Ports, no preference to be given to, II. 324.
Post-Office department, Continental, first established, I. 35; colonial, 433. Power to establish, extended to post- roads, II. 328.
Preamble of Constitution, as reported and adopted, II. 372; language of, important, 373.
President, making of treaties by, with consent of Senate, II. 234. Officers proposed to be appoint- ed by, with consent of Senate, 234. Re-eligibility of, arguments in favor of, 235. Choice of, proposed meth- od of, 235; by Senate, objections to, 236, 392; ultimate, by House of Representatives, 240, 394. Revision- ary control over, where to be lodged, 239. Extensive patronage of, 252. Subject to impeachment, 261; for what causes, 397. Veto power of, 264. Objections of, to law, to be en- tered on journal of Congress, 264. Choice of, direct, by people, nega- tived, 388; by electors, objections to, 388; advantages of, 389; method of, 390. Term of office of, proposed to be seven years, 392. Choice of, by majority of electors, objec- tions to, 393. Vacancy in office of, 397; when Congress to provide for, 401. "Inability" of, to discharge duties, meaning of, 397; how ascer- tained, 397. Insanity of, 397. Death of, and of Vice-President, 398. Choice of, changes in mode of, 400; if not made before 4th of March, 400; by House of Representatives, to be from three highest candidates, 400. Qual- ifications of, 404. Pay of, arguments in favor of, 404; not to be increased nor diminished during term of office, 406. Forbidden to receive more than stated salary, 407. Council for, ques- tion concerning, 407. May require opinions of cabinet officers, 408. Alone responsible for conduct of ex- ecutive department, 409. Powers of, 409; to make war and peace, 411; over State militia, 413; to pardon offences, 413; to appoint officers, 417. "Executive power" vested in, mean- ing of, 412. Oath of, to execute laws, 412. Commander-in-chief, 413. To prosecute war, 413. Treaty-making power of, 414. To receive ambassa- dors, &c., 415. Cannot create offices, 418. To inform Congress of state
of Union, 419. To recommend meas- ures to Congress, 419. May call ex- tra sessions of Congress, 419. When may adjourn Congress, 419. PRINGLE, JOHN JULIUS, in favor of Constitution, II. 510.
Prize-Courts, want of, under the Revolu- tionary government, I. 73. Establish- ment of, urged by Washington, 75. Of Massachusetts, trials in, 75. Co- lonial, appeals from, to Congress, 76. Under Constitution, II. 330. Property, urged as basis of representa- tion, II. 148. As a qualification of elector, 148; for office, 187, 202. Proprietary Governments, form and character of, I. 5.
Protections, issued by Sir William Howe in New Jersey, I. 106. Sur- render of, required by Washington,
Provincial Governments, form and char- acter of, I. 4.
Public Lands. See Western Territory, Northwestern Territory, and Ordinance of 1787.
Qualifications, of national officers, pro- posals respecting, II. 186; landed, re- jected, 187; property, an embarrass- ing subject, 202. Of electors, 187, 194, 200. Of voter in Massachusetts, 188. Of members of Congress, 194. Of citizenship, embarrassments re- specting, 205; attempt to exempt certain persons from rule respecting, 205. Of Senators, 223. Of Vice- President, 401. Of President, 404. Of religious test, never to be required, 479.
Queen's County, Long Island, inhabit- ants of, to be disarmed, I. 68. Quorum, discussions in Convention respecting, II. 262. Quotas, first apportionment of, among the Colonies, I. 34. Of troops in 1776, 92. See Requisitions.
RAMSAY, DAVID, Dr., in favor of Constitution, II. 510.
RANDOLPH, EDMUND, urges Wash- ington to attend the Convention, I. 365. Revolutionary services of, 480.
Governor of Virginia, 481. Course of, in the Convention, 481. Reasons of, for supporting the Constitution, 481. Genealogy of, 485. Plan of government proposed by, II. 32, 410. A member of committee to appor- tion representatives, 148. Objections of, to compound ratio of representa- tion, 151. Proposition of, respecting census, 162; to strike out "wealth' from rule of representation, 164. In favor of confining equality of States in Senate to certain cases, 165. Views of, respecting money bills, 218. Resolution of, respecting ad- mission of new States, 349. Clause introduced by, respecting death of President, &c., 403. Refused to sign Constitution, why, 485, 555. Posi- tion of, respecting Constitution, 506. Advocated adoption of Constitution in Virginia convention, 556. RANDOLPH, PEYTON, President of first Continental Congress, I. 13; of second Continental Congress, 28. Death and character of, 28. Ratification of Constitution, as mark- ing character of government, II. 85. Different theories respecting, 177. Mode of, 375; resolutions respecting, 375; purpose of, 375; an embarrass- ing question, 479. Vote of States respecting, 483, 515. By only part of States, effect of, 484. Unanimous, could not be required, 484. By nine States sufficient, 485. Pageants in honor of, 540. Public rejoicings in Bal- timore at, 543. By New Hampshire, 573, 578. By Virginia, 578; how finally effected, 579; form of, 581. Vitiated by condition, in Madison's opinion, 588. Great struggle over, in New York, 588. See the different States.
