tower, with other towers at each of the four corners, three of which were 50 cubits high, while that at the south-east angle rose to an elevation of 70 cubits, so that from thence there was a complete view of the Temple."

Antonine Column. A celebrated

relic of ancient Rome, now standing in the Piazza Colonna, to which it gives its name. It was erected to the Emperor Marcus Aurelius Antoninus by the Senate and Roman people, A.D. 174. The column is surmounted by a statue of St. Paul, placed there by Sixtus V., and the shaft is surrounded by bas-reliefs arranged in a spiral form. One of these bas-reliefs, a figure of Jupiter Pluvius, representing him sending down rain which falls from his outstretched arms, is celebrated from its supposed connection with an old legend that a Christian legion from Mitylene

caused rain to fall as the result of their prayers. This story is told by Eusebius, and corroborated by Justin Martyr. Antoninus and Faustina. TEMPLE OF ANTONINUS FAUSTINA.

See

AND

The discovery of the Apis Mausoleum was, historically, of much importance. In it were found many inscribed tablets, the most important of which are now in the Louvre at Paris. See SERAPEUM.

"An avenue of sphinxes led up to it [the Serapeum], and two pylons stood before it; round it was the usual enclosure. But it was distinguished from all other temples by having in one of its chambers an opening, from which descended an inclined passage into the rock below, giving access to the vaults in which reposed the mummied representatives of the god Apis. Living, the sacred bull was worshipped in a magnificent temple at Memphis, and lodged in a palace adjoining, Apieum: dead, he was buried in excavated vaults at Sakkárah, and worshipped in a temple built over them— the Serapeum." Murray's Handbook. Apollinare in Classe. See SANT' APOLLINARE IN CLASSE.

the

Apollinarisberg. A hill on the banks of the Rhine, well known to travellers, and crowned with a beautiful modern Gothic church. Apollino, The. [The little Apollo.] An ancient and admired statue, now in the Tribune of the Uffizi Palace, Florence, Italy.

"After the vivid truth of these two remarkable works [the Wrestlers, and the Knife-Grinder], we are hardly prepared to do full justice to the soft, ideal beauty of the Apollino. It is like taking up the Phèdre of Racine, after laying down the first part of King Henry IV." Hillard.

Apollo. An ancient statue in the Louvre, Paris, supposed to be a copy of a work by Praxiteles, the Greek sculptor (b. B.C. 392 ?). There is another in the Tribune of the Uffizi, Florence, Italy. Apollo and Daphne. A work of sculpture by Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1680). In the Villa Borghese, Rome. Apollo and Python. A picture by Joseph

Mallord William Turner (1775-1851), the English landscape-painter, regarded one of his best works.

Apollo and the Muses. See PAR

NASSUS.

Apollo Eelvidere.

A celebrated statue of Apollo found about the beginning of the sixteenth century at Porto d'Anzio, the ancient Antium. It was purchased by Julius II., when Cardinal, and was placed in the Belvidere of the Vatican, Rome, whence it derives its present name. Connoisseurs now think that this statue

is not the original work of a Greek sculptor, but a copy.

"Ardently excited, and filled with divine anger, with which is mingled a touch of triumphant scorn, the intellectual head is turned sideways, while the figure with elastic step is hastening forward. The eye seems to shoot forth lightning; there is an expression of contempt in the corners of the mouth; and the distended nostrils seem to breathe forth divine anger." Lubke, Trans.

"The Apollo Belvidere belongs to a more recent and a less simple age. Whatever its merit may be, it has the defect of being a little too elegant: it might well please Winckelmann and the critics of the eighteenth century. His plaited locks fall behind the ear in the most charming manner, and are gathered above the brow in a kind of diadem, as if arranged by a woman. This Apollo certainly displays savoirvivre, also consciousness of his rank-I am sure he has a crowd of domestics." Taine, Trans.

