Cassell's History of the United States

American Designs on Cuba-Situation and Character of the Island-Advantages attending its Possession-General Lopez-His

Piratical Expedition to Cuba (May, 1850)-Failure of the Attempt, and Escape of Lopez-Complicity of the United States

Government-Ineffectual Proceedings against the Pirate Chieftain-Organisation of Another Expedition (Aug., 1851) Fighting

in Cuba, and Defeat of the Invaders-Sufferings of the Commander and his Companions-Garrotting of Lopez, and Military

Execution of other Prisoners-Allusions to the Subject in the Annual Message of President Fillmore (Dec., 1851)-Popular

Sympathy with the Movement-The Question of the Right of Search, as affected by the Descent on Cuba-Outrage on the

Spanish Consul at New Orleans-Opposition to the Fugitive Slave Law at the North-Riots in resisting the Arrest of Runaway

Negroes-Sectional Feeling between the North and South-Increase of United States Territory in Minnesota-Enlargement

of the Capitol, and Speech of Daniel Webster-American Expeditions to the Polar Seas, in search of Sir John Franklin-

Disagreement with Great Britain as to the American Right of Fishing on the Coast of Nova Scotia-Proposals of France and

England with respect to Cuba-Views of the American Government on the Subject-Treaty of Commerce with Japan-Deaths

of Henry Clay and Daniel Webster-Election of Franklin Pierce to the Presidency

CHAPTER XV.

Mormonism the most Startling Fact of Modern Times-Multiplication of Religious Sects in America-Early Life of Joseph Smith,

the Founder of Mormonism-His first Religious Experiences-Dissatisfaction with Existing Systems-Miraculous Appearances

-Announcement to him of the Advent of a New Religion-Revelation as to the Early Inhabitants of America-Mysterious Dis-

covery of Antique Writing on Gold Plates-Contents of the Sacred Volume-Directions of the Guardian Angel-Questionable

Career of Smith-" Divining" and Gold-seeking-The Disciple, Harris (afterwards an Apostate)-Translation of the Antique

Writings Opinion of Dr. Anthon-Contradictory Affidavits-Publication of the Book of Mormon-Rise and Progress of the

Sect-A Religious Revival in the West-Persecution of the Mormons-Building of "The Temple "-The Worldly Fortunes of

the Saints at a Low Ebb-Renewed Persecution-Expulsion of the Sect from Missouri-Rise of a Violent Spirit among the

Mormons-War of Extermination threatened-The Saints remove into Illinois-Building of a Grand Temple at Nauvoo-Progress

of Affairs at the New Settlement-Promises and Commands-Comparison between Joseph Smith and Mohammed-The

Mormonite Creed-Dissensions between the Prophet and the Authorities of Illinois-Murder of Smith

CHAPTER XVI.

Effects of the Assassination of Smith-Choice of Brigham Young as his Successor-Determination to Remove into the Far West-

General Characteristics of Utah-Solitary and Uncultivated State of the Territory-Commencement of the Mormon Emigration

-Hardships of the Journey across the Desert-Foundation of Salt Lake City-Framing of a Constitution, and of a Body of Laws

-Cultivation of the Soil, and Beginning of various Forms of Industry-Colonising Habits of the Mormons-Effect on the Utah

Settlement of the Discovery of Gold in California-Relations of Utah to the Federal Government-Various Calculations as to

the Numbers of the Latter-day Saints-Progress of the Faith in Foreign Countries-Active Propagandism-The Doctrine and

Practice of Polygamy-Smith's Hesitating Adoption of it-The Custom first openly Advocated by Brigham Yonng-Speech of

Orson Pratt in Defence and Explanation of the Practice-Platonic Doctrine of Pre-existing Souls, and its Application to

Mormon Polygamy-General Features of Polygamy among the Mormons-Effects of the System-Moral Perverseness and

Laxity-Sanguinary Despotism in Utah, and Spread of Dissent-The Mormon Temple at Salt Lake City-Condition of the

Colony in its Early Years-Character of Mormonism, and of the Mormon Prophets

CHAPTER XVII.

Inauguration of Mr. Franklin Pierce as Fourteenth President-The New Cabinet-Disagreement with Mexico-Collision with

Austria in the Case of Martin Koszta-Judicial Decision under the Fugitive Slave Law-Barbarous Methods of enforcing that

Law-Efforts in the Northern States for facilitating the Escape of Slaves-Exploring Expeditions, their Hardships and Dangers

-The President's Message of December, 1853-Bill introduced into the Senate for creating the Territories of Kansas and

Nebraska-Proposed Boundaries of those Territories-Dissatisfaction of the Free Soil Party, on the Ground that the Area of

Slavery would be extended by the Measure-Northern Opposition to Slavery-Cruel Case in Mississippi-Renewed Dissensions

with Spain in respect of Cuba-The Conference at Ostend and Aix-la-Chapelle-Re-settlement of Boundaries between the

United States and Mexico-Reciprocity Treaty with Great Britain-Troubles on the Mosquito Coast-English and American

Interests-Collision at Greytown-Examination of the Isthmus of Panama-Colonel Kinney's Designs on Nicaragua-Buc-

caneering Attempt of Colonel Walker-Capture of Granada-Further Progress of Affairs-Disagreement with Great Britain

with respect to the Bay Islands, Honduras

PAGE

The "Know-nothing' Party-Agitation against Foreign Influence-Southern determination to extend the Area of Slavery-Un-

friendly Feeling towards England-Enlistment of Soldiers in America to serve in the Crimea-Dismissal of Mr. Crampton, the

