is called "the land of Shairdan by the sea," Tyre is the fortress of "Shr;" there being no equivalent to the Hebrew letter y, in the Egyptian alphabet these were doubtless the nearest approaches they could make to 7 (Tseedon) and toy (Tsor.)

In an ancient papyrus a different orthography is used for Tyre. "Tar loving the waters is thy name. Traversed is the sea with her boats; she contends with the fishes for her food." This variation, however, does not appear to us surprising, when we consider that the initial letter, a sound unknown to the Egyptian tongue, partook of the power of the mute T, and of the sibilant S; and if the appellation of Syria was derived from Tyre, as has been supposed, we see how both the T and the S sounds have been handed down to our own times, the one in the name of the renowned city itself, the other in that of the region in which it was placed.*

The details of an important invasion of Palestine by the Egyptian forces, in the 5th year of the renowned Rameses III., called Sesostris, occur in three separate representations, repetitions of the same events. After some skirmishes in his progress through the south of Canaan, and the capture of a strong fortress, the Egyptian King appears to have

Accuracy of orthography in spelling the names of foreign places is, of course, not to be looked for. Even in our own times, we sometimes see the names of places strangely metamorphosed; as Constantinople into Stamboul, Alexandria into Scanderia, and, to come nearer home, Livorno into Leghorn, and Napoli into Naples. The names of the Persian kings who ruled Egypt, Cambyses, Darius, Xerxes, and Artaxerxes, appear on the monuments in the uncouth forms of Kanbosh, Ntareeosh, Khsheersh, and Artkhsheshes. (See Wilk. i. 198.)

marched to the relief of another fortress, garrisoned by a people in alliance with him, but besieged by the confederate Moabites and Ammonites. The name of this strong-hold is inscribed upon it, and reads ay Kadesh, a name signifying holy, which was applied to several Canaanitish cities, perhaps pre-eminently connected with their idolatrous worship. An embassy seems to have been sent to Sesostris, praying for aid, as it is stated in the hieroglyphics, "Terror was in the city of Kadesh. Behold they came to his Majesty, even from the governor of Kadesh to his Majesty, bearing precious stones and pure gold, to offer their service to his Majesty."* A sanguinary battle took place, which we shall have occasion to describe when we come to speak of the Moabites: suffice it to say at present, that they were totally defeated, and the siege raised.

In this expedition we find the Sidonians engaged as the allies of Egypt. They are depicted of the same deep red complexion as the Egyptians, of a robust form, fine, full-faced, and muscular. Their hair and eyes are black; the hair, whiskers, and moustaches, are worn short, and apparently curled; the beard is shaven. They all have helmets of a singular form, consisting of a shallow skull-cap, which, being painted white, is presumed to have been of silver, fluted in radiating lines from the centre, surmounted by a broad oval disk on a short pillar, and two horns of a crescent, of the same metal.

"This symbol," as Mr. Osburn observes, "strikingly resembles the horns of Astarte, [or Ashtoreth,] * Osburn, Anc. Egy. 86.

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on the coins and medals of Phoenicia." It is probably intended to represent the new and full moon. The disk appears to be the distinction of rank, as in other scenes we find the helmets of the common soldiers marked only by a crescent. The dress of the officers in the above siege is white, and seems to be of linen, embroidered; it is supported by broad shoulderstraps, is full and loose around the legs, and much lower behind than in front; it seems to have been quilted upon the body. Mr. Osburn and Sir J. G.

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TYRIAN MERCHANT AND SIDONIAN WARRIOR.

Wilkinson, suppose that the peculiar appearance of the body-garment is intended to represent plates of silver; from the fact that the Egyptian officers in the same picture are similarly clad, we incline to think linen alone is depicted; the reader, however, may judge from our engraving. Their arms are a broad,

straight, two-edged sword, which, being painted red, is probably of bronze; and a large circular shield, with a rim and bosses of gold, or perhaps some inferior metal gilt. In some other of the wars of Sesostris, his Sidonian allies carry a scimitar, in form not unlike the Egyptian, a lance, and the usual round shield.

In the twelfth year of Rameses IV., this renowned and warlike nation again appears as the ally and assistant of Egypt, in a war with the П&λT&, Philistines. From the ruinous state of the temple at Medinet Hábú, the paintings which represent the scenes of this war are so mutilated as to preclude an accurate knowledge of its events. One of the scenes is a rout of the Philistine army by the allied nations. The Sidonians, who are represented as fighting with vigour and bravery, use principally a long lance, and the round shield. One or two carry a quiver slung behind, but as the combat is a melée, no archery is introduced.

In the next picture a very different scene is depicted. The Philistines, whom we have just described as attacked by the Egyptian king, had always before been represented as his friends and allies, in common with the Sidonians. What influence had operated to alienate this ancient friendship we know not; perhaps it was some unbearable insolence or injustice on the Egyptian side; or some jealousy on the part of the others; whatever it was, it seems at length to have infected the Sidonians also, whom we now see joining their former foes, and together turning their united arms against the haughty invader. But these two maritime nations on this occasion