Or view the Lord of the unerring bow, The God of life, and poesy, and light,The sun in human limbs arrayed, and

brow

Apollo Room. An apartment in the Raleigh Tavern, an ancient building in Williamsburg, Va., in which the House of Burgesses met to take into consideration the insurrectionary proceedings then occurring in Massachusetts. Apollo Sauroctonos. [Lizard-killer.] A bronze statue of Apollo in the Villa Albani at Rome, which in the judgment of Winckelmann is the original statue by Praxiteles, described by Pliny, and the most beautiful bronze statue left in the world. It was found upon the Aventine Mount. There is another statue of the same name in the Vatican. Apollo, Temple of. See TEMPLE OF APOLLO.

Apollonicon. An immense organ first exhibited in 1817 at the manufactory of the builders, Messrs. Flight and Robson, St. Martin's Lane, London. The instrument was self-acting, and could also be played in the ordinary manner by one or by several performers. The Apollonicon was five years in course of construction, and cost about £10,000.

Apostles, The. See CALLING OF THE APOSTLES, COMMUNION OF THE APOSTLES, and TWELVE APOSTLES.

Apotheosis of Hercules. A wellknown picture by François Lemoine (1688-1737), the French historical painter. It is 64 feet by 54 feet in size, and is said to be the largest in Europe. "There are 142 figures in it, and it is probably the most magnificent pittura di machina of the decorative period in which it was executed." It is painted on the ceiling of a room in the palace at Versailles.

Apotheosis of Trajan. See TRIUMPH OF TRAJAN. Apotheosis of Washington. An immense fresco on the interior of the dome of the Capitol in Washington, painted by Brumidi. It covers some 5,000 feet, and cost $40,000.

Apoxyomenes. A celebrated statue of an athlete by Lysippus (flourished time of Alexander the Great), the Greek sculptor; a marble copy of which, found at Trastevere in 1846, is now in the Vatican, Rome.

The legs and arms [of the Antinous] are modelled with exquisite grace of outline; yet they do not show that readiness for active service which is noticeable in the statues of the Meleager, the Apoxyomenos, or the Belvedere Hermes. J.A. Symonds. Appian Way. See VIA APPIA. Apprentices. See IDLE AND INDUSTRIOUS APPRENTICES. Approach to Venice. A picture by Joseph Mallord William Turner (1775-1851), the eminent English painter.

Apsley House. The former wellknown residence of the Duke of Wellington, Piccadilly, London. It immediately adjoins Hyde Park. It was built about 1785 for Charles Bathurst, Lord Apsley, and was purchased by Marquis Wellesley, elder brother of the great Duke, in 1828. It contains a collection of pictures. Ara Coeli. [Altar of Heaven.] A very interesting church in Rome, of high antiquity, occupying the site of the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. It was in this church that Gibbon, as he himself informs us, on the 15th of October, 1764, as he sat musing amidst the ruins of the Capitol, while the barefooted friars were singing vespers, first meditated writing the history of the Decline and Fall of the city. The name Ara Coeli is traditionally derived from the altar consecrated by Augustus in consequence of the sibyl's prophecy about the coming of the Redeemer, a monkish invention wholly unsupported by historical evidence. Some say, however,

that in the middle ages the church was called "S. Maria in Auroculio." The church of Ara Cœli is held in great reverence by the people, on account of the famous wooden image called the Santissimo Bambino, supposed to be of great efficacy in curing the sick. The steps of this church are the identical ones which formed the ascent to the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. See BAMBINO.

"On the steps of Ara-Cœli, nineteen centuries ago, the first great Cæ. sar climbed on his knees after his first triumph. At their base Rienzi, the last of the Roman tribunes, fell. . Standing on a spot so thronged with memories, the dullest imagination takes fire." W. W. Story.

"A flight of 124 steps of marble leads to the church of Ara-Cœli, one of the oldest and ugliest in Rome. But no one is held in greater reverence by the people, and none is more frequented by throngs of worshippers."