English Minister at Washington-Mutual Sympathy between Russia and the United States-Apprehensions in Cuba of Further

Attempts at Annexation-Renewal of Indian Troubles on the Frontiers-Progress of the Revolution in Nicaragua-War with

Costa Rica and other Central American Powers-Varying Fortunes, and Final Defeat of Walker-Position of the United States

towards the Movement-Activity of the Pro-Slavery Party throughout the Union-Civil War in Kansas-Divided Rule-Appeal

to Congress, and Appointment of a Committee of Investigation-Report and Counter Report-A Reign of Terror-Outrages in

Congress-Assault in the Senate by Mr. Brooks on Mr. Sumner-The Act applauded by the South-Division of Parties-The

New Presidential Election-Mr. Buchanan the Successful Candidate-His Principles and Objects-The Last Throw of the

Slave-holders

142

CHAPTER XIX.

Disturbed Condition of the United States on the Eve of Mr. Buchanan's Presidentship-Negro Conspiracy in the South-Inaugural

Address of Mr. Buchanan-His Opinions on the Kansas Difficulty, the Finances of the Country, and the Powers of the Federal

Constitution-England and the United States-Presentation of the Resolute to Queen Victoria-Lord Napier appointed English

Minister to Washington-Decision of the Supreme Court in the Case of the Negro, Dred Scott-State of Utah-Report of Judge

Drummond and General Burr against the Mormons-Determination of the Federal Government to send an Army to Salt Lake

City-The Saints resolve on Fighting-Mr. Buchanan's remarks on the Mormon Rebellion in his Message to Congress (Dec.,

1857)-Complaints of the Mormons-Petitions to the Federal Government-Despatch of Commissioners to Utah-Compromise

agreed on, and Restoration of Peace-The Clayton-Bulwer Treaty-Different Interpretation of its Terms by the British and

American Governments-New Treaty Signed at London-Chief Provisions of the Dallas-Clarendon Treaty-Amendments intro-

duced by the Senate-Break-down of the Agreement on the Question of the Bay Islands-Further Negotiations refused by the

American Government-Progress of Affairs in Kansas-The Question of Slavery to be submitted to the Popular Vote-Meeting

of a Convention for framing a Constitution-Insertion of an Article in the Constitution sanctioning Slavery-Mr. Buchanan's

Tenderness for the Slave Interest-Commercial Panic in 1857, and its Causes

CHAPTER XX.

Second Expedition of Walker to Nicaragua-Arrest of the Filibuster by Commodore Paulding, of the U.S. Navy-His Subsequent

Release Trial of Commodore Paulding for Excess of Duty-President Buchanan's Verbal Condemnation and ActuaÎ En-

couragement of Piratical Expeditions-Preparations by Walker for Another Attempt-Views of the Nicaragua Government,

-Question of the Right of Search revived-Irritation at the Acts of British Vessels-Settlement of the Question by the Con-

cessions of the English Government-First Laying of the Telegraphic Wire between England and America-Opening of Transit

Routes across the Isthmus of Panama---President Buchanan on the Desirability of making a Pacific Railway-Affairs in

Kansas-The Popular Vote on the Constitution-Frauds in the Election, and Triumph of the Pro-Slavery Party-Action of

Congress and of the Federal Government-Difficulties in Utah-Movement against Mormonism-Massacre at Mountain

Meadows-Character of Brigham Young

152

160

CHAPTER XXI.

Practical Revival of the Slave Trade--Affair of the Echo-African Slaves taken to Charleston, and there seized by the Federal

Authorities-Legal Decision on the Questions involved-Events of 1859-Formal Cession of Belize to England-Cession by

England of the Bay Islands to Honduras-Assistance rendered by an American Commander to the English Fleet in the Peiho

-"Blood is Thicker than Water!"-Conclusion of a Treaty between the United States and China-Mr. Ward at the Chinese

Court-State of Anarchy in Mexico-Proposed Treaty between Mexico and the United States-Causes of its Failure-Diffi-

culties with England on account of San Juan--Occupation of the Island by an American Force-Violent Conduct of General

Harney-Moderation of the American Ministers-The Disagreement composed by General Scott-Final Settlement of the San

Juan Question in 1872-Attempted Insurrection at Harper's Ferry-Trial and Execution of John Brown-Effect of his Death

in the North-Speeches of Wendell Phillips-The Event a great Accession of Strength to the Abolitionist Party

PAGE

168

CHAPTER XXII.

State of Opinion in December, 1859-Division between North and South-New York Manifesto-Proceedings in the Senate-Difficulty

in Electing a Speaker to the House of Representatives-The President's Message-Slavery and the Slave Trade-State of

Mexico-Official Letter of Secretary Cass on the Slave Trade Revival-Horrors of the Traffic on the West Coast of Africa-

Charges brought against Mr. Buchanan-Appointment of a Committee of Inquiry by the House of Representatives-Mr.

