Rufus's Stone (and Oak). A triangular stone erected in the New Forest, near Southampton, England, on the spot where formerly stood the famous oak, on which, according to the inscription, “an arrow shot by Sir Walter Tyrrel at a stag, glanced and struck King William II., named Rufus, in the breast, of which he instantly died, on the 2d of August, A.D. 1100." The spot is visited by great numbers of people every

year.

O'er the New Forest's heath-hills bare,

Down steep ravine, by shaggy wood, A pilgrim wandered, questing where The relic-tree of Rufus stood.

Some monument he found, which spoke What erst had happened on the spot; But for that old avenging oak,

Decayed long since, he found it not. John Kenyon. Rugby. A famous school in the town of the same name in the county of Warwick, England. It is noted as the scene of Dr. Arnold's life and labors. The school was founded in the reign of Elizabeth, and has fine cloistered buildings.

See HALL OF FAME.

Rump Steak, or Liberty Club. This political club, in opposition to Sir Robert Walpole, was in existence in 1733-4. See BEEFSTEAK SOCIETY [CLUB].

Russell Square. A well-known public square in London, upon the site of the old palace of the Dukes of Bedford.

Rutgers College. A collegiate establishment in New Brunswick, N.J. It was founded in 1770. Ruth and Naomi. A picture by Ary Scheffer (1795-1858).

Ruthwell Cross. A remarkable Runic monument in the parish of Ruthwell, near Dumfries, Scotland. It is a stone cross, bearing

an inscription in Runic and in Latin characters. This stone is said to have been broken in two in the last century by direction of the General Assembly, as being an object of superstitious veneration, and to have been afterwards put together.

Rutland House. A noble mansion which formerly stood in Charterhouse Square, London. Rydal Mount. The picturesque and celebrated residence of the poet Wordsworth, standing on the projection of a hill near the little village of Rydal, near Ambleside, in the "Lake District" of England. Wordsworth's dwelling commanded a fine view, embracing the lake of Rydal and a part of Windermere. The poet is sometimes called the "Bard of Rydal Mount."

"A lovely cottage-like building, almost hidden by a profusion of roses and ivy." Mrs. Hemans. This day without its record may not pass, In which I first have seen the lowly roof That shelters Wordsworth's age.

Fitting place I found Blest with rare beauty, set in deepest calm;

Looking upon still waters, whose expanse
Might tranquillize all thought, and bor-
dered round
By mountains.

Henry Alford.

Of him whose whitened locks on Rydal
Mount
Are lifted yet by morning breezes blowing
From the green hills, immortal in his lays,
Whittier.

Rye House. A frequent resort of anglers from London, and the scene, according to some authorities, of the celebrated alleged conspiracy of 1683, known as the Rye House Plot. It is situated between London and Newmarket. By other authorities the scene of the plot is referred to an ancient mansion, called the Rye House, in the parish of Stanstead, Hertfordshire.

Ryknield St. See FossE, THE.

Sabines, Rape of the. See RAPE OF THE SABINES.

Sacer, Mons. See MONS SACER. Sachem's Plain. A locality near Norwich, Conn., noted as the scene of a battle between the Narragansetts and Mohegans in 1642. A granite monument to the memory of Miantonomoh, the Narragansett chief who fell in the action, was erected on this battlefield in 1841.

Sackville Street. A noble street

in Dublin, Ireland, the principal thoroughfare of the city, midway in which is Nelson's Pillar.

"The street is exceedingly broad and handsome. Even in this, the great street of the town, there is scarcely any one; and it is as vacant and listless as Pall Mall in October."

Thackeray.

Sacra Conversazione. [Holy Conversation.] The name given by the Italians to pictures of the Holy Family in which the sacred persons are represented as a devotional group, in distinction from a merely domestic or historical group. For examples see under HOLY FAMILY.

Sacra Famiglia. See HOLY FAMILY.

Sacra, Via. See VIA SACRA. Sacrament. See DISPUTE OF THE SACRAMENT.

Sacraments. See SEVEN SACRAMENTS.

Sacred and Profane Love. A well-known picture by Titian (1477-1576). In the Palazzo Borghese, Rome.

"Out of Venice, there is nothing of Titian's to compare to his Sacred and Profane Love. Description can give no idea of the consummate beauty of this composition."

Eaton.

"The Sacred and Profane Love by Titian is still another masterpiece of the same spirit. A beautiful wo man dressed appears by the side of another naked. By their side is a sculptured fountain, and behind them a broad landscape of a blue tone with warm patches of earth intersected by the darks of sombre forests, and in the distance the sea; two cavaliers are visible in the background, also a spire and a town.... The eye passes from the simple tones of that ample and healthy flesh to the rich subdued tints of the landscape, as the ear passes from a melody to its accompaniment."

Taine, Trans.

Sacred College. A name given to the body of cardinals or princes of the Roman Catholic Church. It is the Sacred College assembling in conclave, which elects a new pope whenever a vacancy occurs in the holy see.

Sacred Mount. See MONS SACER and MONTE SACRO.

Sacred Way. See VIA SACRA. Sacrément, St. See ST. SACRÉ

MENT.

Sacrifice of Isaac. 1. A fresco by Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520), in the Stanza of the Heliodorus, in the Vatican, Rome.

2. A picture by David Teniers the Younger (1610-1694 ?), the Belgian genre-painter.

Sacro (or Santo) Eremo. A col lection of 24 hermitages, established by Saint Romualdo near the convent of Camaldoli in Italy. The rules and observances of the hermitage are strict and severe.

"Here [at Camaldoli] we passed the night, and next morning rode up by the steep traverses to the Santo Eremo, where Saint Romualdo lived and estab lished

de' tacenti cenobiti il coro,
L'arcane penitenze, ed i digiuni
Al Camaldoli suo.