Records and Judicial Proceedings of States, full faith to be given to, in other States, II. 449. Proof and effect of, 449.
READ, GEORGE, views of, respecting rule of suffrage for House of Repre- sentatives, II. 135.
Regulation of Commerce proposed by New Jersey in 1778, I. 129. Not provided for by the Confederation, 148. Advantages of, not perceived, 179. Origin of, as a national power, 276. Washington's views respect- ing, 334. Popular meetings in Bos- ton in favor of, 336. Policy of
Congress respecting, in 1785-86, 337.
Representation, views of members of Convention respecting, II. 18. In Congress, different views respecting, 36; difficulty in fixing ratio of, 44. As affected by State interests, 43. Origi- nal division between States respect- ing, 50. Under Virginia and New Jersey plans, 105. Great difficulty in adjusting, 108. Difficulty of fix- ing different basis of, for two houses of Congress, 133. Committee to ad- just whole system of, 145. Dr. Frank- lin's proposal in Congress concern- ing, 146. Ratio of, in House of Representatives, 147. Of slaves, 149. Compound ratio of, depending on numbers and wealth, proposed, 149; objections to, 151; how to be applied, 156. By numbers, as affected by slaves, 153, 291. And taxation to go together, 156. System of, pro- posed by Constitution, discussion on in New York, 573.
Representatives, part of the Provincial government, I. 4. In the charter gov- ernments, how chosen, 5. Appor- tionment of, objections to, II. 148; in first House, how made, 148. Representative Government familiar to the American people, I. 117. Reprisals authorized by the Continen- tal Congress, I. 34. Republican Government involved in the effort to make the Constitution, I. 391. Guaranteed to States, II. 177; by Constitution, 458. Guaranty of, to States, object of, 468; meaning of, in America, 469. Republican Liberty, nature of, II. 8. How to be preserved, 9. Resolutions as referred to committee of detail, II. 190.
Requisitions, provision for, under the Confederation, I. 147. Of 1781, 156. Made and not complied with, 174. From 1782 to 1786, how treated, 180. In 1784, 240. In 1785, 242. In 1786, 242. Supply received from, in 1781 1786, 243; inadequacy of, declared by Congress, 245. Effect of, on the proposed revenue system,
ernment, influence of, 311. Power, qualifications of, proposed, 320. From imports, easiest mode of pay- ing expenses of government, 528. Revenues, of the Confederation, I. 147. Want of power in Confederation to obtain, II. 280. Numerous questions respecting, 280. Collection of, by Congress, 323.
Revenue Bills, privilege of originating, views of members of Convention re- specting, IL. 221; restricted to House of Representatives, 221.
Revenue System of 1783, origin and purpose of, I. 175. Modified by Congress, 180. Defeated by New York, 180. Design of, 185. Effect of its proposal, 186. Character of, 224. Under consideration in 1784, 240. How acted on in 1786, 244. New appeal of Congress on the sub- ject of, 245. Every State assents to, but New York, 246. Act of New York concerning, 246. Hamilton's answer to the New York objections to, 247. New York again appealed to respecting, 247; refuses to ac- cede, 248. Action of New York re- specting, 343. Final appeal of Con- gress for, 344. Rejected by New York, 345, 359. Address on, writ- ten by Madison, 422. Revolution, right of, II. 473. Revolutionary Congress, take up the Articles of Confederation, I. 113. Government of, breaking down, 115. Change in the members of, after 1777, 125. Leading members of, in 1777 and 1778, 126; in 1776, 127. Weakness of, II. 14. See Congress. Revolutionary Government, defects of, I. 55.
Rhode Island, a charter government, I. 5. Resists the claim of the great States to Western lands, 131. Refuses to grant imposts to Congress, 174. Hamilton's answer to, 177. Attempts to pay its quotas in paper money, 242. Refusal of, to grant duties on imposts, 422. Not represented in Con- stitutional Convention, II. 23, 181. Did not assent to revenue system of 1783, 24. Admitted to Union in 1790, 25. Interests of, attended to by Convention, 26. Had one repre- sentative in first House, 149. Rati fication of Constitution by, improb- able, 181. Reason of, for not attend- ing Convention, 329. Took no part
in formation of Constitution, 484. Opposition to Constitution in, pecu- liarly intense, 598; causes of, 598. Jealous of other States, 598. Prin- ciples of founders of, falsely ap- plied, 598. Paper money party in, great power of, 599. Great antago- nism in, between town and country, 600. Opponents of Constitution in, ridiculed and scorned, 600. Great want of enlightenment in, 601. Ac- tion of General Assembly of, on Con- stitution, 602. People of, apparently nearly unanimous against Constitu- tion, 602. Final prevalence of bet- ter counsels in, 603. Present pros- perity of, 603. Attitude of, placed Union in new crisis, 603. Rights. See Colonies. ROBINSON, Mr., Speaker of Virginia House of Burgesses, I. 48. Cele- brated compliment of, to Washing- ton, 48.