Buchanan's Protest against that Step-Visit of the Prince of Wales to the United States-The Presidential Contest (1860)—

Assembling of the Democratic Convention at Charleston, South Carolina-Speech of Mr. Cushing-Position of Mr. Douglas

towards the Democratic Party-Abandonment of the Principle of "Popular Sovereignty," as applied to Slavery in the Territories

-Resolutions of the Extreme Democratic Party-Attempt to range the whole Union on the side of Slavery-Split in the Con-

vention-Secession of Southern Members-Adjourned Meeting of the Democratic Convention at Baltimore-Further Secessions

--Democratic Nominations to the Presidency-The National Constitutional Union Party-Meeting of the Republican Convention

at Chicago-Its Platform-Nomination of Abraham Lincoln-Character of the Man

178

CHAPTER XXIII.

Renewed Attempt of Walker on Central America-Capture of Truxillo, in Honduras-Intervention of a British Naval Commander-

Capture and Execution of Walker--Election of Abraham Lincoln as President of the United States-Analysis of the Votes

given to him and to the other Candidates-Views and Apprehensions of the South-Opinion in the Slave-holding States with

respect to Slavery and Political Rights-Intemperate Views of some Northern Politicians-Devotion of the North generally to

the Maintenance of the Union-The South resolved on Separation-Secession contemplated and prepared for during many years

-Meeting of the South Carolina Legislature in December, 1860-Revolutionary Excitement all over the South-Treasonable

Conduct of some of the Ministers at Washington-Proceedings in Georgia-Opinions of Mr. Alexander H. Stephens-Progress

of the Secession Movement in various Southern States-Meeting of Congress (Dec., 1860)-Message of President Buchanan-

Views of the Chief Magistrate on Slavery, State Rights, and the Relations between North and South-Mr. Buchanan's Con-

tradictory Views on the Powers of the Federation and of the Individual States-General Weakness and Indecision of the

Message-Dissatisfaction of both Sides with the Ambiguous Utterances of the President

CHAPTER XXIV.

Resignation of General Cass, Secretary of State-Warnings of General Scott and Wool-Debates in the House of Representatives and

Senate-Proposals for Compromise-Continued Agitation in South Carolina-Measures taken against the Negroes-Meeting

of the State Convention-Ordinance of Secession unanimously affirmed-Excitement at Charleston-Arrangements for Carrying

on the State Government-Address from the People of South Carolina to the People of the other Slave-holding States-

Exposition of the Motives for Secession-Mr. Memminger's "Declaration "-Charges brought against the North-A Geographi-

cal Line drawn across the Union-Mr. Lincoln's Policy from the Southern Point of View-Debate in the Convention-Slavery,

and not the Tariff, the Chief Cause of Secession-" A great Slave-holding Confederacy" the avowed Desire of South Carolina-

The South determined to ruin where it could not rule-Commissioners to be despatched to the other Southern States-Steps

taken by South Carolina as an Independent Commonwealth-Effect of recent Events in the South and in the North-Resolution

The Federal Forts in Charleston Harbour-Determination of the Conspirators at Washington to keep the Forts in a weak State of

Defence-Difficult Position of Major Anderson at Charleston-His repeated Warnings to the Government to strengthen the

South Carolina Works-Treacherous Proceedings of Floyd, the Secretary of War-Remonstrances of General Scott-Weak

Conduct of Mr. Buchanan-Withdrawal of Major Anderson from Fort Moultrie to Fort Sumter-Resignation of Mr. Floyd-

Committee of Inquiry on Military Affairs appointed by the House of Representatives-Serious Disclosures as to the Treason-

able Measures of Mr. Floyd and Others-Large Transfer of Arms from the North to the South-Occupation of Fort Moultrie

and of Castle Pinckney, by the South Carolinians-Beginning of Civil War-Mutual Distrust of the Conspirators-Floyd's

Complicity in the Misappropriation of the Indian Trust Fund-The Commissioners from South Carolina at Washington-Their

Correspondence with the President, and Return to the South-Gloomy Opening of the New Year (1861)-Strengthening of the

Government-Measures for the Protection of Washington against Surprise-Attempt to reinforce Fort Sumter-The Star of

the West driven from Charleston Harbour by the Insurgents-Demand for the Surrender of Fort Sumter

206

CHAPTER XXVI.

Progress of Secession-Assembling of the Mississippi Convention-Division of Parties-Ordinance of Secession affirmed-Violent

Speech of a Secessionist-Murder as a Party Weapon-Secession Ordinances in Florida, Alabama, Georgia, and Louisiana-

Seizure of National Forts and Arsenals-Mr. Slidell's Exhortations to the People of Louisiana to support the Secession Cause

-The Right to use the River Mississippi as a Free Water Highway-Energetic Action of General Dix, Secretary to the Treasury-

Movement in Texas-Union Feeling of Governor Houston, and of a Portion of the Populace Secret Agency of the Order of

"Knights of the Golden Circle "-Resort to Terrorism as a Means of creating a Secession Feeling-Election of a Convention-

Houston opposed to the Movement as illegal-Secession voted by the Convention, and submitted to the People-Ratification of

the Ordinance by the Popular Vote-Address of the Governor-Deposition of Houston, and Subsequent Submission to the

Secessionists-His Defence of his Conduct-The Policy of Self-seeking

213

CHAPTER XXVII.