G. S. Hillard.

"A staircase of extraordinary width and length stretches upward to the red façade of the church of AraCali. On these steps hundreds of beggars, as ragged as those of Callot, clad in tattered hats and rusty brown blankets, are warming themselves majestically in the sunshine. You embrace all this in a glance, the convent and the palace, the colossi and the canaille; the hill, loaded with architecture, suddenly rises at the end of a street, its stone masses spotted with crawling human insects. This is peculiar to Rome." Taine, Trans.

Returning home by Ara Cœli, we mounted to it by more than 100 marble steps, not in devotion,-as 1 observed some to do on their bare knees,- but to see those two famous statues of Constantine in white marble, placed there out of his Baths. John Evelyn, 1644.

Arbroath Abbey. This ruin of the most spacious abbey in Scotland is in Aberbrothwick. It was built in 1178, and dedicated to St. Thomas à Becket. There is a tradition that the Abbots of Aberbrothwick placed a bell on a dangerous reef in the German Ocean, and this story gave rise to a ballad of Southey's.

The Abbot of Aberbrothock Had placed that bell on the Inchcape rock Southey.

See INCHCAPE ROCK.

Arc de l'Étoile, or Arc de Triomphe. A very large and fine triumphal arch at the west end of the Champs-Elysées, Paris. It is one of the chief ornaments of the city, and, from its high situa tion, commands an extensive view over Paris. In 1806 Napoleon resolved to build this arch, and its construction was begun; but the work as now seen was not finished until 1836, after the accession of Louis Philippe. It is of a classical design; and the whole structure is 161 feet high, 145 feet wide, and 110 feet deep.

"It was not, however, till we stood almost beneath it that we really felt the grandeur of this great arch, including so large a space of the blue sky in its airy sweep. At a distance it impresses the spectator with its solidity; nearer, with the lofty vacancy beneath it." Hawthorne.

She [Mme. de B-] is not a cabinet minister, she is not a marshal of France, she has no appointments in her gift, she lives beyond the Are de l'Etoile; but, for all that, people go to visit her from the four corners of Paris. Taine, Trans.

With every respect for Kensington turnpike, I own that the Arc de l'Etoile at l'aris is a much finer entrance to an imperial capital. Thackeray.

You find here [in Rome] less space and stone work, less material grandeur than

in the Place de la Concorde, and in the Arc de Triomphe, but more invention and more to interest you. Taine, Trans. Arc de Triomphe. See ARC DE L'ÉTOILE.

Arc du Carrousel. A triumphal

arch in the centre of the Place du Carrousel, Paris, 48 feet high, 65 feet wide, begun in 1806. It is a copy, with alterations, of the Arch of Severus at Rome. Formerly the Arc du Carrousel was surmounted by four horses of bronze from St. Mark's, Venice; but these were returned to Venice in 1814.

Arcade, The. A well-known building in Providence, R.I., being an immense granite bazaar 225 feet in length by 80 feet in depth (in parts 130 feet deep) containing under one glass roof 78 stores. The building was erected in 1828.

Arcadian Academy. [Ital. Accademia degli Arcadi.] A literary

institute at Rome, founded in 1690, which still holds its meetings in the Capitol. Its aim, which it failed to reach, was to improve the literary taste of the time, and at one period it numbered some 2,000 members. Its laws were drawn out in ten tables, its constitution was republican, its first magistrate was called custos, and its members shepherds. Goethe was enrolled as an Arcadian in 1788.

"Each person on his admission took a pastoral name, and had an Arcadian name assigned to him: the business of the meetings was to be conducted wholly in the allegorical language, and the speeches and verses as much so as possible. The Arcadia has survived all the changes of Italy; it still holds its meetings in Rome, listens to pastoral sonnets, and christens Italian clergymen, English squires, and German counsellors of state, by the names of the heathens. It publishes moreover a regular journal, the Giornale Arcadico, which, although it was a favorite object of ridicule with the men of letters in other provinces, condescends to follow slowly the progress of knowledge, and often furnishes foreigners with interesting information, not only literary but scientific."