ROUSSEAU, J. J., political discussions of, alluded to, I. 377. Rule of Apportionment, proposal to change from land to numbers, I. 241. RUTLEDGE, EDWARD, in favor of Constitution, II. 510. Arguments of, in convention of South Carolina, 548. RUTLEDGE, JOHN, a member of com- mittee to apportion representatives, II. 148. Motion of, for assumption of State debts, 319. In favor of Constitution, 510.
Seat of Government, action respecting, II. 189. None under Confederation, 268. History of establishment of, 268. Grave questions concerning location of, 274. Impolicy of estab- lishing at New York, or Philadel- phia, 591. Embarrassments attend- ing selection of, 604.
Sectional Jealousy, causes and opera- tion of, I. 371.
SELMAN, captain in the Revolutionary naval force, I. 74. Senate, reasons for present constitu- tion of, II. 41. Rule of suffrage in, 48. Numerical representation in, favored at first, 49. To hold office during "good behavior" under Hamilton's plan, 100, 105. Members of, chosen for six years, 134; qualifications of,
134, 223. Objects of, 138; how to be attained, 138. Difficulty in fixing basis of, 139. Mr. Baldwin's model of, 139. Fortunately not founded on relative wealth of States, 140. Votes of States respecting, 141; rep- resentation in, 165. Advantages of present constitution of, 166. Mem- bers of, to be two from each State, 186; to vote per capita, 186; must have been citizens nine years, 211. Slight analogy of, to House of Lords, 215. Equality of votes in, by what States resisted, 217. Choice of Presi- dent by, in certain events, proposed, 221, 390. Scheme of, tending to oligarchy, 222. May amend revenue bills, 222. Powers of, as at first proposed, 223. Number of members of, origin of, 224. Method of voting in, origin of, 224. Present mode of voting in, advantages of, 228. Va- cancies in, how filled, 229. Primary purpose of, 229. Disposition to ac- cumulate power in, 230. Constitu- tion of, great embarrassments respect- ing, 233. Separate action of, difficult to determine, 234. Consent of, to certain acts of President, necessary, 235. Proposed choice of President by, objections to, 236. Only body fit to have revisionary control over appointments, 239. Ratification of treaties by, 240. Ultimate choice of President taken from, 240. Length of term in, 240. Biennial change in, 241. To try impeachments, 261. Quorum of, 262. President of, 263. May choose president pro tempore, 264. Choice of President by, quorum for, 401; majority necessary to, 401. President pro tempore of, when to act as President of the United States, 403. Proposed appointment of am- bassadors and judges by, 410. For- eign relations committed to, 410. Treaty-making power of, 415. May propose treaty to President, 417. Certain controversies between States, proposed to be tried by, 424. Equal- ity of States in, guaranteed by Con- stitution, 478.
Shays's Rebellion, causes of, I. 266. Progress of, 266, 269. How arrested, 270. How acted upon in Congress, 271. Effect of, upon the political state of the country, 273. Abettors of, opposed to Constitution, II. 501.
SHERMAN, ROGER, one of the com- mittee to prepare Declaration of In- dependence, I. 50. Opposed to tax on exports, II. 294. Views of, re- specting tax on slaves, 304. Motion of, respecting payment of old debts,
Slavery, British government responsi- ble for the existence of, I. 87. Com- plex relations of, II. 22. Regarded by Southern statesmen as an evil, 155. When and how abolished in States now free, 289. Existed in what States at formation of Constitu- tion, 313. Facts respecting, as influ- encing judgment on Constitution, 313. A matter of local concern, 313. State laws respecting abolition of, 313. In Northwestern Territory, proposals for excluding, 343. State of, in 1787, 451. Probable dura- tion of, 451. Principle of common law and law of nations respecting, 451, 455. Exclusively a matter of State jurisdiction, 451. Existed in Colonies at very early period, 453. In Massachusetts, Dr. Belknap's article on, 454. Depends wholly on municipal law, 457. Fortunately left to State control, 459. Existence of, unjustly made a reproach on United States, 465.