The Eremo is a city of hermits,

own

walled round, and divided into streets of low detached cells. Each cell consists of two or three naked rooms, built exactly on the plan of the Saint's tenement, which remains just as Romualdo left it 800 years ago, now too sacred and too damp for a mortal tenant. The unfeeling Saint has here established a rule which anticipates the pains of Purgatory. No stranger can behold without emotion a number of noble, interesting young men bound to stand erect chanting at choir for eight hours a day; their faces pale, their heads shaven, their beards shaggy, their backs raw, their legs swollen, and their feet bare. . . . The sickly novice is cut off in one or two winters, the rest are subject to dropsy, and few arrive at old age." Forsyth. At Casentino's foot

A river crosses named Archiano, born
Above the Hermitage in Apennine.

Dante, Purgatorio, Longfellow's Trans. Sacro, Monte. See MONTE SACRO and MONS SACER.

Sadler's Wells. A place of amusement for the populace, on the banks of the New River near Islington, England. It contains a medicinal spring, of much repute in old times. The publichouse on the place is represented in the background of Hogarth's print of "Evening." The site is now occupied by a theatre. See SADLER'S WELLS THEATRE.

Sadler's Wells Theatre. One of the oldest theatres in London, named from a mineral spring in the neighborhood. The present house was erected in 1764, and rebuilt in 1876-77. See SADLER'S WELLS.

Her [Mademoiselle Clairon's) hands are not alternately stretched out, and then drawn in again, as with the singing women at Sadler's Wells: they are employed with graceful variety, and every moment please with new and unexpected eloquence. Goldsmith.

Is it the skilfullest Anatomist that cuts the best figure at Sadler's Wells? or does the Boxer hit better for knowing that he has a flexor longus and a flexor brevis?

which is a favorite resort of pilgrims belonging to the Greek Church.

St. Agnes. A well-known picture by Andrea del Sarto (1488–1530). In the cathedral at Pisa, Italy. See also EVE OF ST. AGNES and MARTYRDOM OF ST. AGNES.

St. Aignan, Hôtel. See HÔTEL ST. AIGNAN.

St. Alban's Abbey. An ancient

monastic establishment in the vicinity of St. Albans, in Hertfordshire, England. It was once the wealthiest and most brilliant of all the religious houses of Great Britain. It is now restored, and is one of the finest cathedralchurches in England.

"The surviving ruins convey a more imposing sense of the ancient magnificence than Melrose, or Fountains, or Glastonbury." Froude.

St. Angelo. The celebrated fortress of Papal Rome, anciently the mausoleum of Hadrian, erected by him as his family tomb, the last imperial niche in the mausoleum of Augustus having been occupied by the ashes of Nerva. It derives its present name from the Church tradition, that while Gregory the Great was leading a procession to St. Peter's with the object of offering up a solemn service to avert the plague which followed the inundation of 589, there appeared to him a vision of the Archangel Michael standing on the summit of the mausoleum in the act of sheathing his bloody sword, to indicate that the pestilence was stayed. The pope, in memory of this vision, built a chapel on the summit; but this was afterwards replaced by a statue of the archangel. The history of this fortress during the Middle Ages is almost the history of the city itself during that period. It has suffered much from siege and mutilations, and is now but the skeleton of the ancient mausoleum of the emperors. The tomb of Hadrian is thought to have been first turned into a fortress about A.D. 423,-in the time

of Honorius. Merivale speaks of the effort of imagination required to transform the present scarred and shapeless bulk into the

graceful pile which rose column upon column, surmounted by a gilded dome of span almost unrivalled;" and Procopius says of the original mausoleum, in the sixth century, that it was built of Parian marble, the square blocks fitting closely without cement; that it had four equal sides, each a stone's throw in length, and rising above the walls of the city, while on the summit were statues of men and horses, of admirable workmanship. The castle of St. Angelo has often served as a prison, and part of it is now so used. Benvenuto Cellini was confined here, and the pretended cell of Beatrice Cenci is shown by the custode. For an account of the celebrated display of fireworks formerly exhibited from the castle at Easter, see GIRANDOLA. See BRIDGE OF ST. ANGELO.

"No building in the world has probably lived through a more eventful existence, and none, if there were tongues in stones, could tell a tale of more varied interest."

George S. Hillard.

"This proud fabric is an instance how completely vanity defeats its own ends. It was destined by Hadrian to hold his remains forever. Had he chosen a more humble monument, his imperial dust might probably still have remained undisturbed. As it is, his ashes are long since scattered, his very name has passed away, and the place which was destined to be sacred to the greatest of the dead now serves for the punishment of the vilest of the living." C. A. Eaton. Turn to the mole which Hadrian rear'd on high,

Imperial mimic of old Egypt's piles,
Colossal copyist of deformity,
Whose travell'd phantasy from the far
Nile's

Enormous model, doom'd the artist's toils
To build for giants, and for his vain earth,
His shrunken ashes, raise this dome! How
smiles

The gazer's eye with philosophic mirth, To view the huge design which sprung from such a birth! Byron. Think also whether thou hast known no Public Quacks, on far higher scale than this, whom a Castle of St. Angelo could

St. Angelo, Bridge of. See BRIDGE OF ST. ANGELO.

St. Anna. A picture by Bartholomew Zeitblom (b. 1410-1450), a German painter. It is now in the museum at Berlin, Prussia. St. Anna (and the Virgin). A wellknown picture by Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1520), in the Louvre, at Paris. It is thought by some to have been only executed from a cartoon by Leonardo.

St. Anne's. Of several churches of this name in London, one of the oldest and most noted is that in Soho, finished in 1686.