Spalding. Arch of Augustus. An old Roman memorial arch in Rimini, Italy. Arch of Constantine. One of the most imposing monuments of ancient Rome, standing over the Via Triumphalis. It is ornamented with bas-reliefs and medallions illustrating the history of Trajan. These were taken from an arch of Trajan to decorate that of Constantine, though some writers have regarded the whole structure of Constantine as a transformed arch of Trajan. The frieze and sculptures upon the arch, which are of the time of Constantine, show plainly the decay which the art of sculpture had suffered since the age of Trajan.

"The Arch of Constantine. is, I think, by far the most noble of the triumphal arches of Rome. Its superiority arises partly, no doubt, from its fine preservation. Its ancient magnificence still stands unimpaired."

C. A. Eaton

Arch of Drusus. A triumphal arch near the gate of San Sebastiano in Rome, the oldest monument of this kind now in existence in the city.

Arch of Hadrian. This gate, on the outskirts of the modern city of Athens, Greece, is inscribed on the side toward the Acropolis, "This is Athens, the ancient city of Theseus; on the other side, "This is the city of Hadrian, and not of Theseus."

Arch

(Quadrifrons.)

of Janus. This structure, which is rather inaccurately called an arch, since it consists of four arches, is now standing in what was once the Forum Boarium, Rome. It is a large square mass, each of its four fronts being pierced with an arch, which gives rise to the belief that it was a Compitum, a kind of structure which was generally erected at the meeting of four roads. It is supposed to have been used as a shelter from the sun and rain, and as an exchange or place of business for those trading in the Forum. The date of its construction is unknown, though it has been usually assigned to the time of Septimius Severus (146-211), and by some to as late an age as that of Constantine.

Arch of Septimius Severus. 1. A ncted monument of ancient Rome, standing at the north-west angle of the Forum. It was built of marble, A.D. 205, in honor of the emperor Septimius Severus and his sons Caracalla and Geta, and consists of one large and two smaller arches. It is ornamented with bas-reliefs relating to the Eastern wars of the emperor, and was formerly surmounted by a car drawn by six horses abreast, and containing statues of Septimius Severus and his two sons. The part of the inscription of the

arch relating to Geta was obliterated after his murder by his brother.

"The heavy and clumsy style of its architecture is sufficiently strik. ing when viewed beside the noble buildings of the Forum, in which it stands. Indeed, I know few ancient edifices in which the arts have been so completely tortured out of their na tive graces. The whole building is covered with a profusion of bas-reliefs, and their deformity of design and execution is sufficiently evident through all the injuries of time and accident. Though this arch is entire, the sculpture has evidently suffered from fire." Eaton.

...

"In the later days of the Empire two side arches were added for footpassengers, in addition to the carriageway in the centre. This added much to the splendor of the edifice, and gave a greater opportunity for sculp tural decoration than the single arch afforded. The Arch of Septimius Severus is perhaps the best specimen of the class.' Fergusson.

It

2. There is also a smaller Arch of Septimius Severus in the Velabrum, Rome, near the church of S. Giorgio in Velabro. It was erected to the emperor Severus, his wife Julia, and his sons Caracalla and Geta, by the silversmiths (Argentarii; hence it is also called Arcus Argentarius) and tradespeople of the Forum Boarium. The dedication of this arch was changed after the death of Geta, as in the case of the larger arch described above. Arch of Titus. The most elegant triumphal arch in Rome." stands upon the summit of the Via Sacra, and was erected by the Roman Senate and people in honor of Titus to commemorate the destruction of Jerusalem. As a record of Bible history it is the most interesting ruin in Rome, containing as it does a representation in bas-relief of the spoils brought from the Temple; among which may be recognized the table of shew-bread, the silver trumpets, and the golden seven-branched candlestick which is said to have fallen into the Tiber during the flight of Maxentius from the onslaught of