Slaves, as affecting ratio of repre- sentation, II. 19. Control of States over, never meant to be surrendered, 20. Necessarily regarded in forming Constitution, 20. As affecting basis of representation, 46. In fixing ratio of representation, included as inhabit- ants, 47. Three-fifths rule respecting, whence derived, 48. In fixing ra tio of representation, how comput- ed, 147; admission of, proper, 147. Propriety of counting, as inhabitants, in adjusting representation, 150. Rule respecting, under Confedera- tion, 150. As affecting representa- tion, votes respecting, 153. Social and political condition of, anomalous, 155. Number and distribution of, 155. An important element in de- termining rank of States, 155. As affecting representation and taxation, 157. As subjects of taxation, views of statesmen respecting, 159. Com- promise respecting, how to be effect- ed, 163. Extradition of, Pinckney's proposition concerning, 189. Manu- mission of, a matter of State con-
trol, 286. Representation of, a con- cession by North, why made, 292; Morris's motion respecting, 293; vote of New Jersey respecting, 293. Spe- cific tax on importation of, 304. Word not used in Constitution by design, 305. Ratio of increase of, from 1790 to 1850, 308. Condition of, ameliorated by Constitution, 316. Advancing public sentiment concern- ing, 316. Colonization of, in Africa, 317. Representation of, an unimpor- tant anomaly, 317. Emancipation of, a local question, 317. Extra- dition of, under Constitution, history of clause respecting, 450; a neces- sary provision of Constitution, 451; under New England Confederation of 1643, 453; under Ordinance of 1787, 454; importance of proper understanding of clause respecting, 456; necessity and propriety of clause, 459. Condition of, much better un- der State control, 462. Increase of, since adoption of Constitution, 465. See Federal Census.
Slave-Trade, discountenanced by first Continental Congress, I. 24. How dealt with by the Constitution, 456. Abolished in England, 457, 461. French abolition of, 457. Danish abolition of, 459. Compromise re- specting, 460. Legislation against, 460. Discussions respecting, in Eng- land, 460. Probable encouragement of, II. 153; embarrassments respect- ing, 281. State action respecting, 285. Necessity of definite provision respecting, 285. Duty of framers of Constitution respecting, 286. Had been abolished by no nation in 1787, 286. A proper subject for national action, 286. Aspect of, political, 287; moral, 287. Economical importance of, to Southern States, 288. Report of committee of detail respecting, 290. Grave questions concerning, 296. Right to continue, insisted on by what States, 297, 301. Prospective prohibition of, provided for, 304. Concessions respecting, timely, 305. Vote of States respecting, 305. Pa- triotic course of both sections re- specting, 306. Effect of discontinu- ance of, on Southern States, 308. State rights respecting, before Con- stitution, 314. Tolerated by Euro- pean nations at formation of Consti- tution, 314. Interdicted by ten States
before Constitution, 314. Refusal of certain States to grant power to sup- press, immediately, 315. Indefinite continuance of, had Constitution not been formed, 315. First extinguished by America, 317.
South Carolina, a provincial govern- ment, I. 4. Constitution of, formed, 120. Tender-law of, 253. Appoints and instructs delegates to the Con- vention, 369. Opposed to equality of suffrage in House of Representa- tives, II. 138; equal vote of States in Senate, 141, 148, 165, 217. Had five representatives in first House, 149. Opposed to census of free inhabitants, 153; executive holding office during "good behavior," 173. Vote of, re- specting citizenship as qualification for office, 209; money bills, 216, 218. Opposed to each State having one vote in Senate, 227. In favor of States paying members of Congress, 259. Refusal of, to submit to tax on exports, 280, 285. Exports of, in one year, 285. Position of, in Con- vention, respecting slave-trade, 297, 301. Vote of, respecting slave-trade, 305. Vote on Jefferson's resolve concerning Northwestern Territory, 346. Cession by, in 1787, 356. Vote of, on suspension of habeas cor- pus, 360. Condition of acceptance of Constitution by, 452. Motion for surrender of fugitive slaves made by, in Constitutional Convention, 453. Vote of, respecting citizenship clause in Constitution, 453. Debate in legislature of, on Constitution, 510. Convention in, to vote on Constitu- tion, 511; importance of action of, 542. Ratification of Constitution by, 544; rejoicings at, 544; impor- tance of, 544. Delegates of, respon- sibility assumed by, 544. A great exporting State, 546. Hesitation of, to concede power to regulate com- merce, 546. Amendments to Con- stitution proposed by, 548. Eighth State to ratify Constitution, 549. Southern States, views of, respecting regulation of commerce, II. 290. Sovereignty, of the people, established by the Revolution, I. 379; necessary consequences of declaration of, II. 8. Resides in the people, 38. Pow- ers of, may be exercised by different agents, 377.
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