Virginia slow in joining the Secession Movement-Meeting of the Legislature in Extraordinary Session on the 7th of January-

Proposals of Compromise, and Preparations for Defence-State of Opinion in Maryland, Delaware, North Carolina, Tennessee,

Kentucky, Missouri, Arkansas, and the New England States-Position of New York-Strange Proposal of Fernando Wood-

The States of New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, in Favour of Southern Views-The North-West heartily on the side

of the Union-Secessionist Conspiracy at Washington-Discussion in Congress on the Compromise Resolutions of Mr. Critten.

den, and on other Proposals-Mr. Corwin's Resolutions in the House of Representatives-Violent Debates on the various Plans

for effecting an Arrangement-Irreconcilable Hostility of the South-Scheme of a Double Government, proposed by Mr. Hunter,

of Virginia-Speeches of Mr. Seward and Mr. Andrew Johnson-Complaints of Southern Advocates-Withdrawal from Congress

of Secessionist Members-Addresses of Jefferson Davis and Others-Formation of the Territories of Colorado, Nevada, and

Dakotah

Action of Southern Senators and Representatives with reference to the Attempts at Compromise in Congress-The Failure of those

Attempts mainly owing to them-Opinion of Mr. Lincoln on Efforts at Conciliation and Reconstruction-Meeting of the Peace

Conference at Washington-Terms of Compromise agreed to-Mr. Reverdy Johnson's Resolution-The Compromise set aside

by Congress-Perfidy of Ex-President Tyler-Meeting of the General Convention of the Seceding States at Montgomery,

Alabama-The Convention declared to be a Congress-Formation of the Confederate States-Points in which the Constitution

differed from that of the United States-Dissatisfaction of the South Carolinian Representatives with the New Constitution---

The Complaints of Mr. Barnwell Rhett-Election of Jefferson Davis to the Presidency, and of Alexander H. Stephens to the

Vice-Presidency-Tergiversation of the Latter-Appointment of Committees, &c.-Discussion as to the Flag Irritable

Opposition of South Carolina to the Collective Action of the Federation-Forebodings in Georgia-Inauguration of Jefferson

Davis as President of the Confederate States

PAGE

227

CHAPTER XXIX.

The Principle of Secession often before asserted-Previous Threats of Secession, in the North and South-The Principle of State

Sovereignty-Division of Opinion in the Two Sections of the Union on this Dogma-Position of the Fathers of the Republic

with reference to the Subject-Historical Origin of the Rupture between the Northern and the Southern States-Mutual

Jealousies and Hatreds-Absence of any Principle of Cohesion-Tariff Disagreements-The Question of Slavery-Argument of

Mr. Jefferson Davis in favour of State Sovereignty-Argument of Mr. John Lothrop Motley against the same Doctrine-The

United States a Commonwealth One and Indivisible-Difficulties of the Question-Summary of the Argument on both Sides-

Opinions of Daniel Webster, General Jackson, and Thomas Jefferson-The Federal Government generally in favour of the

South-Jefferson's Condemnation of Slavery-Various Acts of Southern Aggression on the Interests and Independence of the

North-Attempts on the Part of Congress to stifle the Liberty of discussing Slavery, or petitioning against it-Preponderating

Influence of the South-Decay of Southern Statesmanship-Career of Jefferson Davis-Cabinet of the Confederate Pre-

sident-Speech of Mr. Alexander H. Stephens-Slavery the "Cornerstone" of the New Republic

234

CHAPTER XXX.

Early Measures of the Confederate Government-Permanent Constitution of the Confederate States-Its Points of Departure from

that of the United States-Proceedings of Congress-Treachery of General Twiggs-Surrender of Federal Troops, Forts, and

Stores, to the Rebel Authorities of Texas-Disloyal Conduct of Major Earle Van Dorn-The Federal Power destroyed in that

Part of the Union-Position of South Carolina towards the Rebel Confederation-Journey of Mr. Lincoln to Washington-Plot

to Assassinate him-Military Preparations at the Federal Capital to Defeat the designs of the Conspirators-Lincoln's

Inaugural Address-His Statement of Principles-Analysis of the Address-The New Cabinet-Mr. Seward-Treasonable

Speech of Mr. Wigfall in Congress-Confederate Commissioners in Washington-Their Correspondence with Mr. Seward-

Failure of all Hope of an Accommodation-Charges against the Federal Government of Breach of Faith with reference to the

Reinforcement of Fort Sumter-Secessionist Intrigues and Ministerial Explanations-Scheme of Mr. G. V. Fox for getting

Provisions into the Fort-Despatch of Reinforcements-General Beauregard-Summons to Surrender sent to Major Anderson,

and rejected-Preparations for Attacking the Fort-The Defensive Works at Sumter-The Confederate Batteries in the

Vicinity of Charleston-Bombardment of Fort Sumter by General Beauregard-Incidents of the Siege-Surrender of Sumter on

the 13th of April

245

CHAPTER XXXI.

Sumter lost through the dilatory conduct of the Government-Removal of Major Anderson and the Garrison to New York-

Honours paid to them-President Lincoln's Requisition for 75,000 men-Circular to the Several States from the Secretary of War

-Insolent Replies of Virginia, North Carolina, Kentucky, Tennessee, Missouri, and Arkansas-Equivocating Position of Mary-

land and Delaware-War Feeling throughout the Seceding States-Washington to be taken by the Confederates-Popular

Boasting at the South and at the North-Resolution to accept no Compromise-Military Position and Capacity of the Two

Combatants-State of the Federal Army, Navy, and Finances The Morrill Tariff-Raising of a Loan-Formation of Volunteer

Companies in the Federal and the Confederate States-Siege of Fort Pickens (Florida) by the Insurgents-Reinforcement of the

Garrison by the Federal Government-Proclamation of Jefferson Davis, granting Letters of Marque to Privateers-Institution

of a Blockade by President Lincoln-Progress of Secession Feeling in Virginia-Ordinance of Secession passed by that State-

Effect of the Act-Disloyal Feeling in Slave-holding States-Addition of Virginia to the Confederacy-Secession of North

Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas-Military Preparations for an attack on Washington-Virginian Movement against Harper's

Ferry-The_Arsenal blown up by the Federals-Design to seize the Navy Yard at Gosport-Conflagration of the Ships and

Buildings--Perilous Position of Washington-Spread of Secessionist Sentiments in Maryland-Riots in Baltimore on the

passage of Federal Troops through the City-The Governor coerced by the Mob-Interviews with the President-Concessions,

and final Determination to Enforce the Law

257

CHAPTER XXXII.

