robert Patterson.-Nativity, early Life, and Habits.-Serves in Dunmore's Army. A prominent Pioneer of Kentucky in 1776.-Erects a Station on the Site of Lexington in 1779.-Active Defender of Kentucky during the Indian War.-4. Ma. jor George Rogers Clark.-His early frontier Services.-His Character and Military Genius. Superintends the Defense of Kentucky from 1776 to 1782.-Reduction of British Posts in 1778, 1779

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CHAPTER III.

EXTENSION OF VIRGINIA SETTLEMENTS AND JURISDICTION TO THE MISSISSIPPI.-INDIAN HOSTILITIES UPON THE OHIO.-A.D. 1776 TO 1780.

Argument. Retrospect of the frontier Settlements of Western Virginia, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, and Kentucky in 1776.-Check to these Settlements by hostile Cherokees.-Cherokee War.-Three-fold Invasion of Cherokee Country.-" Treaty of Dewett's Corner."-"Treaty of Long Island," on Holston.-Cherokees retire from ceded Territory.-Hostilities of Northwestern Tribes.-Kentucky Stations supplied with Powder by Major Clark.-Posts on the Ohio.-Attack on M'Clellan's Station, December, 1776.-Hostilities in West Augusta.-County of Kentucky erected.— Militia Organization in 1777.-District of West Augusta divided into three Counties. -Ohio County organized.-Settlements in West Augusta.-The Indians attack Harrod's Station; also, Logan's Fort and Boonesborough.-Militia organization in Ohio County. Memorable Siege of Boonesborough from July 4th to September.-Captain Logan's Re-enforcement from North Carolina.-Colonel John Bowman's Re-enforcement.-County of Kentucky organized.-Militia Organization.-Extent of Kentucky County.-Colonel Henderson indemnified for Loss of Transylvania.-Indian Hostilities near the Ohio.-Cornstalk, Ellinipsico, and Red Hawk killed at Point Pleasant. -Condition of Wheeling Fort.-" Fort Henry."-Situation and Importance of this Fort.-Attacked by four hundred Indians under Simon Girty.-Loss of the Garrison near the Fort.-Incidents of Indian Warfare.-Major M'Cullock.-Captain Mason.Major Clark plans the Reduction of Kaskaskia.-The Expedition proceeds from "the Falls."-Surprise and Capture of Kaskaskia and "Fort Gage."-Suspension of Civil Government in West Augusta.-Martial Law suspended.-Courts organized.-Attorneys and Attorney-general.- Daniel Boone and twenty-seven Men captured at

Blue Licks. His Captivity among the Indians.-His Escape and Return to Boonesborough.-Makes an Incursion to Paint Creek.-Boonesborough invested by large Indian Force, August, 1778.-Defense and Incidents of the Siege.-" Fort M'Intosh" erected.-Fort Laurens" erected.-Protracted Siege of Fort Laurens.-Court of Land Commissioners established in Kentucky, 1779.-First Settlement at Lexington, Bryant's Station, Forks of Licking, and on Sources of Salt River.-Massacre of Colonel Rodgers and ninety Men on the Ohio.-Colonel Bowman's unsuccessful Expedition to the Miami Towns.-Emigration to Kentucky.-Arrival of Immigrants in 1779. -Scarcity of Provisions.-Depreciation of Paper Currency.-Distress of Emigrants until 1780.-Defenses on the Ohio.-"Fort Nelson."-Colonel Slaughter.-Landed Interest in Kentucky.-The Indians capture Ruddle's and Martin's Stations, and retire.-Destruction of the Moravian Towns on the Coshocton.-Massacre of Captives and friendly Moravians.-Colonel Clark invades the Shawanese Country in 1780.Militia Organization in 1780.-Colonel Clark erects "Fort Jefferson" on the Mississippi.-Southern Boundary of Virginia extended to the Mississippi

CHAPTER IV.

. Page 80

AMERICAN

INDIAN WARS ON THE OHIO. EXTENSION OF THE SETTLEMENTS EAST AND SOUTH OF THE OHIO.-A.D. 1781 TO 1784.

Argument. Severe Winter of 1780-81.-Scarcity in Kentucky.-Kentucky divided into three Counties.-Indian Hostilities on Bear-grass Creek.-Attack on Boone's and M'Afee's Stations. - Indians contemplate utter Destruction of Kentucky Settlements. Chickasâs attack Fort Jefferson in 1780.-Counties of Kentucky organized. -General Clark's gun-boat Defense on the Ohio River.-Abundant Crops of 1781. -Indian Hostilities renewed in the Spring of 1782.-Estill's Defeat.-Last Survivor of his Party.-Indian Hostilities continued.-Laherty's Defeat.-Indian Invasion, under Simon Girty, on Bryant's Station.-Disastrous Battle of Blue Licks.-Colonel Logan buries the Dead. Upper Ohio.-Settlements of West Augusta harassed.— Wheeling Campaign against the Moravian Towns.-Horrible Massacre of peaceable Indians. Former Position of the Moravian Towns.-Previous Admonitions neglected. -Disastrous Campaign against Moravians on Sandusky.-Colonel Crawford and Dr. Knight captured. - Execution and horrid Torture of Colonel Crawford. - British Agency the Source of Indian Hostilities.-Attack on Wheeling Fort, and on Rice's Fort. Lower Ohio.-General Clark invades the Indian Country in 1782.-Effects of this Invasion.-Domestic Prosperity of Kentucky.-Settlements extend North of Licking.-Flood of Emigration sets into Kentucky.-The "District of Kentucky" organized.-Peace with Great Britain announced.-Extent of the Kentucky Settlements in 1783.-Population and Moral Condition of the Settlements.-Settlements extend North of Licking River in 1784-85.-Settlements in Western Virginia. 119

CHAPTER V.

INDIAN HOSTILITIES ON THE OHIO.-PREDATORY INCURSIONS INTO KENTUCKY, AND PARTISAN WARFARE.-A.D. 1785 TO 1793. Argument. The Shawanese resume predatory Incursions.-Indian Horse-stealing.Object and Extent of these Depredations.-The Continuance of them provokes Invasion of the Indian Country in 1786.-Plan of Campaign under General Clark and Colonel Logan.-Colonel Logan destroys Scioto and Mad River Towns.-General Clark advances to the Wabash.-His further Operations frustrated for Want of Supplies. A Mutiny ensues.-He returns inglorious to Kentucky.-His Sun sets.-Virginia comes to his Relief.-The Shawanese commence active Hostilities.-Exposed Condition of Settlements in Mason County in 1787.-Colonel Todd invades the Paint Creek Towns.-Simon Kenton as a Partisan Warrior.-Emigration in 1788.-Indians harass the Ohio Frontier of Kentucky and Western Virginia.-Depredations and

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