New Method. W. G. Crook, Analyst, IV. III. Foreign Fats in Butter. Chemical News, 50, 268; 46, 34. Butter Testing. J. Horsiey, E. Ballard, Zts. and Chem., 1863, p. 99 ; Chem. News, 42, 307. Th. Taylor, Sci. American, 1878, 374; Dingl. Polyt. Jour., 220, 93; L'Industrie Laitiere, 1881; Milchzt'g, 1882, 27; Wagner Jahr., 1882, 930. Butter Testing Apparatus. Butter Tester, W. Osten, Wagner, Jahr., 1882, 930; Ger. Pat., 19,078 and 20,695. D. Gaebel, Wagner, 1882, 930; Milchzt'g, 1882, 437. Escourt's Butter Apparatus. Chemical News, 38, 267. J. G. Bell, Chem. Centrbl., 1879, 586; Wagner Jahr., 25, 947. Fatty Acids of Butter. Chemical News, 42, 72. C. Schmidt, Bull d' Soc. Ind. d' Nord., 1884, 87; Wagner Jahr., 1884, 1062. Insoluble Fatty Acids in Butter Fat. Analyst, V. 155. Time of Drying. Analyst, VIII. 163. Butter, Melting Points, Det. of, and Other Fats. T. Redwood, Analyst, 1. 51. Melting Point of Genuine and Artificial Butter. J. Moser, Stummin's Ingenieur, III. 97; Wagner Jahr., 1875, 909; Dingl. Polyl. Jour., 216, 288; Polyt. Centrbl., 1875, 392. Oil Cocoanut, Relation of, to Various Methods of Butter Analysis. R. W. Moore, Jour. Am. Chem. Soc., VII. 188. Polarized Light, Examination of Butter by. F. Fischer, Chemical Ratio of Expansion by Heat of Butter. Analyst, II. 183. R. Portele, Landw. Versuchss, 27, 148; Wagner Jahr., 1881, 830. Specific Gravity of Butter. G. Ambuhl, Schw. Wochshft. and Pharm., 1881, 7; Wagner Jahr., 1881, 839. A. W. Blyth, Analyst, V. 76. Influence of Decomposition on Specific Gravity. Analyst, IV. 39, 93. Spectroscope, Use in Detection of Adulteration. H. E. Sorby, Chem. News, 20, 316; Wagner Jahr., 1870; Dingl. Polyt. Jour., 198, 345. Water in Butter. E. Johanson, Pharm. Ztsshft & Russland, 1881, 399; Wagner Jahr., 1881, 839. Somerset House Standard for Water in Butter. Analyst, IV. 14 and 18. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF FATS AND OILS. Chemical News, 31, 227, 228, 238, 205; 37, 173; 43, 101, 111,170, 228, 230,247. Fatty Acids. Conversion of Liquid Fat Acids into Solid Products. Dingl. Polyt. Jour., 254, 264. Determination of Undecomposed Fat in Mixtures of Fatty Acids. Chemical News, 47, 72. Determination of Fatty Acids in Oils. Analyst, IX. 125; Monit. Sci., XIV. 205; Analyst, VI. 100. Easy and Rapid Method of Manipulating. A. W. Blyth, Analyst, II. 112. Filter Washing of. Analyst, IV. 52. Estimation of, in Oils. G. Richter, Seifen Sied. Zts. XVII. 198; Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., II. 480. Estimate of Neutral Fat in Mixtures of. M. Gröger, Dingl. Polyt. Jour., 246, 286; Journ. S. Chem. Ind., I. 508. Halogen. Derivatives of. Chem. News, XXXV. 185. New Fat Acid in nut of Calif Baytree. Shellman and O'Neill, Am. Chem. Jour., July, 1882; Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., I. 370. Nitrogen Radicals, Introduction of, into Compounds of the Fatty Series. Chem. News, 37, 172. Nitro-compounds of Fatty Series. Chemical News, 38, 39. Fatty Acids and their Alkaline Salts. Chemical News, 31, 269. Suggested Application of, to Photography. Chemical News, 33, 126. Olein Acid, Conversion of, to Palmitic Acid on a Manufacturing scale. W. Lant. Carpenter, Jour. Soc. Chem. Inds., II. 98. Olein Acid Oxidation by K, Mn, O, in Alkaline Solution. A. Saytzeff. Jour. Prakt., 31, 541; Analyst, VII. 207. Oleic Acid, Separation from Stearic. J. David, Comptes Rendus, 81, 416; Analyst, I. 360. Superheated Steam, Acids Produced by distilling with. A. Cahours and E. Demarcay, Comptes Rendus, 1879, No. 6; Analyst, I. 403. Adulteration, Fat sold for Lard. J. Muter, Analyst, VII. 93. Adulteration of Lard. A. Seiffert, Schw. Woch. Pharm., 20, 287; Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., I. 370. Adulteration of Lard, Detection of Tallow. W. Rodiger, Chem. Zeit., 1882, 118; Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind., I. 162. Adulteration of Almond Oil. Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., II. 188. Adulteration of Fatty Oils. G. Richter, Seifen sied Zts., 18, 210; Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., II, 481. Detection of, Chemical News, 32, 140. G. Richter, Sefen sied. Zts. 16, 188; 18, 199; Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., II. 384. Detecting Cotton-seed Oil in Olive Oil. A. Buchheiter, Drag. Ztg., Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., I. 32. Reaction for Distinguishing Cotton and Olive Oil. M. Secchini Chem. Gaz., 1882, 61; Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., I. 237. Apparatus for Estimation of Fatty Bodies. F. Tschaplowitz, Zts. and Chem., 18, 492; Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., I. 386. Analysis of Fats. Chemical News, 47, 71; 49, 214. W. G. Crook, Analyst, IV. 111. F. P. Perkins, Analyst, 142. Composition of Human Fat. Chemical News, 47, 10. Composition of Fatty Matter of Wool. Chemical News, 31, 26. Chinese Tree Fat and Grease of. Seifen sied Ztg., 35, 415; Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., III. 181. Constitution of Natural Fats. Chemical News, 31, 250. Composition and mode of Action of Turkey Red Oils. A. Muller Jacobs, Dingl. polyt. journ., 251, 499; Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind., 3, 412. Chemistry and Analytical Examination of fixed oils. A. Hallen, Decomposition of neutral fat bodies. Chemical News, 31, 250. Cotton-seed and Palm nut oils. Seifensied Ztg., 33, 390; Journ. Soc. Cooling of fat. Chem. News, 37, 131. Digestion and assimilation of fat in human body. H. C. Bartlett, Analyst, I, 212. Estimation quantitative of oils and fats. Mills and Akelt, Analyst, Ind. 6, 245. Mills and Akelt, Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind., III, 366. Mills and Snodgrass, Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind. II, 435. Estimation of fatlin palm nut meal. V. v. Wilau, Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind., IV. 511. Examination of Tallow, etc., especially for acidity. W. H. Dening, Jour, Soc. Chem. Ind., III. 540, III. 1643. Examination of fat. Analyst, VIII. 154; Chem. News, 51, 172. R. Benseman, Repert, Anal. Chem., IV. 165; Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind., IV. 435. Examining Fatty oils for mineral oils. Geissler, Seifen Sied, Zts., 16, 188. Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., 2, 385. Examination of Fixed Oils. Further notes on. W. Lant Carpenter, Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., 2, 101. Examination of fats. News, 48, 87, 150. Hübl, Dingl. Polyt. Journ., 253, 281; Chem. Experiments on Fatty matters. Chem. News, 51, 202. Extractive Apparatus for fats. T. O. C. Sloane, Jour. Am. Chem. Soc. 4, 250; Analyst, 8, 35. Extraction and treatment of fats. Dingl. Polyt. Jour., 253, 415. Figures assumed by various fats. A. Wynter, Blyth, Analyst, 6, 157. Grapestone oil, production of. J. v. Jobst., Dingl., Polyt. Jour. 155, 450. Lubricating oils, Investigations on. D. Lamansky, Dingl. Polyt. Jour., 248, 29; Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., 2, 417. Industry, Contributions to the fat. Chem. News, 39, 135. Lard oil. H. Ohlo, Arch. d. Pharm. 142, 35; Wagner Jahrsb., 1857 340; Polyt. Centrbl. 1858, 223; Chem. Centrbl., 1857, 880. Bailly Technologiste, July, 528; Wagner Jahresb., 1857; Polyt. Centrbí. 1857, 1260. Lard oil. Preparation of. C. Puscher, Wagner Jahr., 1855, 256. Mechanical equivalent of fat in cattle being fattened. Chem. News, 41, 134. Metals, action of certain on oils. M. Livache, Comptes Rendus Jan. Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., 2, 349. Mustard oil, hedge. E. Valenta, Dingl. Polyt. Jour. 247, 1; Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind., 2, 181. Melting point, apparatus for detecting. Chem. 43. Cross and Bevan, Hand. Melting point, determining. A. Terreil, Bull. Soc. Chem., 31, 155. Melting point of fats. Chem. News, 44, 79; Chem. News, 32, 27. Melting point of fats, determining. Chem. News, 31, 216. Kretschmar, Zts. Anal. Chem., 21, 399; Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind. 1,508. Solidification of fatty oils. W. Lant Carpenter, Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., III. 367. Modification of animal