Defection of Colonel Robert Edmund Lee-His appointment to the Command of Rebel Troops in Virginia-Energetic Measures of

General Wool for the Protection of the Union-Expedition of General Butler to Maryland-Reduction of that State to

Obedience Character of the American Professional Army-Organisation of the Southern Volunteers-Butler takes up a

Position near Baltimore-His Appointment to another Command-Loyal Action of Governor Hicks-Dictatorial Powers of the

President Suspension of the Habeas Corpus Law, and Arrest of Suspected Persons-Call for more Troops-Events in Kentucky

and Missouri-Collision between Union and Confederate Partisans at St. Louis-Missouri inclined to Support the Secessionists

-Expedition of Federal Troops into Virginia-Death of Colonel Ellsworth at Alexandria-Fortifications in Front of

Washington-The Federal Position at Manassas Junction-Collisions by Sea and Land-Formation of Western Virginia into a

Separate State on Union Principles-Defeat of the Confederates at Philippi-General Butler at Fortress Monroe-Fugitive

Slaves declared "Contraband of War"-Federal Attack on the Confederate Position at Big Bethel-Defeat of the Assailants,

and Death of Captain Winthrop Defeat of Confederates at Romney, North-west Virginia-Evacuation of Harper's Ferry by

the Confederates under Johnston-Movements of the Federal General, Patterson-Panic at Washington-McClellan at the

head of an Army in the West-Position of Garnett (Confederate General) to the West of the Alleghanies-His Defeat by

McClellan-Battles of Rich Mountain and of Garrick's Ford-McClelian's Address to his Troops-Results of the Federal

Successes-Development of the Military Spirit in America

269

CHAPTER XXXIII.

Opening of the Extraordinary Session of Congress (July 4th, 1861)-Mr. Lincoln on the Position of the Republic-The Law with

respect to the Suspension of Habeas Corpus-Proposals of Mr. Lincoln for meeting the Crisis-Reports of the Secretary of War

and the Secretary of the Navy-Condition of the Army and Navy-Estimates for the Year-Additional Taxation and Loan-

Legislation in the House of Representatives and Senate-Ineffectual Attempts to bring about Conciliatory Measures-Joint

Resolution proposed by Mr. J. J. Crittenden-Opinion in Foreign Countries with regard to the American Civil War-Division

of Sentiment in England-The Governing Classes in Favour of the South-Mr. Charles Francis Adams sent as American

Minister to Great Britain-The Queen's Proclamation of Neutrality-Debates in Parliament-Action of France-Mr. Seward's

Instructions to Mr. Adams-Effect of the English Policy in granting Belligerent Rights to the South-Financial Measures of

the Confederation-Issue of Paper Money-Mr. Alexander H. Stephens on the Prospects of the Slave Republic-Removal of

the Confederate Capital to Richmond, Virginia-Speech of Jefferson Davis, and Proclamation of General Beauregard-Proceed-

ings of the Federal General, Banks, in Maryland-The Confederate Privateers and the Law of Piracy-Increase of the Federal

Navy-The Opposing Armies on the Line of the Potomac-The Bridges leading to Washington-Popular Demand for an

Immediate Advance against the Confederates-Want of Sufficient Preparation-Infirmities of General Scott-The Eve of a

Disaster.

282

CHAPTER XXXIV.

Advance of Union Troops on the 16th of July-Discontent in the Division of General Patterson, who retires towards the Potomac-

March of the Federals-Disposal of the Confederate Forces-Position of the Federal Troops on the 17th of July-Plunder and

Incendiarism-Fighting on the 18th-Interval of Two Days-The Confederates Reinforced-The Country about Bull Run-Line

of Battle of Beauregard and Johnston-McDowell's Plan of Attack-Sanguinary Encounters-Successes of the Federals-

Gallantry of "Stonewall Jackson"-Incidents of the Fight-Arrival of Further Reinforcements for the Confederates-Turning

of the Tide of Battle-Defeat of the Federals, and Panic-stricken Flight of the Troops-The Battle watched from the su

rounding Heights by Civilians and Ladies-Consternation of the On-lookers at the Receipt of Bad News-Final Military

Operations on Both Sides-Determination of the Federals to retire upon Washington-Effect of the Disaster in the Capital of

the Union-Losses of the Federals and the Confederates-General McDowell on the Defects of his Army

CHAPTER XXXV.

Progress of Hostilities in Missouri-Position and Plans of the Confederates-Their March towards Arkansas, followed by the

Federals Encounter near Carthage-Pause in the Military Operations-The State Government of Missouri placed in Loyal

Hands-Advance of the Confederate Forces-Bad Military Organisation-Battle at Wilson's Creek-Death of General Lyon

-Operations of Sigel-Fatal Error of his Men-Rout of the Federals-Legislation of the Confederate Congress-Heavy Taxation

of the Southern People-Sequestration of the Estates of Aliens-Resolution on the Subject of Maritime Law-Military Pre-

parations, and Changes in the Confederate Government-Condition of Washington-Measures for the Protection of the Capital

-State of the Federal Army-Resignation and Dismissal of Inefficient Officers-Excitement in the Country-The Government

and the Press-Resort to Arbitrary Power-Feeling of the Country with Reference to the Necessity of conquering the South-

Mr. Wendell Phillips on Slavery and the Union

PAGE

300

CHAPTER XXXVI.

Butler at Fortress Monroe-Evacuation of Hampton by the Federals-Burning of the Village by the Confederates-Expedition

against the Coast of North Carolina-Capture of Forts at Hatteras Inlet-Operations in the Valley of the Kanawha-Retreat of

the Confederates-Prince Napoleon and the Orleans Princes at Washington-The Confederates on the Potomac contract their

Lines-Federal Advance-Battle of Ball's Bluff, and Defeat of the Federals-A Southerner's Strictures on Southern Affairs-

Resignation of General Scott, and Appointment of McClellan to the Chief Command-Progress of Affairs in Missouri-

Fremont's Proclamation and Abolitionist Views-Martial Law and Retaliation-Expedition of General Price (Confederate)-

Siege of Lexington by the Missourians-Surrender of the City-Movements of the Two Armies-Missouri in a State of Anarchy

-Inquiry into the Conduct of Fremont, and his Removal from the Command of the Western Department-Action of General

Pope in Missouri-The Neutrality of Kentucky-Proceedings of Federals and Confederates in that State-Message of Governor

Magruder to the Kentucky Legislature-Division of Opinion with respect to Secession-Federal and Confederate Troops in

Kentucky-Scattered Actions in various Parts of the State-Movements of General Zollicoffer (Confederate)-Expedition of

General Grant (Federal) against Columbus-Battle of Belmont -Temporary Success of the Federals, followed by their Retreat

-General Nelson in Eastern Kentucky-Progress of Secessionist Feeling-Disturbed Condition of the West

CHAPTER XXXVII.

Affairs at Fort Pickens-Confederate Descent on the Island of Santa Rosa-The Federal Fleet at the Mouths of the Mississippi-

Action of the Confederate Steam Ram, Manassas-Dispersal of the Fleet-Expedition against Port Royal-Defeat of the Con-

federates at Forts Walker and Beauregard-The Negroes at Beaufort-Plan for the Destruction of the Harbour of Charleston

-Sinking of Vessels laden with Stone, and Failure of the Attempt-Despatch of Agents of the Confederation to Europe-The

Trent Affair-Seizure of Messrs. Mason and Slidell on board the English Mail Steamer-Exultation in the Northern States at

the Act of Captain Wilkes-Opinion as expressed in the Newspapers and at Public Meetings-Attitude of the Government-

Prospect of a War with England-Unfriendly Feeling towards England entertained by the North, and its Causes-Agitation in

Great Britain at receipt of the News-The Law of the Case-Proceedings of the British Government for obtaining Redress-

Mr. Seward's Letter to Lord Lyons-The Question of the Right of Search-Opinion in France and in Canada-Release of the

Confederate Commissioners-Failure of their Mission-Effect in England of the Seizure of the Agents

CHAPTER XXXVIII.

Steps taken in the Confederate States for creating a Permanent Government-Message of Mr. Davis (Nov. 18th, 1861)-Review of the

Situation-Appeal to the Fears of other Nations-Failure of the Cotton Supply and its Effects in England-Destruction of

Cotton by the Confederates-Strictness of the Federal Blockade-Sufferings of the Southern States-Disaffection among the

"Mean Whites" and the Negroes-First Annual Message of President Lincoln (Dec. 3rd, 1861)-Progress and Prospects of the

Union-Condition of the Negroes-Projects for Colonisation-Mr. Seward's Letter to General McClellan on the Treatment of

Escaped Slaves-Report of the Secretary of the Treasury-Creation of a Large National Debt-Violation of the Neutrality of

New Granada by a Federal Officer-The Nashville and the Tuscorara in Southampton Docks-Strength of the Federals at the

beginning of 1862-General McClellan's Scheme of Operations-Fighting in Kentucky-Defeat of the Confederates at Mill

Springs Sufferings of the Southerners-Fort Henry surrendered to the Federals Successful Operations on the Tennessee

River--Advance of General Grant on Fort Donelson-Severe Fighting before the Walls-Extraordinary Blundering of the

Confederate Commanders-Determination to evacuate the Fort-Escape of Floyd, Pillow, and Forrest, with a Portion of the

Confederate Army-Dishonourable Conduct of Floyd-Retirement of the Confederates from Nashville-Confusion in the City

-The New Confederate Line of Defence in the West-Inauguration of Mr. Jefferson Davis as Permanent President of the

Confederate States-His Address on that Occasion

Dissatisfaction in the Southern States at the Conduct of the War-Expedition against the Coast of North Carolina-Attack on

Roanoke Island by Sea and Land Forces-Defeat of the Confederates, and Destruction of their Gunboats-Burning of the

Town of Winton-Charges brought against the Southern Secretary of War-Taking of Newburn by the Federals-Other

Successes-A New Campaign opened in Missouri-Movements of Federals and Confederates-Battle of Pea Ridge, Arkansas-

Incidents of the Fighting on three Successive Days-Critical Position of the Federals-The Confederates driven back--Mutual

Charges of Cruelty-Conduct of Indian Auxiliaries Subsequent Operations of the Federals in Missouri-Confederate Invasion

of New Mexico-Guerilla Warfare-The Battle of Valverde-Defeat of the Federals-Subsequent Misfortunes of the Texan

Invaders-New Mexico abandoned by the Confederates-The Territory not worth fighting for-Depredations of the Indians-

Error of the Confederate Government in attempting too much, and operating in too many directions

CHAPTER XL.