fat, peculiar. H. C. Bartlett, Analyst, I. 175. New form of fat. Analyst, 8, 65. Oxidation of Turkey Red Oil in Dyeing. F. Schatz, Dingl. Polyt. Journ., 250, 9; Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind., 3, 106. Physical Properties of Fats. Chem. News, 39, 265. Ratio of Expansion by Heat of Different Fats. Analyst, 4, 183. Resin Oil, Occurrence of Caproic Oil in. W. Kelbe and C. Warth, Chem. Ztg., 6, 221; Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind., 1, 143. Saponification of Fat. Solubility of Iodine in 223, 431. Analyst, 5, 141. Fatty Oils. W. Greenl. Archiv. de. Pharm., Solvent Action of Acetic Acid on Fats and Oils. E. Valenta, Dingl. Polyt. Jour., 252, 296; Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., 3, 524. Specific Gravities of Fats. G. W. Wigner, Analyst, 1, 35. 145. Estimation of simple method. G. W. Wigner, Analyst, 1, Analyst, 4, 206. Spectrum Analysis for Recognizing Oils. J. Mueller, Pogg. Ann., 198, Test for Sperm Oil. Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., 1, 203. Testing the Quality of Turkey Red Oil. A. Mueller Jacobs, Dingl. Polyt. Jour., 253, 473; Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., 4, 115. Testing Petroleum for Adulteration with Solar Oils. G. Heppe, Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., 3, 232. Testing by Volumetric. Analyst, 8, 121. Stability of Hypobromite Solution and its use for Titration of Oils, Stability of Fat Salts in Presence of Water. Chem. News, 31, 185. Wax, Carnanba, Chemical Composition of. H. Sturcke, Ann. Chem. Wax, Bee's, Analysis and Composition of. O. Hehner, Dingl. Polyt. Jour., vol. 251; Analyst, 1883, 16. Wool Grease, Decomposition of. Dingler, Polyt. Jour., 255, 88. BUTTER. To the Hon. J. K. BROWN, New York State Dairy Commissioner: SIR-I have the honor to submit the following report: BUTTER. This important article of food is, as is generally known, composed of, for the most part, the fat of the milk of mammalia. That from the milk of the cow has a fine pasty consistency at ordinary temperatures. Its color varies from a lard-white to a beautiful golden yellow. The best quality has a fine delicate flavor peculiar to itself, which is easily lost or destroyed by careless management of both the article itself and the animal that produces it. The word butter comes directly from the German or Bavarian "buttern" or "butteln," meaning to shake backwards and forwards. Its etymology is, according to Stormonth, as follows: Bav., buttern or butteln; L., butyrum; Gr., boutyron. According to the Imperial Dictionary: A. S., buter; Ger., butter; L., butyrum; Gr., boutyron, from bous, ox; tyros, cheese. The ancient history of butter is involved in some cloudiness, but doubtless it was known at a very early period to the ancient civilized nations. Dr. Edward Smith says: "It may be inferred that it was unknown to the ancient Greeks as no reference was made to it by Homer or Aristotle," but it is a well-known historical fact that the ancient Greeks and Romans used it as ointment in their baths, and furthermore, Roscoe and Scholemmer* state that Herodotus and Hippocrates, in the fifth century, B. C., both describe butter (Bovtpov) as made by the Scythians by violently agitating mare's milk. The manufacture of butter is also described by Stet. He says it was produced by agitating the milk of domestic animals and that the best butter is obtained from the fattest milk, as that of the sheep, although it can be made from goat's milk. Recent developements relating to " Bog butter" may be cited in proof of the antiquity of butter. This is a substance which has been found in the bogs of Ireland, Scotland and occasionally of the Faroe Islands. It has been considered to be a mineral resin of vegetable origin_like bitumen, asphalt, amber, petroleum and ozokerite, and Mr. John Plant, who denies that this is butter, calls it butyrellite, but the analysis of G. W. Wigner and Prof. Church‡ shows it to be genuine *Roscoe and Scholemmer, vol. iii, part ii, page 364. +Chemical News, vol. xli, page 205. Analyst, vol. v, page 17, 1880. |