Northern Demand for an Advance on the Potomac-McClellan's Plans for Attacking the Enemy from the Direction of the Rappa-

hannock-The President opposed to this scheme-Resignation of Mr. Cameron, and Appointment of Mr Edwin M. Stanton as

Secretary of War-Charges brought against the Former-His Vindication by the President-Antagonistic Feeling between Mr.

Lincoln and General McClellan- Withdrawal of the Confederates from their Positions on the Potomac-Forward Movement of

the Federals-McClellan removed from the Supreme Command-Remarks of the Prince de Joinville-General McClellan's

Exposition of his Motives in advancing on Centreville-Difficulties inherent in the Military Position of the Federals-Deter-

mination to send the Troops by Sea, and attack Richmond from the East-The Union Fleet in Hampton Roads-Designs of the

Confederate Iron-clad, Merrimac-Her Attack on the Union Ships off Fortress Monroe, March 8th-Destruction of Two Vessels,

with great Slaughter-Arrival of the Federal Iron-clad, Monitor-Structure and Appointments of that Vessel-Reappearance of

the Merrimac on the following Day-Fight between the Merrimac and the Monitor-Indecisive Result of the Action-Revolution

in the System of Naval Warfare

342

340

Plan of General McClellan for his Campaign against Richmond-State of the Army of the Potomac previous to changing its Base of

Operations-Bitter Animosity of the South against the New England States-Sailing of the Army for the Yorktown Peninsula

-Reduction of McClellan's Forces by order of the President-Difficulties in the Way of the Expedition-Position of the Con-

federate General Magruder, in front of Yorktown-The Federal Advance-McDowell's Corps withdrawn by the President from

General McClellan's Command-Mr. Lincoln's Explanation of his Conduct-McClellan's Hesitation and the President's

Timidity-Further Diminution of the General's Powers-Opening of the Siege of Yorktown-Failure of a Federal Attack on

the Confederate Lines-Progress of the Siege-Evacuation of the Position by the Confederates-Further Exploits of the

Merrimac-Pursuit of the Confederate Army of Yorktown-Bad Condition of the Roads-Position of Williamsburg-Battle

before that Town-Further Retreat of the Confederates-Federal Advance on Richmond-Evacuation of Norfolk by the

Confederates-Burning of the Merrimac

PAGE

357

CHAPTER XLII.

Further Progress of Events in Tennessee-The Confederate Line of Defence across that State-Island No. 10, in the Mississippi-

Evacuation of New Madrid by the Southern Forces-Digging of a Canal by the Federals-Abandonment of various Positions by

the Confederates General Grant at Pittsburg Landing-Junction of the Confederate Forces under Generals Sidney Johnston

and Beauregard-Surprise of the Federals on the Morning of the 6th of April-A Desperate Day's Fighting-Resumption of

the Contest on the 7th-Retreat of the Confederates-Heavy Losses on both Sides-Character and Results of the Two Days'

Battle-Expeditions against Railway Lines of Communication-Northern Arkansas and Missouri evacuated by the Confederates

-Federal Movements in the Vicinity of Savannah-Siege and Reduction of Fort Pulaski-Naval Operations on the Coast of

Georgia-Taking of Fort Macon, North Carolina-Evacuation of Norfolk, Virginia, by the Southern Forces-Position of

Louisiana towards the Confederacy-Defences of New Orleans-The River Defences of New Orleans-Composition of the

Combined Naval and Military Expedition sent out by the United States-Passage of the Mississippi-Bombardment of Forts

Jackson and Philip-Passing the Forts-Action with the Confederate River Fleet-Explosion of the Manassas-Consternation

at New Orleans, and Destruction of Property-Surrender of the City to Commodore Farragut--Rage and Despair of the

Populace

365

CHAPTER XLIII.

Renewed Attack on the Mississippi Forts by Commodore Porter-Mutiny among the Confederate Troops in the Forts-Surrender of

the Positions-Blowing up of the Confederate Iron-clad, Louisiana-Defences of the Mississippi-General Butler at New

Orleans-Establishment of Martial Law-Submission of Bâton Rouge and Natchez-Evacuation of Pensacola by the Con-

federates-Irregular Traffic with Nassau, in the Bahamas-President Davis's Proclamation for a Fast Day-Arbitrary Measures

of General Butler-His Order with regard to the New Orleans Women-Stringency of his Military Rule-The Case of William

B. Mumford-Administrative Acts of the Federal Commander at New Orleans-Louisiana restored to the Union-General

Butler superseded-Confederate Operations in the Valley of the Shenandoah-Colonel Kenly defeated by General Jackson-

Retreat of General Banks (Federal)-Crossing of the Potomac-Panic at Washington-Position of the Freed Negroes in the

Northern States-Chaotic State of the whole Question-Plans for dealing with the Fugitive Slaves-Proposals for Mediation in

the American Quarrel-Operations of General Halleck in the West-Expedition against Charleston-Renewed Advance of

McClellan towards Richmond-Position on the Chickahominy at the End of May-The Federals attacked by the Confederates

on the Morning of May 31st-Defeat of McClellan's Left Wing-Anxiety of the Federal Commander-The Struggle renewed on

the 1st of June-Defeat of the Confederates-A Battle without Definite Results-Miserable State of the Armies after the Two

Days' Fighting-General Lee appointed to the Command of the Confederate Forces in Front of Richmond

376

CHAPTER XLIV.

Mr. Lincoln's Plans with regard to McDowell's Corps-McDowell ordered to co-operate with Banks and Fremont in the Shenandoah

Valley-Dangerous Position of General Jackson-His Retreat up the Shenandoah Valley, followed by the combined Federal

Armies-Actions on the Road-Battle at Port Republic-Defeat of the Federals, and Escape of Jackson-Fighting in the

Mountain Department, West Virginia-Creation of the Army of Virginia-General Pope appointed to the Command-Character

and Career of that Officer-Position of the Army of the Potomac on the Chickahominy-Incursion in its Rear by the Con-

federate Leader, General Stuart-Successful Operations, and Return to Richmond-McClellan anxious for the Safety of his Army

-His Determisation to shift his Base of Operations from the Pamunkey to the James River-The Confederates cross the

Chickahominy-Severe Fighting in the Vicinity of the Bridges-The Federal Army united on the Right Bank of the

Chickahominy-McClellan retreats towards the James River-Perilous Position of Richmond-The Confederates in hot Pursuit

of the Enemy-Sanguinary Actions in the Final Days of June-Attack on the Federals at Malvern Hill, and Repulse of the

Confederates-The Army of the Potomac established at Harrison's Landing, on the James River-Results of the Seven Days'

Fighting-The Command of all the United States Armies conferred on General Halleck-Departure of the Orleans Princes-

Halleck's Plans for the Future-Hesitation of McClellan-Arbitrary Orders of General Pope-Retaliatory Measures authorised

by Jefferson Davis-Renewed Fighting before Washington-The Battle of Cedar Mountain-Removal of the Army of the

Potomac from the Yorktown Peninsula-President Lincoln's Call for fresh Levies

CHAPTER XLV.

Position of Parties in the Summer of 1862-Proposals for Employing Negroes in Connection with the United States Armies-

Measures for the Partial Emancipation of the Blacks-Letter of President Lincoln to Mr. Horace Greeley on the Principle of

Emancipation-Disingenuous Criticisms on the Policy of the North-Mr. Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation of September

22nd, 1862-Effect of the Document in America-Distinction between the Proclamation and the Law of July 17th-Exasperation

in the Southern States at the Policy of Mr. Lincoln-Sanguinary Threats of Vengeance-Money Costs of the War to the Union

-Enormous Paper Currency, and its Difficulties-Meeting of the Confederate Congress-Message of Mr. Jefferson Davis-

Martial Law, and Suspension of Habeas Corpus, at the South and at the North-Employment of Negroes in the Confederate

States on the Making of Fortifications-Partial Decline of the War Feeling in the Two Sections of the Country-The State

Elections at the North-President Lincoln's Message to Congress of December 1st, 1862-State of the Finances-Mr. Lincoln's

Remarks on the Necessity of Subduing the Southern League-The Future of the Coloured Race-Adinirable Character of the

President's Plans for the Termination of Slavery-Opinion in England-The Cotton Famine in Lancashire and other Northern

Counties-Enormous Importance of the Cotton Interest to Great Britain-Progress of Distress in the Northern Counties—

Subscriptions and Acts of Parliament in Aid of the Sufferers-Decline and Cessation of the Famine

389

404

CHAPTER XLVI.

Position of General Pope on the Rapidan-New Line taken up on the Rappahannock-Bold Policy of the Confederates-March of

General Jackson through Thoroughfare Gap-The Federals surprised in their Rear-Perplexity of the Union Commanders--

The Confederates pursued-Scattered Actions with Jackson's Corps-General Jackson forms lis Line of Battle from Centreville

to the Warrenton Road-The Second Battle of Bull Run-Severe Fighting on the 29th and 30th of August-Defeat of the

Federals, and Retirement within the Lines round Centreville-Demonstration of the Confederates against the Right Flank of

the Federals-Further Retreat within the Lines of Washington-The National Capital in Danger-McClellan_appointed to

succeed Pope-Charges against General McDowell-Lee resolved on invading Maryland-Advance of Jackson on Frederick City

-The Marylanders not disposed to welcome the Invaders-Confederate Statement of the Objects of the Invasion-Harper's

Ferry, Virginia, invested by the Confederates-McClellan starts in Pursuit of General Lee-Forces sent to the Relief of Harper's

Ferry-Fall of that Position on the 15th of September-Action on South Mountain-Incomplete Results of the Battle-Retreat

of Lee beyond Antietam Creek-Battle of September 17th-Position of the Two Armies at the Close of the Day--Defective

Generalship of McClellan-Shattered and Disorganised Condition of Federals and Confederates-General Lee retreats into

Virginia-Failure of the Attempt on Maryland-The Confederate Conscription-Discontent in the South-Inconsistency in the

Advocates of State Rights

416

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Cassell's History of the United States, Volumen3